John B. Magruder
| John Bankhead Magruder | |
|---|---|
 John B. Magruder | |
| Nickname(s) | Prince John |
| Born |
May 1, 1807 Port Royal, Virginia |
| Died |
February 19, 1871 (aged 63) Houston, Texas |
| Place of burial | Episcopal Cemetery, Galveston, Texas |
| Allegiance |
 United States.svg.png){kind=small} Confederate States.svg.png){kind=small} Second Mexican Empire |
| Service/branch |
 United States Army Confederate States ArmyImperial Mexican Army |
| Years of service |
1830–61 (USA) 1861–65 (CSA) 1865–1867 (Mexican Empire) |
| Rank |
 Captain (USA) Bvt. Lieutenant Colonel (USA) Major General (CSA)Major General (Mexico) |
| Unit |
7th U.S. Infantry 1st U.S. Artillery |
| Commands held |
Magruder's Division Army of the Peninsula District of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona Department of Arkansas |
| Battles/wars | |
| Other work | Second Mexican Empire |
John Bankhead Magruder (May 1, 1807 – February 19, 1871) was a career military officer who served in the armies of three nations. He was a U.S. Army officer in the Mexican-American War, a Confederate general during the American Civil War, and a postbellum general in the Imperial Mexican Army. Known as "Prince John" to his army friends, Magruder was most noted for his actions in delaying Federal troops during the 1862 Peninsula Campaign through elaborate ruses that gave Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan the impression that the Confederates had more forces than they actually did, and in successfully defending Galveston, Texas, against the Union Army and Navy early in 1863.
Early years and career
Magruder was born in Port Royal, Virginia to Thomas and Elizabeth Magruder and is of Scottish ancestry.
He first attended the University of Virginia, where he had the opportunity to dine with former President Thomas Jefferson. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1830, where he was the roommate of William N. Pendleton. He was commissioned a second lieutenant in the 7th U.S. Infantry regiment. He was later assigned to the 1st U.S. Artillery.
Magruder served in the Second Seminole War in Florida and then under Winfield Scott in the Army of Occupation in Mexico. He was appointed a brevet major for "gallant and meritorious conduct" at the Battle of Cerro Gordo and lieutenant colonel for his bravery in the storming of Chapultepec. Magruder, along with other officers serving in Mexico City, was one of the organizers of the Aztec Club of 1847.
He served on frontier duty in California and at Fort Leavenworth in the Kansas Territory.
From May 29, 1857 to October 31, 1859 Magruder served as commanding officer of Company I of the 1st Artillery Regiment at Fort Adams in Newport, Rhode Island. During this assignment, Magruder was noted for holding "fort days" during which the public was invited to attend concerts at the fort.
"Prince John" spoke with a lisp, except when singing tenor, which he did frequently. His avocation was composing songs and staging concerts and amateur theater productions, something to relieve the tedium of peacetime garrison duty. This theatrical bent would come in handy in the Civil War.
Civil War
At the start of the Civil War, Magruder was assigned to the artillery in the garrison forces of Washington, D.C.. However, he resigned from the U.S. Army when his native Virginia seceded, whereupon he was commissioned a colonel in the Confederate States Army. He was quickly promoted to brigadier general (June 1861) and major general (October 1861). He commanded the small Army of the Peninsula defending Richmond, against Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan's invasion of the Virginia Peninsula in the early portion of the Union's Peninsula Campaign in 1862. This separate army was incorporated as a division in the Army of Northern Virginia on April 12, 1862.[1]
During the Battle of Yorktown, Magruder completely deceived McClellan as to his strength by ostentatiously marching small numbers of troops past the same position multiple times, appearing to be a larger force. He moved his artillery around frequently and liberally used ammunition when Union troops were sighted, giving the impression of a large, aggressive defending force. This subterfuge caused McClellan's Army of the Potomac weeks of needless delay and brought Magruder praise from his superior, Gen. Joseph E. Johnston. However, Magruder performed poorly and unaggressively in the subsequent Seven Days Battles. Some blame heavy drinking for his erratic performance, others point to the unrelenting stress of his fending off McClellan at Yorktown.
