John Goldie (philosopher)

John Goldie

The site of Craig Mill on the Cessnock Water
Born 1717
Craig Mill, East Ayrshire, Scotland
Died 1811[1]
Kilmarnock, Scotland
Occupation Miller, Cabinet maker, Wine merchant, Philosopher, Mathematician, Astronomer and Theologian

John Goldie, Goudie or Gowdie (1717 – 1811) the 'Philosopher'[2] was a friend of the poet Robert Burns who was born the son of a miller at Craigmill on the Cessnock Water in East Ayrshire, Scotland. John was a miller, mechanic, cabinet maker, later a wine merchant and had interests ranging from the study of mathematics and astronomy to that of theology, publishing several books, in particular in 1780 the popular three volume Essays on various Important Subjects Moral and Divine, being an attempt to distinguish True from False Religion, a publication that became generally known as 'Goudie's Bible' and raised him to national prominence.[3][4] The name John Goldie will be used throughout for consistency.

Life and character

The site of Craig Mill on the Cessnock Water.

Often referred to as the philosopher[5] John was born in 1717 at Craigmill (NS 482 329), a flour mill on the Cessnock Water that had once been the mill of the Barony of Haining-Ross. His parents were John Goudie and Anna Farquhar who married at Craigie in Ayrshire on 6 November 1714. He had four brothers and sisters however two may have died in infancy.[6]

He was one of the most remarkable men of his time and place.[7] Craigmill, situated on the Cessnock Water near the barony wood of Craigenconnor, was demolished by 1908 and nothing substantial remains on site.[8] He is said to have died in 1808 aged 92,[9] some authors say 1809[10] or even 1811.

At the age of fourteen (1735) and with very basic tools and materials he designed and constructed a miniature corn mill at Craigmill on the Cessnock Water. Mr Wallace of Kelly, then living at Cessnock House near Galston was so impressed with the novel design of this mill that brought Earl of Marchmont to see it. The earl gave John Goldie 3s as a reward with which to buy an iron spindle for the wheel.[11]

He moved to Kilmarnock and became a cabinet maker, later a successful wine and spirit merchant in large and popular store at Kilmarnock Cross[12] and as stated had interests ranging from the study of astronomy and science to that of theology. He also speculated in canals, railways and coal mines.[13][14] As a cabinet maker he made a highly carved ornate clock case of mahogany, showing the whole five orders of architecture and of such artistry that its price was beyond that of most people, however the Duke of Hamilton came to hear of it, purchased it for the goodly sum of £30 and placed in Hamilton Palace.[15]

John was largely educated by his mother Anna, as well as being self-educated, as he was of a studious nature from boyhood reading many books and becoming conversant with "some of the more abstruse sciences."[16]

His upbringing was decidedly Calvinistic[17] but he later travelled regularly on Sundays the twenty mile round trip from his father's house at Craigmill to Kilmaurs to hear Mr Smeaton the famous anti-burgher minister of that parish preach.[18][19] He had developed a strong 'free thinking' attitude through his reading of Dr. Taylor of Norwich's publication 'On Original Sin'.[20]

John Goldie is recorded to have been a man of unblemished character who had many good friends, many of whom were the leading lights of Kilmarnock and he also corresponded with literary men of celebrity.[21]

Publications

Kilmarnock Cross in 1840 where John Goldie's business was located.

Some confusion exists in the literature as to the dates and titles of his works. His first publication, printed in Glasgow was Essays on various Important Subjects Moral and Divine, being an attempt to distinguish True from False Religion. and this expressed his then unorthodox views on original sin and upon the interpretation of many of the scriptures greatly concerned the 'Auld Lichts' or more fundamentalist presbyterians.[22] In 1785 he published a second edition now titled "Essays on Various Subjects, Moral and Divine, in one volume, by John Goldie; to which is added, the gospel recovered from a Captive State, in five volumes. By a Gentle Christian."[23]

