Jim Courier

Jim Courier
Country (sports)  United States
Residence Orlando, Florida, United States
Born (1970-08-17) August 17, 1970
Sanford, Florida, United States
Height 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)
Turned pro 1988
Retired 2000
Plays Right-handed (two-handed backhand)
Coach(es) Nick Bollettieri[1]
Sergio Cruz (1988–1990)[2]
Brad Stine (1990–1994)
José Higueras (1990–1997)
Harold Solomon (1997)
Brad Stine (1997–2000)
Prize money $14,034,132
Int. Tennis HoF 2005 (member page)
Singles
Career record 506–237 (68.1%)
Career titles 23 (27th in overall rankings)
Highest ranking No. 1 (February 10, 1992)
Grand Slam Singles results
Australian Open W (1992, 1993)
French Open W (1991, 1992)
Wimbledon F (1993)
US Open F (1991)
Other tournaments
Tour Finals F (1991, 1992)
Grand Slam Cup QF (1996)
Olympic Games 3R (1992)
Doubles
Career record 124–97
Career titles 6
Highest ranking No. 20 (October 9, 1989)
Grand Slam Doubles results
Australian Open 1R (1990)
French Open 2R (1989)
Wimbledon 3R (1989, 1991)
US Open 1R (1989, 1990)

James Spencer Courier Jr. (born August 17, 1970) is an American former World No. 1 professional tennis player. During his career, he won four Grand Slam singles titles, two at the French Open and two at the Australian Open. He holds the record for being the youngest man to have reached the finals of all four Grand Slam singles tournaments, at the age of 22 years and 11 months. He also won five Masters 1000 series titles. Until Novak Djokovic in 2016, Courier was the last man to win both the Australian and French Opens in the same calendar year.[3][4]

Tennis career

Courier was raised in Dade City, Florida and though he excelled at youth sports in general, after a certain point it became clear that tennis was where his true talent lay.[5] As a junior player in the 1980s, Courier attended the Nick Bollettieri Tennis Academy and won the prestigious Orange Bowl in 1986 and 1987 (the first to win back-to-back titles since Björn Borg[6]), as well as the French Open junior doubles title in 1987.

Courier turned professional in 1988 and made his Grand Slam breakthrough at the 1991 French Open when he defeated Stefan Edberg and Michael Stich to reach his first Grand Slam final. In the final he defeated his former Bollettieri Academy roommate Andre Agassi in five sets to win his first Slam. He made the quarterfinals of Wimbledon before losing to eventual champion Stich. At the US Open he defeated defending champion Pete Sampras in the quarterfinals and then Jimmy Connors in the semifinals, before losing the final to Edberg.

1992 saw Courier defeat Edberg to win the Australian Open, and he celebrated by jumping into the nearby Yarra River. He then followed this result by defeating future Grand Slam champions Thomas Muster, Goran Ivanišević, Agassi and Petr Korda to successfully defend his French Open title. Afterward, Courier charmed the Parisian crowd by delivering a victory speech in French.[7] Courier also enjoyed a 25-match winning streak during the season. In February of that year he became the tenth player to reach the world no. 1 ranking since the ranking system was implemented in 1973, and the first American since John McEnroe; he finished 1992 as the world no. 1 ranked player. Courier also was a member of the US team that won the 1992 Davis Cup. In 1992 he was the top-seeded player at the Olympics in Barcelona, where he lost in the third round to eventual gold medalist Marc Rosset from Switzerland.[8]

In 1993, Courier again won the Australian Open, defeating Edberg in the final for the second consecutive year, and jumped into the Yarra a second time, but it was to be his last such celebration after contracting a stomach bug from the muddy and polluted river. He reached his third consecutive French Open final, which he lost to Sergi Bruguera in five sets. He also reached the 1993 Wimbledon final, defeating Edberg in the semifinals, and lost to Sampras in four sets. By reaching the Wimbledon final, Courier had reached the finals of all four Grand Slams at the age of 22, a record which still stands in men's singles. Courier also became the first player since Rod Laver to reach the finals of the Australian, French and Wimbledon in the same season; the feat was not matched until 2006 by Roger Federer. Courier again was part of the US team that won the 1995 Davis Cup.