Even before the first of the Seven Days Battles commenced there were signs that the Confederate leadership were ready to remove him from command in Virginia.
SPECIAL ORDERS, ADJT. AND INSP. GENERAL'S OFFICE, Numbers 118. Richmond, Va., May 23, 1862.VII. Major General J. B. Magruder is assigned to the command of the Trans-Mississippi District, of Department Numbers 2, and will report to this office for instructions.[2]
In dispatches sent just days after, Magruder was found defending his actions regarding his command of the defense of Mechanicsville. Jeb Stuart's Cavalry had also been put in charge of the defense of Mechanicsville, where they met with picket-fire, but Stuart was told to hold the town. Magruder arrived at the town and met with Stuart's Cavalry but Stuart was not there, likely in Richmond to deliver reports and get instruction. So Magruder exchanged communications with the next in command, Colonel Robertson, who reported that the enemy were moving forward with infantry and artillery.
Magruder was under a slightly different set of orders – to hold the town unless the enemy "attacked in force". Magruder interpreted Col Robertson's information as an attack in force on Mechanicsville. In the absence of Stuart, Magruder ordered that cavalry back across the bridge and to leave Mechanicsville.[3] It was this action, most likely, that warranted the special order to remove Magruder to the theater of war in the west.
It was common in the Confederacy, during those panicked days (May–June 1862) when Richmond was threatened so close to the city proper, that similar orders were given to multiple units; some of which actually contradicted one another. The best a commanding officer could do was to use his best judgement in taking matters into his own hands. Gen J. E. Johnston had the unfortunate duty of having to relieve Gen Magruder, which took place on about the 25th of May 1862 and was likely met with much protest after having received so much praise for his actions at Yorktown. It then appears as though the Confederate leadership considered the act a bit hasty and unwarranted, and turned to Johnston to repair. Johnston found himself in the unusual position of having to defend his act of relieving Magruder in the 26 May 1862 dispatch:
Honorable GEORGE W. RANDOLPH,Secretary of War:
SIR: I have had the honor to receive your letter of this date, in which you require me to modify my order relieving Major-General Magruder from duty in this army.
Your letter is calculated, I think, to give the impression that I have done Major-General Magruder injustice. Let me remind you that my order in question was given in obedience to yours assigning General Magruder to the command of a department (Trans-Mississippi), and directing him to report for instructions. Your order was positive and unconditional. I had no option, but was bound to obey it. If injustice has been done it was not by me. If an improper order has been given it is not mine. Mine, therefore, permit me to suggest, is not the one to be recalled or modified.
Obedience to the order contained in your letter would place me in a false position in relation to Major-General Magruder and to the Army. I therefore respectfully ask you to recall it.
Most respectfully, your obedient servant,
J. E. JOHNSTON,
General.[4]
The same day the general order was modified as seen below.
SPECIAL ORDERS,ADJT. AND INSP. GENERAL'S OFFICE, Numbers 120. Richmond, Va., May 26, 1862.
XXIV. Major General J. B. Magruder is relieved from the operation of paragraph VII, Special Orders, Numbers 118, current series, and will report for duty to General Joseph E. Johnston, commanding Department of Northern Virginia.
By command of Secretary of War
By then the damage had been done and Magruder was likely demoralized. He returned to his command near Mechanicsville and faithfully executed his orders, while the rumors swirled around him and his own personal ego had been checked. Over the next several days he likely thought about the westward position with favor; an opportunity to escape the (seemingly) unruly Virginia aristocratic mindset.
At the Battle of Malvern Hill, the last of the Seven Days, local guides led him and his men astray, causing a considerable delay in his arrival in the line of battle. Orders from new commander Robert E. Lee to attack, dispatched earlier in the day but with no time marked on them, were received only after Magruder finally got into proper position some hours later. They were mistaken as currently issued; the error was compounded when fresh orders from Lee arrived which, based on faulty intelligence, reaffirmed the attack. Magruder's execution of those orders as if they were current and accurate resulted in an uncoordinated assault that suffered considerable losses and made no headway. Lee afterward, when he personally surveyed the field, thought that no commander on the scene should have gone ahead with an attack. When he asked Magruder, "Why did you attack?" Magruder replied, "In obedience to your orders, twice repeated."