In 1786 he published The Gospel Recovered from its Captive State which confirmed his full and formidable opposition to the 'Auld Licht' order that he had supported as a younger man.[24] In 1808 he had printed at Kilmarnock a book titles Conclusive Evidences Against Atheism.[25] His last published work in 1809 was A Treatise upon the Evidences of a Deity.[26] Dougal states that in 1811, aged over ninety and therefore just a few years before his death he published his last work Evidences against Atheism.[27] He sadly died before completing his work on a book to be titled A Revise, or Reform of the Present System of Astronomy.[28]

The Beanscroft Devil

A most unusual story has John Goldie at its heart and that is the tale of the 'Beanscroft Devil' set at the time of the poet Robert Burns:

The entrance lane to Beanscroft Farm.

Beanscroft Farm lies on Grassyards Road in the parish of Fenwick in East Ayrshire a few miles to the west of Kilmarnock and the farmer there was known as a good, honest, hard work and God fearing member of the community, however strange happenings at the farmhouse and in the byres slowly convinced him and his family that he was being regularly tormented by none other a personage than the Devil himself. The other worldly disturbances had started in a minor way with sounds and movements that could be ascribed to the wind or the cat, however shifting furniture, strange shrieks and howls, etc. could not be so easily dismissed and the strange appearance of moving lights of different colours and the breaking of the ropes that tethered the cattle without signs of cutting were beyond any straight forward explanation. The farmer's son and heir had apparently done his best without success to solve the riddle, but his parents had always stayed rooted to the spot with fear in the farmhouse whilst the son ventured forth.[29]

John Goldie the 'Philosopher' was God fearing, but had no truck with the presence on Earth of the Devil and made it known that he could solve this riddle in a Sherlock Holmes style of logical investigation. Despite his reservations the farmer invited him to the farm, accompanied by his friends, Mr Gillies of Kilmaurs the 'New Licht' minister and Robert Muir a Kilmarnock merchant and Kirk elder. After a number of questions relating to possible enemies and an inspection of the broken ropes he declared that this was the work of man and not the Devil. Swearing the farmer to secrecy he advised him to hide in the byre that night. Once darkness had fallen the farmer, hiding in the byre as instructed, became aware of the usual disturbances and suddenly saw a shadowy figure of a man holding a trumpet-like instrument with which he was making the unnatural sounds that had scared him so, rushing forward he seized the culprit only to find that it was his own son.[30]

It transpired that the son had some knowledge of chemistry and had made what we would call coloured fireworks and that the ropes had been severed with Nitric Acid, then known as Aqua Fortis (strong water). John Goudie had logically deducted that the son, hoping to scare his father into retirement so that he could run the farm, was the 'Devil on Earth'. The 'philosophers' reputation was greatly enhanced whilst the son was mortified and humiliated to the extent that he left Ayrshire and was never seen in these parts again.[31]

Association with Robert Burns

Robert Burns

John Goldie was forty years older than Robert Burns[32] however he became friendly with Robert Burns who wrote the 'Epistle to John Goldie' in 1785 following the publication of a new edition of 'Goudie's Bible'. John wrote against the 'lying vanities' of those people who interpreted the Bible literally and this created a strong bond between the O Gowdie Terror o'the Whigs[33] and the 'New Licht' poet. In those times a 'Whig' was a fundamentalist Presbyterian minister of the 'Auld Licht' school of thought and deed :-

Epistle to John Goldie in Kilmarnock

"O Gowdie, terror o' the Whigs,,
Dread o' blackcoats and reverend wigs!
Sour bigotry on his last legs,
Girns an' looks back,.
Wishing the ten Egyptian plagues,
May seize you quick...