Courier captured a total of 23 singles titles and 6 doubles titles during his career. He spent a total of 58 weeks ranked as the World No. 1 in 1992 and 1993. He reached the finals of all four major championships during his career, a feat accomplished by only seven other players in the Open Era. Courier retired from the ATP tour in 2000. He was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 2005.

After retirement from top-level tennis

Since his retirement as a top-level player, Courier has served as a tennis analyst and commentator for the Tennis Channel, USA Network, NBC Sports, TNT, ITV, Sky Sports and the Seven Network. Since 2005 Courier has headed the commentary for the host broadcaster of the Australian Open, The Seven Network. Courier calls all centre court men's singles matches for the network. He also conducts the post match on-court interviews with the winning player. Courier started working with the British channel ITV for the French Open in 2012. In 2015, Courier worked with the British channel Sky Sports for their US Open coverage. The Jim Courier Club House now stands on the grounds of the Dade City Little League complex in John S. Burks Memorial Park in Dade City, Florida. Courier is an alumnus of that Little League program.

In 2004, Courier founded InsideOut Sport & Entertainment, a New York-based event production company that owns and operates the Champions Series, Legendary Nights exhibitions as well as private corporate events.

He also founded Courier's Kids, a non-profit organization that supports tennis programs in the inner city of St. Petersburg, Florida.

Courier currently competes on the Champions Series and in various charity exhibition matches.

Jim Courier married Susanna Lingman in 2010.

On October 27, 2010, Courier was named captain of the United States Davis Cup team, replacing Patrick McEnroe.

Career statistics

Grand Slam finals

Finals: 7 (4 titles, 3 runners-up)
Outcome Year Championship Surface Opponent Score
Winner1991French OpenClayUnited States Andre Agassi3–6, 6–4, 2–6, 6–1, 6–4
Runner-up1991US OpenHardSweden Stefan Edberg2–6, 4–6, 0–6
Winner1992Australian OpenHardSweden Stefan Edberg6–3, 3–6, 6–4, 6–2
Winner1992French Open (2)ClayCzech Republic Petr Korda7–5, 6–2, 6–1
Winner1993Australian Open (2)HardSweden Stefan Edberg6–2, 6–1, 2–6, 7–5
Runner-up1993French OpenClaySpain Sergi Bruguera4–6, 6–2, 2–6, 6–3, 3–6
Runner-up1993WimbledonGrassUnited States Pete Sampras6–7(3–7), 6–7(6–8), 6–3, 3–6

Year-End Championship

Finals: 2 (2 runners-up)
Outcome Year Championship Surface Opponent Score
Runner-up1991FrankfurtHard (i)United States Pete Sampras6–3, 6–7(5–7), 3–6, 4–6
Runner-up1992FrankfurtHard (i)Germany Boris Becker4–6, 3–6, 5–7

Masters Series

Finals: 5 (5 titles)
Outcome Year Championship Surface Opponent Score
Winner1991Indian WellsHardFrance Guy Forget4–6, 6–3, 4–6, 6–3, 7–6(7–4)
Winner1991MiamiHardUnited States David Wheaton4–6, 6–3, 6–4
Winner1992RomeClaySpain Carlos Costa7–6(7–3), 6–0, 6–4
Winner1993Indian Wells (2)HardSouth Africa Wayne Ferreira6–3, 6–3, 6–1
Winner1993Rome (2)ClayCroatia Goran Ivanišević6–1, 6–2, 6–2

Records

ChampionshipYearsRecord accomplishedPlayer tied
Grand Slam1991–1993Youngest to reach all four Grand Slam finals (22)Stands alone
French Open—Australian Open1991–1993Simultaneous holder of consecutive Australian and French Open titlesStands alone
Grand Slam1992Winner of Australian Open and French Open in the same calendar yearRod Laver
Mats Wilander
Novak Djokovic

ATP career finals

Singles: 36 (23 titles, 13 runner-ups)

