John F. Kennedy Jr.

John F. Kennedy Jr.

Kennedy greets invited guests at the HBO
and Imagine Entertainment premiere held
at the Kennedy Space Center in 1998.
Born John Fitzgerald Kennedy Jr.
(1960-11-25)November 25, 1960
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Died July 16, 1999(1999-07-16) (aged 38)
Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, U.S.
Cause of death Plane crash
Alma mater Brown University (A.B.)
New York University (J.D.)
Occupation Journalist, lawyer, magazine publisher
Spouse(s) Carolyn Bessette-Kennedy
(m. 1996)
Parent(s) John F. Kennedy
Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis
Relatives See Kennedy family

John Fitzgerald Kennedy Jr. (November 25, 1960 – July 16, 1999), often referred to as JFK Jr. or John John, was an American lawyer, journalist, and magazine publisher. He was the son of President John F. Kennedy and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy, and the younger brother of former Ambassador to Japan Caroline Kennedy. His father was assassinated, just three days before his third birthday.

From his early childhood years at the White House and beyond, Kennedy was the subject of great media scrutiny, and he became a popular social figure of Manhattan. Trained as a lawyer, Kennedy worked as a New York City Assistant District Attorney for almost four years. In 1995, he launched George magazine, using his political and celebrity status to publicize it. Kennedy died in a plane crash in 1999.

Early life and education

JFK Jr. with his father at the White House at age two.

John Fitzgerald Kennedy Jr. was born at Georgetown University Hospital on November 25, 1960, two weeks after his father was elected president. His parents had a stillborn daughter named Arabella four years before John Jr.'s birth. John Jr. had an older sister, Caroline, and an infant brother, Patrick, who died two days after his premature birth in 1963. His putative nickname, "John-John", came from a reporter who misheard JFK calling him "John" twice in quick succession; the name was not used by his family.[1]

John Jr. lived in the White House during the first three years of his life, and later remained in the public spotlight up until his death. His father was assassinated on November 22, 1963, and the state funeral was held three days later on John Jr.'s third birthday. In a moment that became an iconic image of the 1960s, John Jr. stepped forward and rendered a final salute as his father's flag-draped casket was carried out from St. Matthew's Cathedral.[2] The family continued with their plans for a birthday party, to demonstrate that the Kennedys would go on despite the death of their father.[3]

Kennedy attended private schools in New York City, starting at Saint David's School and moving to Collegiate School, which he attended from third through tenth grade,[4] and completed high school at Phillips Academy Andover, Massachusetts. After graduating, he went to Brown University where he majored in American studies.[5] There, he co-founded a student discussion group that focused on contemporary issues such as apartheid in South Africa, gun control, and civil rights. Visiting South Africa during a summer break, he was appalled by apartheid, and arranged for U.N. Ambassador Andrew Young to speak about the topic at Brown.[6]

By his junior year at Brown, he had moved off campus to live with several other students in a shared house,[7] and spent time at Xenon, a club owned by Howard Stein. Kennedy was initiated into Phi Psi, a local social fraternity which had been the Rhode Island Alpha Chapter of national Phi Kappa Psi fraternity until 1978.[8] He graduated in 1983 with a bachelor's degree in American studies, and then took a working break, traveling to India and spending some time at the University of Delhi, where he met Mother Teresa. He also worked with some of the Kennedy special interest projects, including the East Harlem School at Exodus House and Reaching Up.

Mother's remarriage

Following his father's assassination, Kennedy moved to the Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City with his mother and sister, where he grew up. In 1967, his mother took him and his sister Caroline on a six-week "sentimental journey" to Ireland, where they met President Éamon de Valera and visited the Kennedy ancestral home in Dunganstown.[4]

After his uncle Robert was assassinated in 1968, his mother took him and his sister out of the United States, saying: "If they're killing Kennedys, then my children are targets ... I want to get out of this country."[9] The same year, she married Greek shipping tycoon Aristotle Onassis, and the family went to live on his private island of Skorpios. Kennedy is said to have considered his stepfather "a joke".[10]