Lee reorganized his army after the Seven Days, replacing those he thought were ineffective commanders, and Magruder was soon reassigned to command the District of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.
On January 1, 1863, Magruder's forces won the Battle of Galveston, recapturing the city and port for the Confederacy. The First Confederate Congress published its official thanks:
... The bold, intrepid, and gallant conduct of Maj. Gen. J. Bankhead Magruder, Col. Thomas Green, Maj. Leon Smith, and other officers, and of the Texan Rangers and soldiers engaged in the attack on, and victory achieved over, the land and naval forces of the enemy at Galveston, on 1 January 1863, eminently entitle them to the thanks of Congress and the country. ... This brilliant achievement, resulting, under the providence of God, in the capture of the war steamer Harriet Lane and the defeat and ignominious flight of the hostile fleet from the harbor, the recapture of the city and the raising of the blockade of the port of Galveston, signally evinces that superior force may be overcome by skillful conception and daring courage.
From August 1864 to March 1865, Magruder commanded the Department of Arkansas but then returned to command the District of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona during the last months of the war until the entire Trans-Mississippi region was surrendered by General Edmund Kirby Smith.
Postbellum career
After the war, Magruder fled to Mexico and entered the service of Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico. He was a major general in the Imperial Mexican Army. However, by May 1867, the emperor's forces had succumbed to a siege and the emperor had been executed. Magruder returned to the United States and settled in Houston, Texas, where he died in 1871. He is buried in the Episcopal Cemetery at Galveston, the scene of his greatest military success.
Honors
A number of geographic features have been named in honor of John Magruder:
- Fort Magruder, a Confederate stronghold during the Battle of Williamsburg.
- Magruder in York County, Virginia, a small town near Williamsburg. During World War II, about 1943, the United States Navy relocated the residents and the entire former town of Magruder became part of a large military reservation known as Camp Peary. Beginning in 1951, the facility has been designated for "Armed Forces Experimental Training Activity", and unofficially, is known as a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) facility nicknamed "The Farm". Access was still highly restricted as of 2005. See also Former counties, cities, and towns of Virginia.
- Magruder Boulevard (State Route 134), a major connector road that runs through the independent city of Hampton and into York County.
- Thomas Magruder, a character in the Revisionist Western-themed video game, GUN, is a former Civil War major with the same last name.
See also
Notes
- ↑ Eicher, p. 360.
- ↑ "War of the Rebellion: Serial 014 Page 0540 THE PENINSULAR CAMPAIGN, VA. Chapter XXIII. – eHISTORY". Retrieved 29 January 2017.
- ↑ "War of the Rebellion: Serial 014 Page 0550 THE PENINSULAR CAMPAIGN, VA. Chapter XXIII. – eHISTORY". Retrieved 29 January 2017.
- ↑ "War of the Rebellion: Serial 014 Page 0551 Chapter XXIII. CORRESPONDENCE,ETC.-CONFEDERATE. – eHISTORY". Retrieved 29 January 2017.
References
- Cadorph, Paul D. Prince John Magruder: His Life and Campaigns. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1996. ISBN 0-471-15941-7.* Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0-8047-3641-1.
- Foote, Shelby. The Civil War: A Narrative. Vol. 1, Fort Sumter to Perryville. New York: Random House, 1958. ISBN 0-394-49517-9.
- Sifakis, Stewart. Who Was Who in the Civil War. New York: Facts On File, 1988. ISBN 978-0-8160-1055-4.
- Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. ISBN 978-0-8071-0823-9.
Further reading
- Latimer, Jon. Deception in War. London: John Murray, 2001. ISBN 0-7195-5605-8.
- Settles, Thomas M. John Bankhead Magruder: A Military Reappraisal. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2009. ISBN 978-0-8071-3391-0.