John III of Sweden

John III

John III portraited by Dutch artist Johan Baptista van Uther in 1582.
King of Sweden
Reign 30 September 1568 – 17 November 1592
Coronation 10 July 1569
Predecessor Eric XIV
Successor Sigismund
Born 20 December 1537
Stegeborg Castle
Died 17 November 1592(1592-11-17) (aged 54)
Stockholm Castle
Burial Uppsala Cathedral
Spouse Catherine Jagellonica
Gunilla Bielke
Issue Sigismund III, King of Poland and Sweden
Anna, Starosta of Brodnica and Golub
John, Duke of Östergötland
Sophia, Baroness de la Gardie (ill.)
House Vasa
Father Gustav I of Sweden
Mother Margaret Leijonhufvud
Religion Lutheran
Image of King John on a wall of Stockholm Palace.

John III (Swedish: Johan III, Finnish: Juhana III) (20 December 1537 – 17 November 1592) was King of Sweden from 1568 until his death. He was the son of King Gustav I of Sweden and his second wife Margaret Leijonhufvud. He was also, quite autonomously, the ruler of Finland, as Duke John from 1556 to 1563. In 1581 he assumed also the title Grand Prince of Finland. He attained the Swedish throne after a rebellion against his brother Eric XIV. He is mainly remembered for his attempts to close the gap between the newly established Lutheran Church of Sweden and the Catholic church.

His first wife was Catherine Jagellonica of the Polish-Lithuanian ruling family, and their son Sigismund eventually ascended both the Polish-Lithuanian and Swedish thrones.

Biography

He was the second son of Gustav Vasa (1523–60). His mother was Margareta Leijonhufvud (1514–51), a Swedish noblewoman. As a Duke of Finland, he opposed his half-brother Eric XIV of Sweden (1560–68) and was imprisoned in 1563. After his release from prison, probably because of his brother's insanity (see Sture Murders), John again joined the opposition, deposed Eric and made himself the king. His important ally was his maternal uncle Sten Leijonhufvud, who at deathbed was made Count of Raseborg. Shortly after this John executed his brother's most trusted counsellor, Jöran Persson, whom he held largely responsible for his harsh treatment while in prison.

John further initiated peace talks with Denmark and Lübeck to end the Scandinavian Seven Years' War, but rejected the resulting Treaties of Roskilde (1568) where his envoys had accepted far-reaching Danish demands. After two more years of fighting, this war was concluded without many Swedish concessions in the Treaty of Stettin (1570). During the following years he successfully fought Russia in the Livonian War, concluded by the Treaty of Plussa in 1583, a war that meant a Swedish reconquest of Narva. As a whole his foreign policy was affected by his connection to Poland of which country his son Sigismund III Vasa was made king in 1587.

In domestic politics John showed clear Catholic sympathies, inspired by his Polish queen, a fact that created frictions to the Swedish clergy and nobility. He sought to enlist the help of the papacy in gaining release of his wife's family assets, which were frozen in Naples. He also allowed Jesuits to secretly staff the Royal Theological College in Stockholm. However, John himself was a learned follower of the mediating theologian George Cassander. He sought reconciliation between Rome and Wittenberg on the basis of the consensus of the first five centuries of Christianity. John approved the publication of the Lutheran Swedish Church Order of Archbishop Laurentius Patri in 1571 but also got the church to approve an addendum to the church order in 1575, Nova ordinantia ecclesiastica that displayed a return to patristic sources. This set the stag for his promulgation of the Swedish-Latin Red Book, which reintroduced several Catholic customs and resulted in the Liturgical Battle, which was not to end for twenty years. In 1575, he gave his permission for the remaining Catholic convents in Sweden to start receiving novices again. From time to time he was also at odds theologically with his younger brother Duke Charles of Sudermannia (afterwards Charles IX of Sweden), who had Calvinist sympathies, and did not promote King John's Liturgy in his duchy. John III was an eager patron of art and architecture.

John III as king

In January 1569, John was recognized as king by the same riksdag that forced Eric XIV off the throne. But this recognition was not without influence from John; Duke Karl received confirmation on his dukedom without the restrictions of his power that the Arboga articles imposed. The nobilities' power and rights were extended and their responsibilities lessened.

John was still concerned about his position as king as long as Eric was alive. The fear of a possible liberation of the locked up king worried him to the point that in 1571 he ordered the guards to, in any suspicion of liberation attempt, murder the captured king. It is possible this is how his life ended in 1577.

John III was reported like his father in propaganda, with repeated claims to have "liberated Sweden" from the "bloodhound" Christian II, as well as rescuing the population from the "tyrant" Eric XIV; also violent, hot tempered and greatly suspicious.

Ancestors

 
 
 
 
Johan Kristiernsson (Vasa)
 
 
Erik Johansson (Vasa)
 
 
 
 
 
 
Birgitta Gustavsdotter (Sture)
 
 
Gustav I of Sweden (Vasa)
 
 
 
 
 
 
Måns Karlsson (Eka)
 
 
Cecilia Månsdotter (Eka)
 
 
 
 
 
 
Sigrid Eskilsdotter (Banér)
 
John III of Sweden
 
 
 
 
 
Abraham Kristiernsson (Leijonhuvud)
 
 
Erik Abrahamsson (Leijonhufvud)
 
 
 
 
 
 
Birgitta Månsdotter (Natt och Dag)
 
 
Margaret Leijonhufvud
 
 
 
 
 
 
Erik Karlsson (Vasa)
 
 
Ebba Eriksdotter (Vasa)
 
 
 
 
 
 
Anna Karlsdotter (Vinstorpa)
 

Family

Catherine Jagellonica
Gunilla Bielke

John married his first wife, Catherine Jagellonica of Poland (1526–83), house of Jagiello, in Vilnius on 4 October 1562. In Sweden, she is known as Katarina Jagellonica. She was the sister of king Sigismund II Augustus of Poland. Their children were:

He married his second wife Gunilla Bielke (1568–c. 1592) on 21 February 1584; they had a son:

Tomb of John III in Uppsala Cathedral.

Together with his mistress Karin Hansdotter (1532–1596) he had at least four illegitimate children:

John cared for Karin and their children even after he married Catherine Jagellonica, in 1562. He got Karin a husband that would care for her and the children: in 1561, she married the nobleman Klas Andersson (Västgöte), a friend and servant of John. They had a daughter named Brita. He continued supporting Karin and his illegitimate children as a king, from 1568. In 1572 Karin married again, as her first husband was murdered by Erik XIV in 1563, to a Lars Henrikson, whom John ennobled in 1576 to care for his issue with Karin. The same year, he made his daughter Sofia a lady in the castle, as a servant to his sister Princess Elisabet. In 1580, John married her to Pontus de la Gardie. She later died giving birth to Jacob De la Gardie.

See also

References

John III
Born: 20 December 1537 Died: 17 November 1592
Regnal titles
New creation Duke of Finland
1556–63
Succeeded by
Eric XIV
Grand Duke of Finland
1581–92
Succeeded by
Sigismund
Preceded by
Eric XIV
King of Sweden
1568–92
Duke of Finland
1568–92
Succeeded by
John


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