Legend
Grand Slam (4–3)
Year-End Championships (0–2)
ATP Masters Series (5–0)
ATP Championship Series (5–3)
ATP World Series (9–5)
Titles by Surface
Hard (17–6)
Grass (0–1)
Clay (5–2)
Carpet (1–4)
Outcome No. Date Tournament Surface Opponent Score
Winner 1. October 9, 1989 Basel, Switzerland Hard (i) Sweden Stefan Edberg 7–6(8–6), 3–6, 2–6, 6–0, 7–5
Winner 2. March 11, 1991 Indian Wells, USA Hard France Guy Forget 4–6, 6–3, 4–6, 6–3, 7–6(7–4)
Winner 3. March 25, 1991 Key Biscayne, USA Hard United States David Wheaton 4–6, 6–3, 6–4
Winner 4. June 10, 1991 French Open, Paris, France Clay United States Andre Agassi 3–6, 6–4, 2–6, 6–1, 6–4
Runner-up 1. September 9, 1991 US Open, New York City, USA Hard Sweden Stefan Edberg 2–6, 4–6, 0–6
Runner-up 2. November 18, 1991 ATP Championships, Frankfurt, Germany Carpet United States Pete Sampras 6–3, 6–7(5–7), 3–6, 4–6
Winner 5. January 27, 1992 Australian Open, Melbourne, Australia Hard Sweden Stefan Edberg 6–3, 3–6, 6–4, 6–2
Runner-up 3. February 10, 1992 San Francisco, USA Hard (i) United States Michael Chang 3–6, 3–6
Runner-up 4. February 17, 1992 Brussels, Belgium Carpet Germany Boris Becker 7–6(7–5), 6–2, 6–7(10–12), 6–7(5–7), 5–7
Winner 6. April 13, 1992 Tokyo, Japan Hard Netherlands Richard Krajicek 6–4, 6–4, 7–6(7–3)
Winner 7. April 20, 1992 Hong Kong, UK Hard United States Michael Chang 7–5, 6–3
Winner 8. May 18, 1992 Rome, Italy Clay Spain Carlos Costa 7–6(7–3), 6–0, 6–4
Winner 9. June 8, 1992 French Open, Paris, France Clay Czech Republic Petr Korda 7–5, 6–2, 6–1
Runner-up 5. August 24, 1992 Indianapolis, USA Hard United States Pete Sampras 4–6, 4–6
Runner-up 6. November 23, 1992 ATP Championships, Frankfurt, Germany Carpet Germany Boris Becker 4–6, 3–6, 5–7
Winner 10. February 1, 1993 Australian Open, Melbourne, Australia Hard Sweden Stefan Edberg 6–2, 6–1, 2–6, 7–5
Winner 11. February 15, 1993 Memphis, USA Hard (i) United States Todd Martin 5–7, 7–6(7–4), 7–6(7–4)
Winner 12. March 8, 1993 Indian Wells, USA Hard South Africa Wayne Ferreira 6–3, 6–3, 6–1
Runner-up 7. April 19, 1993 Hong Kong, UK Hard United States Pete Sampras 3–6, 7–6(7–1), 6–7(2–7)
Winner 13. May 17, 1993 Rome, Italy Clay Croatia Goran Ivanišević 6–1, 6–2, 6–2
Runner-up 8. June 7, 1993 French Open, Paris, France Clay Spain Sergi Bruguera 4–6, 6–2, 2–6, 6–3, 3–6
Runner-up 9. July 5, 1993 Wimbledon, London, UK Grass United States Pete Sampras 6–7(3–7), 6–7(6–8), 6–3, 3–6
Winner 14. August 23, 1993 Indianapolis, USA Hard Germany Boris Becker 7–5, 6–3
Runner-up 10. April 18, 1994 Nice, France Clay Spain Alberto Berasategui 4–6, 2–6
Runner-up 11. October 24, 1994 Lyon, France Carpet Switzerland Marc Rosset 4–6, 6–7(2–7)
Winner 15. January 9, 1995 Adelaide, Australia Hard France Arnaud Boetsch 6–2, 7–5
Winner 16. March 6, 1995 Scottsdale, USA Hard Australia Mark Philippoussis 7–6(7–2), 6–4
Winner 17. April 17, 1995 Tokyo, Japan Hard United States Andre Agassi 6–3, 6–4
Winner 18. October 2, 1995 Basel, Switzerland Hard (i) Netherlands Jan Siemerink 6–7(2–7), 7–6(7–5), 5–7, 6–2, 7–5
Runner-up 12. October 9, 1995 Toulouse, France Hard (i) France Arnaud Boetsch 4–6, 7–6(7–5), 0–6
Winner 19. March 4, 1996 Philadelphia, USA Carpet United States Chris Woodruff 6–4, 6–3
Winner 20. January 6, 1997 Doha, Qatar Hard United Kingdom Tim Henman 7–5, 6–7(5–7), 6–2
Winner 21. July 28, 1997 Los Angeles, USA Hard Sweden Thomas Enqvist 6–4, 6–4
Winner 22. October 6, 1997 Beijing, China Hard (i) Sweden Magnus Gustafsson 7–6(12–10), 3–6, 6–3
Winner 23. April 27, 1998 Orlando, USA Clay United States Michael Chang 7–5, 3–6, 7–5
Runner-up 13. February 26, 1999 Memphis, USA Hard (i) Germany Tommy Haas 4–6, 1–6