In 1971, Kennedy returned to the White House with his mother and sister for the first time since the assassination. President Richard Nixon's daughters gave Kennedy a tour that included his old bedroom, and Nixon showed him the Resolute desk under which his father had let him play. When Onassis died in 1975, he left Kennedy $25,000, though Jacqueline was able to renegotiate the will, and acquired $20 million for herself and her children.[11]

In 1976, Kennedy and his cousin visited an earthquake disaster zone at Rabinal in Guatemala, helping with heavy building work and distributing food. The local priest said that they "ate what the people of Rabinal ate and dressed in Guatemalan clothes and slept in tents like most of the earthquake victims", adding that the two "did more for their country's image" in Guatemala "than a roomful of ambassadors".[12] On his sixteenth birthday, Kennedy's Secret Service protection ended.[13] He spent the summer of 1978 working as a wrangler in Wyoming.[14]

Before attending Brown University, Kennedy accompanied his mother to Africa. On a pioneering course, he rescued his group, which had got lost for two days without food or water, and won points for leadership.[15] In 1979, the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum was dedicated, and Kennedy made his first major speech, reciting Stephen Spender's poem "I Think Continually of Those Who Were Truly Great".[16]

Career

After the 1984 Democratic Convention in San Francisco, Kennedy returned to New York and earned $20,000 a year in a position at the Office of Business Development, where his boss reflected that he worked "in the same crummy cubbyhole as everybody else. I heaped on the work and was always pleased."[17] From 1984 to 1986, he worked for the New York City Office of Business Development and served as deputy director of the 42nd Street Development Corporation in 1986,[18] conducting negotiations with developers and city agencies. In 1988, he became a summer associate at Manatt, Phelps, Rothenberg & Phillips, a Los Angeles law firm with strong connections to the Democratic Party. There, Kennedy worked for Charlie Manatt, his uncle Ted Kennedy's law school roommate.[17]

From 1989, Kennedy headed Reaching Up, a nonprofit group which provided educational and other opportunities for workers who helped people with disabilities. William Ebenstein, executive director of Reaching Up, said, "He was always concerned with the working poor, and his family always had an interest in helping them."

In 1989, Kennedy earned a J.D. degree from the New York University School of Law.[19] He then failed the New York bar exam twice, before passing on his third try in July 1990.[20] Kennedy vowed, after failing it for the second time, that he would take it continuously until he was ninety-five years old or passed,[21] though if he had failed a third time, he would have been out as a prosecutor in the Manhattan district attorney's office, where he worked for the next four years.[22][23] On August 29, 1991, Kennedy won his first prosecution.[24]

In summer 1992, he worked as a journalist and was commissioned by The New York Times to write an article about his kayaking expedition to the Aland Archipelago, where he saved one of his friends from the water when his kayak capsized.[25] He then considered creating a magazine with his friend, public-relations magnate Michael J. Berman – a plan which his mother thought too risky. In his 2001 book The Day John Died, Christopher Andersen wrote that Jacqueline had also worried that her son would die in a plane crash, and asked longtime-companion Maurice Tempelsman "to do whatever it took to keep John from becoming a pilot".[26]

Acting

Meanwhile, he had done a bit of acting, which was one of his passions (he had appeared in many plays while at Brown). He expressed interest in acting as a career, but his mother strongly disapproved of it, as an unsuitable profession.[27] On August 4, 1985, Kennedy made his New York acting debut in front of an invitation-only audience at the Irish Theater on Manhattan's West Side. Executive director of the Irish Arts Center, Nye Heron, said that Kennedy was "one of the best young actors I've seen in years".[18] Kennedy's director, Robin Saex, stated, "He has an earnestness that just shines through." Kennedy's largest acting role was playing a fictionalized version of himself in the season-eight episode of sitcom Murphy Brown, called "Altered States". In this episode, Kennedy visits Brown at her office, in order to promote a magazine he is publishing.