Tradition states that John visited Robert Burns in 1785 at Mossgiel Farm whilst on a business trip to Mauchline during harvest time and that the two men sat down behind a stook whilst the poet recited a few of his compositions. John had first become aware of Burns through the circulation of manuscript copies of Burns' poem and satire The Twa Herds'.[34]

So impressed was John with Robert's poetry that he encouraged the bard to publish his work[35][36] and later even stood surety to the publisher John Wilson for the printing of Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect.[37][38] Burns visited John's home where he was introduced to a number of the leading citizens of the town, such Mr Robert Muir, a wine merchant, Major Parker (banker), Dr William Moore and Thomas Samson, eventually becoming friends with a number of the leading figures in Kilmarnock.[39][40] It is recorded, probably from his son, that John Goudie had said “Robin," said Goldie, "I’ll tell you what to do. Come your wa's down to Killie (Kilmarnock)some day next week, and tak' pat-luck wi' me. I ha'e twa or three guid friends that'll be able to set the press a-going."[41]

James Mackay accepts that such a meeting may have taken place but without the immediate result of the publication of Burns' poems,[42] however Burns' literary effusions during 1785-86 were reaching a climax following encouragement to publish from first Richard Brown, then Gilbert Burns and now John Goldie.[43] Significantly John Goldie is said to have been a powerful influence in dissuading Robert Burns from his avowed intention of emigrating to Jamaica.[44]

Professor Wilson suggests that the poet originated some of the satirical pieces in the company of these 'leading citizens' and that they were composed in their houses, emphasising that his poems were published with the assistance of these gentlemen.[45]

Robert Burns was a frequent visitor to John's house during the time in 1786 that his manuscripts were at the printing works of John Wilson and he corrected the proofs there and wrote many letters, meeting many of the people who became his patrons as subscribers to his first published work, the Kilmarnock volume.[46][47] John lived in the second flat of the building occupied Messrs. Stewart who were ironmongers at the Cross.[48] Next door was the home of Baillie Gregory and Burns also visited their flat on occasions to work on his proofs as well as to listen to Mrs Gregory playing one of the few pianos to be found in the town at that time.[49]

David Sillar and Gavin Turnbull both composed verses on John Goldie and Turnbull; Turnbull writing that :-

"He was a man without a flaw;
In's life he never err'd at a' ;
His ain opinion was the law,
Withouten feed;
The world to him were madmen a' ,
But now he is dead![50][51]

John Goldie's son, Lieutenant Goldie, R.N., many years later recalled the general persona and demeanour of Burns as he first knew him and went on to recount the great change in appearance and confidence that came over the bard after his time in Edinburgh following the publication of his poems.[52]

It seems that John Goldie's writings had a more than subtle effect upon Robert Burns' thoughts and these influences were recorded in several of his poems.[53]

John Goldie's significance has perhaps been overlooked because the many manuscripts and letters from Burns, Lord Kames, and other celebrated men of the day were destroyed during his son, Lieutenant Goldie R.N. time away at sea.[54]

Micro-history

Kilmaurs church in 1880. John Goldie often walked 10 miles to attend services here.

Goudie's Bible was often the subject of ridicule by his enemies and one incident is recorded that when in Ayr. He was entering a bookshop just as a clergyman, with whom he was acquainted, was leaving with a package of books and he asked him in an offhand friendly manner what he had purchased, the response was "Just buying a few ballads to make psalms for your bible."[55]

John took a great interest in the construction of a canal from Kilmarnock to Troon and went so far as to survey a suitable route and indeed in 1796 the Kilmarnock Council considered requesting Parliament for an act to build a canal from Riccarton to Troon.[56]

It is said that he lost money in mining speculations and was cheated by his partner towards the end of his life.[57]

His portrait, supposedly a good likeness, was painted by Mr Whitehead with a globe in the background.[58]

