John III, Duke of Cleves

John III
Duke of Cleves Count of Mark
John III the Peaceful
Born	(1490-11-10)10 November 1490
Died	6 February 1538 or 1539
Noble family	La Marck
Spouse(s)	Maria of Jülich-Berg
Issue Sybille of Cleves Anne of Cleves, Queen of England William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg Amalia of Cleves
Father	John II, Duke of Cleves
Mother	Mathilde of Hesse

John III the Peaceful, Duke of Cleves and Count of Mark (John III, Duke of Cleves; John I, Duke of Jülich-Berg; German: Johann III der Friedfertige, Herzog von Jülich-Kleve-Berg; 10 November 1490 – 6 February 1538 or 1539) was a son of John II, Duke of Cleves and Mathilde of Hesse, daughter of Henry III, Landgrave of Upper Hesse.^[1]

John III became Regent of the United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg in 1521, and Lord of Ravensberg in 1528.

John represented a compensatory attitude, which strove for a via media, a middle way, between the two confessions during the Protestant Reformation. Despite what others may have thought, not all Germanic princely houses were Lutheran Protestant. In fact the real influence at the court of Cleves was Erasmus. Many of his men were friends and followers of this well-educated Dutch scholar and theologian. When Duke John decided to write up a list of church regulations, Erasmus was the first person the Duke went to personally for consultation and approval.

Duke John had an instinct for balance as was shown when he married his eldest daughter Sybille to John Frederick of Saxony. John Frederick would go on to later head the Schmalkaldic League. In many ways John of Cleves' court was ideal for raising a Queen. It was fundamentally liberal, but serious-minded, theologically inclined, profoundly Erasmian; as the court of Catherine of Aragon had once been. It was from this court that his daughter Anne would be raised. Anne would go on to marry King Henry VIII of England as his fourth wife.^[2]

Family

In 1509, he married Maria of Jülich-Berg, daughter of Duke William IV of Jülich-Berg and Sybilla of Brandenburg, who became heiress to her father's estates Jülich, Berg and Ravensberg.^[3] They had the following children:

1. Sybille (17 January 1512 – 21 February 1554), married John Frederick, Elector of Saxony, head of the Protestant Confederation of Germany, "Champion of the Reformation". Had issue.
2. Anne (22 September 1515 – 16 July 1557), who was briefly married to Henry VIII, King of England, as his fourth wife. No issue.
3. William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg (28 July 1516 – 5 January 1592), married Maria, Archduchess of Austria, daughter of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor. Had issue.
4. Amalia of Cleves (17 October 1517 – 1 March 1586)

• 
  Sybille of Cleves by Lucas Cranach the Elder.
• 
  Anne of Cleves by Hans Holbein the Younger.
• 
  William of Cleves by Heinrich Aldegrever.
• 
  Unknown woman by Hans Holbein the Younger, thought to be Amalia of Cleves.

coat-of-arms of La Mark

coat-of-arms of Cleves

Ancestors

References