George magazine

In 1995, Kennedy and Michael Berman founded George, a glossy, politics-as-lifestyle and fashion monthly, with Kennedy controlling 50 percent of the shares.[27] Kennedy officially launched the magazine at a news conference in Manhattan on September 8, and joked that he had not seen so many reporters in one place since he failed his first bar exam.[28]

Each issue of the magazine contained an editor's column and interviews written by Kennedy,[29] who believed they could make politics "accessible by covering it in an entertaining and compelling way" which would allow "popular interest and involvement" to follow.[30] Kennedy did interviews with Louis Farrakhan, Billy Graham, Garth Brooks, and others.[30]

Conservative commentator Ann Coulter wrote in a column that George was "truly a political magazine, not a Democratic magazine". Coulter claimed that Kennedy had admired an article she wrote attacking a congressman, and she also claimed that in one of their last conversations, Kennedy mocked one of the magazine's liberal columnists for being a "predictable bore" despite a lack of recorded proof.[31]

The first issue was criticized for its image of Cindy Crawford posing as George Washington in a powdered wig and ruffled shirt. In defense of the cover, Kennedy stated that "political magazines should look like Mirabella."[32]

In July 1997, Vanity Fair had published a profile of Mayor of New York City Rudy Giuliani claiming that the mayor was sleeping with his press secretary (which both parties denied). Although tempted to follow up on this story, Kennedy decided against it.[33] The same month, Kennedy wrote about meeting Mother Teresa, declaring that the "three days I spent in her presence was the strongest evidence this struggling Catholic has ever had that God exists."[29]

The September 1997 issue of George centered on temptation, and featured two of Kennedy's cousins, Michael LeMoyne Kennedy and Joseph P. Kennedy II. Michael had been accused of having an affair with his children's underaged babysitter, while Joe had been accused by his ex-wife of having bullied her. John declared that both his cousins had become "poster boys for bad behaviour" - believed to be the first time a member of the Kennedy family had publicly attacked another Kennedy. He said he was trying to show that press coverage of the pair was unfair, due to them being Kennedys.[34] But Joe paraphrased John's father by stating, "Ask not what you can do for your cousin, but what you can do for his magazine."[35]

Magazine decline

By early 1997, Kennedy and Berman found themselves locked in a power struggle, which led to screaming matches, slammed doors, and even one physical altercation. Eventually Berman sold his share of the company, and Kennedy took on Berman's responsibilities himself. Though the magazine had already begun to decline in popularity before Berman left, his departure was followed by a rapid drop in sales.[36]

David Pecker, CEO of Hachette Filipacchi Magazines, who were partners in George, said that this was because Kennedy refused to "take risks as an editor, despite the fact that he was an extraordinary risk taker in other areas of his life." Pecker said, "He understood that the target audience for George was the eighteen-to-thirty-four-year-old demographic, yet he would routinely turn down interviews that would appeal to this age group, like Princess Diana or John Gotti, Jr., to interview subjects like Dan Rostenkowski or Vo Nguyen Giap."[36] Shortly before his death, Kennedy had been planning a series of online chats with the 2000 presidential candidates. Microsoft was to provide the technology and pay for it while receiving advertising in George.[37] After his death, the magazine was bought out by Hachette,[38] but folded in early 2001.[39]

Family activity

Photograph of a June 24, 1985 reception for the John F. Kennedy Library Foundation held at Senator Ted Kennedy's McLean, Virginia residence. Photographed are (from left to right) Ted Kennedy, President Ronald Reagan, First Lady Nancy Reagan, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, Ethel Kennedy, Caroline Kennedy and John F. Kennedy Jr.

Kennedy addressed the 1988 Democratic National Convention, introducing his uncle, Senator Ted Kennedy. He invoked his father's inaugural address, calling "a generation to public service", and received a two-minute standing ovation.[40] Republican consultant Richard Viguerie said he did not remember a word of the speech, but remembered "a good delivery" and added, "I think it was a plus for the Democrats and the boy. He is strikingly handsome."[41]

Kennedy participated in his cousin Patrick J. Kennedy's campaign for a seat in the Rhode Island House of Representatives by visiting the district.[42] He sat outside the polling booth and had his picture taken with "would-be" voters. The polaroid ploy worked so well in the campaign that Patrick J. Kennedy used it again in 1994.

Relationships

While attending Brown University, Kennedy met Sally Munro, whom he dated for six years, and they visited India in 1983. Also while at Brown, he met Brooke Shields,[43] with whom he was later linked.