Doubles: 11 (6–5)

Outcome No. Date Tournament Surface Partner Opponents Score
Runner-up 1. May 8, 1989 Forest Hills, US Clay United States Pete Sampras United States Rick Leach
United States Jim Pugh
4–6, 2–6
Winner 1. May 22, 1989 Rome, Italy Clay United States Pete Sampras Brazil Danilo Marcelino
Brazil Mauro Menezes
6–4, 6–3
Winner 2. May 14, 1990 Hamburg, Germany Clay Spain Sergi Bruguera Germany Udo Riglewski
Germany Michael Stich
7–6, 6–2
Runner-up 2. May 21, 1990 Rome, Italy Clay United States Martin Davis Spain Sergio Casal
Spain Emilio Sánchez
6–7, 5–7
Winner 3. March 11, 1991 Indian Wells, US Hard Spain Javier Sánchez France Guy Forget
France Henri Leconte
7–6, 3–6, 6–3
Winner 4. April 19, 1993 Montreal, Canada Hard The Bahamas Mark Knowles Canada Glenn Michibata
United States David Pate
6–4, 7–6
Runner-up 3. April 11, 1994 Barcelona, Spain Clay Spain Javier Sánchez Russia Yevgeny Kafelnikov
Czech Republic David Rikl
7–5, 1–6, 4–6
Winner 5. January 9, 1995 Adelaide, Australia Hard Australia Patrick Rafter Zimbabwe Byron Black
Canada Grant Connell
7–6, 6–4
Runner-up 4. October 6, 1997 Beijing, China Hard (i) United States Alex O'Brien India Mahesh Bhupathi
India Leander Paes
5–7, 6–7
Runner-up 5. January 11, 1999 Adelaide, Australia Hard United States Patrick Galbraith Brazil Gustavo Kuerten
Ecuador Nicolás Lapentti
4–6, 4–6
Winner 6. April 26, 1999 Orlando, US Clay Australia Todd Woodbridge United States Bob Bryan
United States Mike Bryan
7–6(7–4), 6–4

Major tournament singles performance timeline

Tournament19871988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000SR W–L
Grand Slam Tournaments
Australian Open A A A 2R 4R W W SF QF QF 4R A 3R 1R 2 / 10 35–8
French Open A A 4R 4R W W F SF 4R QF 1R 2R 2R A 2 / 11 40–9
Wimbledon A A 1R 3R QF 3R F 2R 2R 1R 1R 1R 4R A 0 / 11 19–11
US Open A 2R 3R 2R F SF 4R 2R SF A 1R A 1R A 0 / 10 24–10
Win–Loss 0–0 1–1 5–3 7–4 20–3 20–2 22–3 12–4 13–4 8–3 3–4 1–2 6–4 0–1 4 / 42 118–38
Year End Championship
ATP Tour World Championships A A A A F F RR A RR A A A A A 0 / 4 7–9
ATP Masters Series
Indian Wells NME SF W 3R W 2R 2R 3R 1R 3R 2R 1R 2 / 11 21–9
Miami NME QF W SF 4R SF 3R QF SF 2R 2R 2R 1 / 11 30–10
Monte Carlo NME 3R A A A QF A 2R 2R A A A 0 / 4 6–4
Hamburg NME 3R 2R A A A A A A A A A 0 / 2 2–2
Rome NME 3R 3R W W QF 1R 2R QF 1R A A 2 / 9 23–7
Canada NME A SF A 3R SF 3R A 1R 1R QF A 0 / 7 12–7
Cincinnati NME QF SF 3R 2R QF QF 3R 1R 1R 2R A 0 / 10 14–10
Stuttgart (Stockholm) NME 2R SF 3R 3R 3R QF 3R A A 2R A 0 / 8 11–8
Paris NME 3R 3R QF 2R 2R SF 2R 1R A QF A 0 / 9 11–9
Win–Loss 19–8 24–6 15–5 15–5 16–8 12–7 7–7 8–7 3–5 10–6 1–2 5 / 71 130–66
Year End Ranking 346 43 24 25 2 1 3 13 8 26 21 77 34 290