See also

References

Notes
  1. ↑ Mackay, Page 168
  2. ↑ Wikisource John Goldie.
  3. ↑ McIntyre, Page 55
  4. ↑ Mackay, Page 168
  5. ↑ Dougall, Page 211
  6. ↑ John Goudie 1717
  7. ↑ Mackay, Page 168
  8. ↑ Ayrshire. Publication 1910. Revised 1908
  9. ↑ Mckay (1880), Page 191.
  10. ↑ The Burns Enclyclopaedia
  11. ↑ John Goudie 1717
  12. ↑ Mckay (1880), Page 189.
  13. ↑ McIntyre, Page 55
  14. ↑ Mackay, Page 168
  15. ↑ Wikisource John Goldie.
  16. ↑ Mckay (1880), Page 189.
  17. ↑ Wikisource John Goldie.
  18. ↑ Dougall, Page 210
  19. ↑ Mckay (1880), Page 190.
  20. ↑ Douglas, Page 193
  21. ↑ Mckay (1880), Page 191.
  22. ↑ Mckay (1880), Page 190.
  23. ↑ Mckay (1880), Page 191.
  24. ↑ Purdie, Page 146
  25. ↑ Mckay (1880), Page 191.
  26. ↑ Wikisource John Goldie.
  27. ↑ Dougall, Page 211
  28. ↑ Mckay (1880), Page 191.
  29. ↑ Blair, Page 97
  30. ↑ Blair, Page 100
  31. ↑ Blair, Page 101
  32. ↑ McIntyre, Page 55
  33. ↑ Boyle, page 40
  34. ↑ Mackay, Page 230
  35. ↑ Mackay, Page 230
  36. ↑ Adamson, p.141
  37. ↑ Boyle, Page 40
  38. ↑ Purdie, Page 146
  39. ↑ Mckay (1880), Page 184
  40. ↑ Boyle, Page 40
  41. ↑ John Goudie 1717
  42. ↑ Mackay, Page 230
  43. ↑ Mackay, Page 231
  44. ↑ Wikisource John Goldie.
  45. ↑ Wilson, Page 74
  46. ↑ Mckay (1880), Page 189.
  47. ↑ Adamson, p.142
  48. ↑ Adamson, p.142
  49. ↑ Adamson, p.142
  50. ↑ Dougall, Page 211
  51. ↑ Mckay (1880), Page 189.
  52. ↑ John Goudie 1717
  53. ↑ McGinty, Pages 238 - 244.
  54. ↑ Wikisource John Goldie.
  55. ↑ Mckay (1880), Page 190.
  56. ↑ Mckay (1880), Page 191.
  57. ↑ The Burns Enclyclopaedia
  58. ↑ Wikisource John Goldie.
Sources and Bibliography
  1. Adamson, Archibald (1879). Rambles Through the Land of Burns. Kilmarnock : Dunlop & Drennan.
  2. Blair, Anna (1983). Tales of Ayrshire. London : Shepeard - Walwyn. ISBN 0-85683-068-2.
  3. Boyle, A. M. (1996). The Ayrshire Book of Burns-Lore. Darvel : Alloway Publishing. ISBN 0-907526-71-3.
  4. Dougall, Charles S. (1911). The Burns Country. London: A & C Black.
  5. Mackay, Archibald (1880). The History of Kilmarnock. Kilmarnock : Archibald Mckay.
  6. Mackay, James (2004). Burns. A Biography of Robert Burns. Darvel : Alloway Publishing. ISBN 0907526-85-3.
  7. McGinty, J. Walter (1996) "John Goldie and Robert Burns," Studies in Scottish Literature: Vol. 29: Iss. 1
  8. McIntyre, Ian (2001). Robert Burns. A Life. New York : Welcome Rain Publishers. ISBN 1-56649-205-X.
  9. Purdie, David; McCue Kirsteen and Carruthers, Gerrard. (2013). Maurice Lindsay's The Burns Encyclopaedia. London : Robert Hale. ISBN 978-0-7090-9194-3.
  10. Westwood, Peter J. (2008). Who's Who in the World of Robert Burns. Robert Burns World Federation. ISBN 978-1-899316-98-4.
  11. Wilson, Professor and Chalmers, Robert (1840). The Land of Burns. Glasgow : Blackie & Son.
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