Kennedy also dated models Cindy Crawford and Julie Baker, as well as actress Sarah Jessica Parker,[44] who said she enjoyed dating Kennedy but realized he "was a public domain kind of a guy." Parker claimed to have no idea what "real fame" was until dating Kennedy and felt that she should "apologize for dating him" since it became the "defining factor in the person" she was.[45]

Kennedy had known actress Daryl Hannah since their two families had vacationed together in St. Maarten in the early '80s. After meeting again at the wedding of his aunt Lee Radziwill in 1988, they dated for five and a half years, though their relationship was complicated by her feelings for singer Jackson Browne, with whom she had lived for a time.

Also during this time Kennedy dated Christina Haag. They knew each other as children and also attended Brown University.

Marriage

After his relationship with Daryl Hannah ended, Kennedy cohabitated with Carolyn Bessette, who worked in the fashion industry and was the youngest daughter of William J. Bessette and Ann Messina Freeman. They were engaged for a year, though Kennedy consistently denied reports of this. They married in a secret ceremony on September 21, 1996, on Cumberland Island, Georgia,[46] where his sister, Caroline, was matron of honor and his cousin Anthony Radziwill was best man.[47]

The next day, Kennedy's cousin Patrick revealed that the pair had married. When they returned to their Manhattan home, there were a mass of reporters on the doorstep. One of them asked Kennedy if he had enjoyed his honeymoon, to which he responded "Very much." He added "Getting married is a big adjustment for us, and for a private citizen like Carolyn even more so. I ask you to give her all the privacy and room you can."[48]

But Carolyn was, in fact, badly disoriented by the constant attention from the paparazzi. The couple was permanently on show, both at fashionable Manhattan events, and on their travels to visit celebrities such as Mariuccia Mandelli and Gianni Versace.[49] She also complained to her friend, journalist Jonathan Soroff, that she could not get a job without being accused of exploiting her fame.[50]

Flying history

Kennedy began taking flying lessons at the Flight Safety Academy in Vero Beach, Florida.[34] In April 1998, he received his pilot's license, which he had dreamed about since he was a child.[28]

The death of his cousin Michael in a skiing accident brought about a change in Kennedy, making death "just seem closer and closer."[51] Kennedy felt so distressed that he took a hiatus from his piloting lessons at Flight Safety International in Florida for three months. His sister, Caroline, had hoped his decision to stop taking piloting lessons would be permanent, but when he resumed, she resigned herself to the "fact that she could do little to stop him."[52]

Death

On July 16, 1999, Kennedy departed from Fairfield, New Jersey, at the controls of his Piper Saratoga light aircraft, carrying his wife, Carolyn, and sister-in-law Lauren Bessette, to attend the wedding of his cousin Rory Kennedy at Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts. He had purchased the plane on April 28, 1999, from Air Bound Aviation.[53] Carolyn and Lauren were sitting in the second row of seats.[54] Kennedy had checked in with the control tower at the Martha's Vineyard Airport but, when the plane failed to arrive, it was reported missing.[55]

Officials were not optimistic about finding survivors after aircraft debris and a black suitcase belonging to Bessette were recovered from the Atlantic Ocean.[56] President Bill Clinton gave his support to the Kennedy family during the search for the three ill-fated passengers.[56]

On July 18, a Coast Guard admiral declared an end to hope that Kennedy, his wife and her sister could be found alive.[57] On July 19, the fragments of Kennedy's plane were found by the NOAA vessel Rude using side-scan sonar. The next day, Navy divers descended into the 62 °F (17 °C) water. The divers found part of the shattered plane strewn over a broad area of seabed 120 feet (37 m) below the surface of the Atlantic Ocean.[58] The search ended in the late afternoon of July 21, when the three bodies were recovered from the ocean floor by Navy divers and taken by motorcade to the county medical examiner's office.[59] The discovery was made from high-resolution images of the ocean bottom.[60] Divers found Carolyn and Lauren's bodies near the twisted and broken fuselage while Kennedy's body was still strapped into the pilot's seat.[55] Admiral Richard M. Larrabee of the Coast Guard said that all three bodies were "near and under" the fuselage, still strapped in.[61]

The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) determined that the probable cause of the crash was pilot error: "Kennedy's failure to maintain control of the airplane during a descent over water at night, which was a result of spatial disorientation."[62]