Professional Awards

Head-to-head

Courier has the following head-to-head records against the listed opponents (No. 1 ranked players in boldface):

Top 10 wins

Season19871988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000Total
Wins003110108360714053
# Player Rank Event Surface Rd Score Courier
Rank
1989
1. United States Andre Agassi 5 French Open, Paris, France Clay 3R 7–6, 4–6, 6–3, 6–2 47
2. Sweden Stefan Edberg 3 Basel, Switzerland Hard (i) F 7–6, 3–6, 2–6, 6–0, 7–5 35
3. United States Aaron Krickstein 8 Stockholm, Sweden Carpet (i) 3R 6–2, 1–0, ret. 28
1990
4. United States Aaron Krickstein 6 Indian Wells, United States Hard QF 6–2, 7–6 22
1991
5. United States Andre Agassi 4 Indian Wells, United States Hard 3R 2–6, 6–3, 6–4 26
6. Spain Emilio Sánchez 8 Indian Wells, United States Hard QF 6–2, 6–2 26
7. France Guy Forget 5 Indian Wells, United States Hard F 4–6, 6–3, 4–6, 6–3, 7–6(7–4) 26
8. France Guy Forget 5 Miami, United States Hard 4R 7–6(7–3), 6–3 18
9. Sweden Stefan Edberg 1 French Open, Paris, France Clay QF 6–4, 2–6, 6–3, 6–4 9
10. United States Andre Agassi 4 French Open, Paris, France Clay F 3–6, 6–4, 2–6, 6–1, 6–4 9
11. United States Pete Sampras 6 US Open, New York, United States Hard QF 6–2, 7–6(7–4), 7–6(7–5) 5
12. Czechoslovakia Karel Nováček 9 ATP Tour World Championships, Frankfurt, Germany Carpet (i) RR 6–7(6–8), 7–5, 6–4 2
13. France Guy Forget 6 ATP Tour World Championships, Frankfurt, Germany Carpet (i) RR 7–6(7–4), 6–4 2
14. United States Andre Agassi 8 ATP Tour World Championships, Frankfurt, Germany Carpet (i) SF 6–3, 7–5 2
1992
15. Sweden Stefan Edberg 1 Australian Open, Melbourne, Australia Hard F 6–3, 3–6, 6–4, 6–2 2
16. France Guy Forget 7 Brussels, Belgium Carpet (i) SF 7–6(9–7), 6–4 1
17. United States Michael Chang 6 Tokyo, Japan Hard SF 6–2, 6–3 2
18. United States Michael Chang 6 Hong Kong, Hong Kong Hard F 7–5, 6–3 1
19. Croatia Goran Ivanišević 9 French Open, Paris, France Clay QF 6–2, 6–1, 2–6, 7–5 1
20. Czechoslovakia Petr Korda 8 French Open, Paris, France Clay F 7–5, 6–2, 6–1 1
21. United States Andre Agassi 9 US Open, New York, United States Hard QF 6–3, 6–7(6–8), 6–1, 6–4 1
22. Netherlands Richard Krajicek 10 ATP Tour World Championships, Frankfurt, Germany Carpet (i) RR 6–7(4–7), 7–6(7–1), 7–5 1
23. United States Michael Chang 5 ATP Tour World Championships, Frankfurt, Germany Carpet (i) RR 7–5, 6–2 1
24. United States Pete Sampras 3 ATP Tour World Championships, Frankfurt, Germany Carpet (i) SF 7–6(7–5), 7–6(7–4) 1
1993
25. Czech Republic Petr Korda 7 Australian Open, Melbourne, Australia Hard QF 6–1, 6–0, 6–4 1
26. Sweden Stefan Edberg 2 Australian Open, Melbourne, Australia Hard F 6–2, 6–1, 2–6, 7–5 1
27. United States Michael Chang 5 Indian Wells, United States Hard SF 6–4, 6–4 1
28. United States Michael Chang 9 Hong Kong, Hong Kong Hard SF 6–2, 6–3 2
29. United States Michael Chang 10 Rome, Italy Clay SF 6–2, 6–7(2–7), 6–0 2
30. Croatia Goran Ivanišević 6 Rome, Italy Clay F 6–1, 6–2, 6–2 2