On the evening of July 21, autopsies at the county medical examiner's office revealed that the crash victims had died upon impact. At the same time, the Kennedy and Bessette families announced their plans for memorial services.[59] On July 21, the three bodies were taken from Hyannis to Duxbury, where they were cremated in the Mayflower Cemetery crematorium.[63] Ted Kennedy favored a public service for John while Caroline Kennedy insisted on family privacy.[64] On the morning of July 22, their ashes were scattered at sea from the Navy destroyer USS Briscoe off the coast of Martha's Vineyard.[65]

A memorial service was held for Kennedy on July 23, 1999 at the Church of St. Thomas More, a church Kennedy had often attended with his mother and sister. The invitation-only service was attended by hundreds of mourners, including President Bill Clinton, who presented the family with photo albums of John and Carolyn on their visit to the White House from the previous year.[66]

Kennedy's last will and testament stipulated that his personal belongings, property, and holdings were to be "evenly distributed" among his sister Caroline Kennedy's three children, who were among fourteen beneficiaries in his will.[55]

Legacy

John F. Kennedy Jr. was the first child ever born to a President-elect of the United States. On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the assassination of John Jr.'s father on November 22, 1963, the New York Daily News re-ran the famous photograph of the three-year-old Kennedy saluting his father's coffin. Photographer Dan Farrell, who took the photo, called it "the saddest thing I've ever seen in my whole life".[67]

In 2000, Reaching Up, the organization which Kennedy founded in 1989, joined with The City University of New York to establish the John F. Kennedy, Jr. Institute.[68] On September 19, 2003, the ARCO Forum at Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government was renamed to the John F. Kennedy Jr. Forum of Public Affairs. An active participant in Forum events, Kennedy had also been a member of the IOP's Senior Advisory Committee for fifteen years. Kennedy's uncle Senator Ted Kennedy said the renaming would symbolically link Kennedy and his father while his sister, Caroline, stated the renaming represented his love of discussing politics.[69]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Kennedy Year in Review Archived 2006-05-13 at the Wayback Machine. CNN.
  2. ↑ Lucas, Dean (2007-07-22). "Famous Pictures Magazine – JFK Jr salutes JFK". Famous Pictures Magazine. Retrieved 2013-05-21.
  3. ↑ Leamer, p. 1.
  4. 1 2 Heymann, pp. 145–146.
  5. ↑ Leigh, pp. 236-237.
  6. ↑ Landau, p. 78.
  7. ↑ Landau, p. 82.
  8. ↑ Robert T. Littell, The Men We Became: My Friendship With John F. Kennedy, Jr. (St. Martin's Press 2004), passim.
  9. ↑ Seely, Katherine (July 19, 1999). "John F. Kennedy Jr., Heir to a Formidable Dynasty". The New York Times. Retrieved November 8, 2009.
  10. ↑ Davis, p. 690.
  11. ↑ Shane, Scott (July 18, 1999). "A life lived in celebrity". Baltimore Sun.
  12. ↑ Leigh, pp. 195–196.
  13. ↑ Leigh, p. 137.
  14. ↑ Landau, p. 77.
  15. ↑ Leigh, p. 235.
  16. ↑ Leigh, p. 251.
  17. 1 2 Gross, Michael (March 20, 1989). "Favorite Son". New York Magazine.
  18. 1 2 Bly, p. 279.
  19. ↑ Heymann, Clemens David (2007). American Legacy: The Story of John & Caroline Kennedy. Simon and Schuster. p. 323. ISBN 0-7434-9738-4.
  20. ↑ Blow, Richard; Bradley, Richard (2002). American Son: A Portrait of John F. Kennedy, Jr. Macmillan. p. 17. ISBN 0-312-98899-0.
  21. ↑ "JOHN KENNEDY JR. FAILS BAR EXAM 2ND TIME; SAYS HE'LL TAKE IT AGAIN". Desert News. May 1, 1990.
  22. ↑ "John F. Kennedy Jr. Passes Bar Exam". Los Angeles Times. November 4, 1990.
  23. ↑ Spoto, Donald (2000). Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis: A Life. Macmillan. p. 330. ISBN 0-312-97707-7.
  24. ↑ Sullivan, Ronald (August 30, 1991). "Prosecutor Kennedy Wins First Trial, Easily". The New York Times.
  25. ↑ Andersen, Christopher (2014). The Good Son: JFK Jr. and the Mother He Loved. Gallery Books. pp. 266–267. ISBN 978-1476775562.
  26. ↑ "Book: JFK. Jr's Death Foretold". ABC News. July 11, 2000.
  27. 1 2 A&E Biography
  28. 1 2 Landau, p. 117.
  29. 1 2 Sumner, David E. (2010). The Magazine Century: American Magazines Since 1900. Peter Lang International Academic Publishers. p. 201. ISBN 978-1433104930.
  30. 1 2 Landau, pp. 100-102.
  31. ↑ Coulter, pp. 317-318.
  32. ↑ Landau, p. 99.
  33. ↑ Blow, pp. 174-175.
  34. 1 2 Andersen, p. 316.
  35. ↑ Leigh, pp. 322-323.
  36. 1 2 Heymann, p. 438.
  37. ↑ Blow, p. 274.
  38. ↑ Bercovici, Jeff (2001). "Hachette delivers death ax to George" Archived 2007-09-30 at the Wayback Machine.. Media Life Magazine.
  39. ↑ "Reliable Sources: 'George' Folds". CNN. January 6, 2001.
  40. ↑ Selye, Katherine Q. (July 19, 1999). "John F. Kennedy Jr., Heir To a Formidable Dynasty". New York Times.
  41. ↑ Wadler, Joyce (September 12, 1988). "The Sexiest Kennedy".
  42. ↑ Bly, p. 297.
  43. ↑ O'Neill, Liisa (May 25, 2009). "Actress and former model Brooke Shields reveals that she didn't lose her virginity until she was 22". New York Daily News.
  44. ↑ Landau, pp. 94-95.
  45. ↑ Specter, Michael (September 20, 1992). "FILM; Bimbo? Sarah Jessica Parker Begs to Differ". New York Times.
  46. ↑ Landau, Elaine (2000). John F. Kennedy, Jr. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 117. ISBN 0-7613-1857-7.
  47. ↑ Heymann, Clemens David (2007). American Legacy: The Story of John & Caroline Kennedy. Simon and Schuster. p. 458. ISBN 0-7434-9738-4.
  48. ↑ Heymann, p. 463.
  49. ↑ Heymann, p. 447.
  50. ↑ Heymann, pp. 472-473.
  51. ↑ Blow, p. 301.
  52. ↑ Heymann, p. 478-479.
  53. ↑ Heymann, p. 32.
  54. ↑ Heymann, p. 36.
  55. 1 2 3 Heymann, p. 499.
  56. 1 2 Grunwald, Michael (July 18, 1999). "JFK Jr. Feared Dead in Plane Crash". Washington Post.
  57. ↑ Gellman, Barton (July 19, 1999). "No Hope of Survivors, Admiral Tells Families". Washington Post.
  58. ↑ Klein, p. 222.
  59. 1 2 "Crash and Search Time Line". The Washington Post. July 22, 1999. Retrieved 29 November 2012.
  60. ↑ "Divers Found Bodies". Chicago Tribune. July 22, 1999.
  61. ↑ Allen, Mike (July 22, 1999). "Bodies From Kennedy Crash Are Found". New York Times.
  62. ↑ "NTSB report NYC99MA178".
  63. ↑ Maxwell, Paula (July 28, 1999). "Kennedy cremated in Duxbury" (PDF). Duxbury Clipper. Duxbury. MA. Retrieved 29 November 2012.
  64. ↑ Landau, p. 20.
  65. ↑ Gellman, Barton; Ferdinand, Pamela (1999-07-23). "Kennedy, Bessettes Given Shipboard Rites". Washington Post. pp. A1. Retrieved 2008-05-22.
  66. ↑ Landau, p. 23.
  67. ↑ "Daily News' iconic photo of JFK Jr.'s salute to dad's coffin still haunts". New York Daily News. November 17, 2013.
  68. ↑ "JFK, JR. INSTITUTE FOR WORKER EDUCATION".
  69. ↑ Kicenuik, Kimberly A. (September 22, 2003). "ARCO Forum at IOP Renamed In Honor of John F. Kennedy Jr.". The Harvard Crimson.

Works cited

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