31. Sweden Stefan Edberg 3 Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom Grass SF 4–6, 6–4, 6–2, 6–4 2
32. Germany Boris Becker 4 Indianapolis, United States Hard F 7–5, 6–3 2
1994
33. Croatia Goran Ivanišević 8 Australian Open, Melbourne, Australia Hard QF 7–6(9–7), 6–4, 6–2 3
34. Croatia Goran Ivanišević 6 Miami, United States Hard QF 6–3, 7–5 5
35. United States Pete Sampras 1 French Open, Paris, France Clay QF 6–4, 5–7, 6–4, 6–4 7
1995
36. United States Michael Chang 6 Tokyo, Japan Hard SF 6–4, 7–5 15
37. United States Andre Agassi 1 Tokyo, Japan Hard F 6–3, 6–4 15
38. Austria Thomas Muster 3 US Open, New York, United States Hard 4R 6–3, 6–0, 7–6(7–4) 15
39. United States Michael Chang 5 US Open, New York, United States Hard QF 7–6(7–5), 7–6(7–3), 7–5 15
40. United States Michael Chang 4 Paris, France Carpet (i) QF 6–2, 7–6(7–5) 7
41. Austria Thomas Muster 3 ATP Tour World Championships, Frankfurt, Germany Carpet (i) RR 6–4, 4–6, 6–4 7
1997
42. Austria Thomas Muster 5 Doha, Qatar Hard QF 6–3, 7–5 26
43. South Africa Wayne Ferreira 8 Dubai, United Arab Emirates Hard QF 6–2, 7–5 22
44. Netherlands Richard Krajicek 6 Miami, United States Hard 4R 7–6(8–6), 6–4 26
45. Croatia Goran Ivanišević 5 Miami, United States Hard QF 6–2, 7–6(7–2) 26
46. United States Pete Sampras 1 Rome, Italy Clay 1R 7–6(7–5), 6–4 24
47. Croatia Goran Ivanišević 3 Los Angeles, United States Hard SF 6–3, 6–4 29
48. Sweden Thomas Enqvist 8 Los Angeles, United States Hard F 6–4, 6–4 29
1998
49. Sweden Jonas Björkman 5 Indian Wells, United States Hard 2R 4–6, 6–1, 7–6(7–4) 46
1999
50. United Kingdom Tim Henman 7 Davis Cup, Birmingham, United Kingdom Hard (i) RR 7–6(7–2), 2–6, 7–6(7–3), 6–7(10–12), 7–5 54
51. Spain Carlos Moyá 10 Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom Grass 2R 6–3, 3–6, 7–6(7–1), 3–6, 6–2 61
52. United Kingdom Tim Henman 5 Montreal, Canada Hard 2R 6–1, 6–7(3–7), 6–4 46
53. Sweden Thomas Enqvist 9 Paris, France Carpet (i) 3R 6–7(3–7), 7–6(7–4), 7–5 39

Champions Series titles

NOTE: In Champions Series tournaments, there are only two sets. A tiebreaker to ten is held instead of a third set.

References

  1. http://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2014/03/courier-no-more-grudge-against-bollettieri-siding-agassi/50783/#.U7hPdfldUrU
  2. http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Cr/S/Sergio-Cruz.aspx
  3. Wilander: men's French final a coin toss - News - Tennis Australia
  4. "Novak Djokovic eyes calendar slam after French Open title". Sports Cafe. 6 June 2016. Retrieved 6 June 2016.
  5. Franz Lidz (February 24, 1992). "Jim Courier has capped a stunning run up the tennis - SI Vault". Sportsillustrated.cnn.com. Retrieved June 2, 2012.
  6. "Special D From This Courier". CNN. June 12, 1989.
  7. "Topics of The Times; An American in Paris". New York Times. June 10, 1992. Retrieved June 2, 2012.
  8. David Wallechinsky and Jaime Louky, The Complete Book of the Olympics, 2008 edition. (London: Aurum, 2008), p. 1022.
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