Jewish Agency for Israel

Jewish Agency for Israel
Native name Hasochnut Ayeudit
Founded 1929 (1929)
Key people Natan Sharansky, chairperson
Office location Jerusalem, Israel
Country Israel
Website www.jewishagency.org
Part of a series on
Aliyah
Jewish immigration to the Land of Israel
Concepts
Pre-Modern Aliyah
Aliyah in modern times
Absorption
Organizations
Related topics

The Jewish Agency for Israel (Hebrew: הסוכנות היהודית לארץ ישראל‎‎, HaSochnut HaYehudit L'Eretz Yisra'el) is the largest Jewish nonprofit organization in the world. Its mission is to "inspire Jews throughout the world to connect with their people, heritage, and land, and empower them to build a thriving Jewish future and a strong Israel."[1]

It is best known as the primary organization responsible for the immigration ("Aliyah") and absorption of Jews and their families from the Diaspora into Israel.[2] Since 1948, the Jewish Agency for Israel has been responsible for bringing 3 million immigrants to Israel,[3] and offers them transitional housing in "absorption centers" throughout the country.[4]

The Jewish Agency played a central role in the founding and the building of the State of Israel. David Ben Gurion was the Chairman of its Executive Committee from 1935, and it was in this capacity that on May 14, 1948 he proclaimed independence for the State of Israel.[5] He became Israel's first Prime Minister. In the years before and after the creation of the State, the Jewish Agency oversaw the establishment of about 1,000 towns and villages in Mandate Palestine. It serves as the main link between Israel and Jewish communities around the world.[6][7]

Today The Jewish Agency operates and/or funds programs worldwide that (a) bring Jews to Israel on "Israel Experiences" trips, such as Masa Israel Journey and Onward Israel; (b) bring "Israel in your community" through a variety of Jewish education and communal programs, such as Shlichim (emissaries), Partnership2Gether and programming for Jews in Russian-language countries; (c) help vulnerable Israelis (both Jewish and Arab) and encourage "Jewish Social Action" in programs such as Youth Villages, Youth Futures, Young Activism, and Amigour subsidized housing; and (d) facilitate Aliyah and help immigrants integrate into Israeli society. For example, it conducts intensive Hebrew-language immersion programs in Israel and residential programs for immigrants ages 18–35.[8]

By law, the Jewish Agency is a para-statal organization but it does not receive core funding from the Israeli government. The Jewish Agency is funded by the Jewish Federations of North America, Keren Hayesod, major Jewish communities and federations, and foundations and donors from Israel and around the world.[1] The dozens of programs it supports or operates benefit well over a million Israelis and Jews worldwide every year.

In 2008, The Jewish Agency won the Israel Prize for its historical contribution to Israel and to the worldwide Jewish community.[9]

Current programs

As of 2016, The Jewish Agency sponsors dozens of programs that connect Jews to Israel and to each other. The Agency organizes the programs into four different categories: Israel Experiences, Israel in Your Community (Jewish and Zionist education in the Jewish diaspora), Jewish Social Action (helping vulnerable Israelis), and Aliyah.[10]

Some programs:

Israel experiences

According to its website, the Israel Experience programs bring young Jews from around the globe to Israel to get to know the country and to deepen their Jewish identities.[11]

Israel in Your Community (Jewish and Zionist education outside Israel)

In its mission to strengthen the ties between Israel and worldwide Jewry and to promote Jewish culture and identity, The Jewish Agency sends out shlichim, or emissaries, to Jewish communities across the globe; partners with Israel and Diaspora communities, and operates and/or funds Jewish educational programs for Russian-speaking Jews and their children. It also supports Jewish inclusion and diversity programs.[25][26]

Helping vulnerable Israelis / Jewish social action

The Jewish Agency also helps vulnerable populations in Israel and around the world.

Aliyah

The Jewish Agency still brings thousands of Jews to move to Israel each year. In 2014, The Agency helped a total of nearly 26,500 olim (immigrants) make Aliyah, the highest number in 13 years.[73] They noted significant growth in immigration from Ukraine and France.[73] The Agency continues to support these olim as they integrate into Israeli society.

Services for Israeli Arabs and Other Minority Populations

As part of its efforts to strengthen Israeli society[86] and to support vulnerable populations in Israel, The Jewish Agency has, for many years, supported or operated programs that encourage co-existence between Israeli Jews and Israeli Arabs, and programs designed specifically to serve Israel's non-Jewish citizens, and they continue to create new ones.[87] Some of the programs:

The Arab city of Umm al-Fahm in northern Israel
Druze Israeli soldiers in the "Herev" Battalion, an elite IDF Unit in the Northern Command.

Emergency projects

During the 2006 Lebanon War, the Jewish Agency moved 50,000 children from northern Israel to 50 residential camps out of the rocket range. 12,000 children went to Jewish Agency-equipped camp-style day care held in community centers. After a number of absorption centers were hit by rockets, The Jewish Agency moved 2,100 new immigrants to safety and distributed 2,700 bomb shelter kits. The Jewish Agency established a micro-business loan fund in the north to boost the local economy.

Bomb shelter in Sderot, Israel

The Jewish Agency has played an important role in supporting the residents of Sderot and the surrounding area, which has been the target of many rockets launched from Gaza.[97] More than 12,000 children have enjoyed respite activities in the center and north of the country (during Operation Protective Edge); 300 educators have been trained to work with children living through trauma (during Operation Cast Lead); supplemental educational activities have been offered to more than 2,000 students; the S.O.S. Emergency Fund for Victims of Terror has helped more than 200 people whose lives were directly affected by the Kassam attacks; 100 bomb shelters were renovated in the region during Cast Lead and 500 during Operation Protective Edge; and 500 students received scholarships (during Cast Lead) to study at Sapir College in Sderot, with more scheduled to receive scholarships[98] as of the aftermath of Operation Protective Edge.

During the Israel-Gaza conflict of 2014 (Operation Protective Edge) The Jewish Agency arranged for children from Israeli areas in the line of fire to enjoy "days of respite" for fun activities in regions less likely to experience air raids. According to the organization's Annual Report for 2014-15, they provided 73,500 such experiences. Additionally they provided 2,000 hours of therapy for new immigrants, provided mental health intervention and financial support to 340 "lone soldiers," gave 120 grants from the Fund for the Victims of Terror, and distributed 1,300 scholarships in March 2015 to students who live 0–4 km, or study 0–40 km, from the Gaza border.[99]

History

Name

Established as the Palestine Office (of the Zionist Organization) in 1908, the organization became the Zionist Commission, later Palestine Zionist Executive, which was designated in 1929 as the "Jewish agency" provided for in the League of Nations' Palestine Mandate[100] and was thus again renamed as The Jewish Agency for Palestine. After the establishment of the State it received its current name, The Jewish Agency for Israel.

1908–1928: Beginnings as an arm of the World Zionist Organization

The Jewish Agency began as the Palestine Office (Hebrew: המשרד הארץ-ישראלי, HaMisrad HaEretz Yisraeli, lit. "Office for the Land of Israel"), founded in Jaffa in 1908, as the operational branch of the Zionist Organization (ZO) in Ottoman-controlled Palestine under the leadership of Arthur Ruppin.[101] The main tasks of the Palestine Office were to represent the Jews of Palestine in dealings with the Turkish sultan and other foreign dignitaries, to aid Jewish immigration, and to buy land for Jews to settle.[102]

Jewish immigrants of the Second Aliyah, 1912

The Palestine Office was established under the inspiration of Theodore Herzl's vision for a solution to "the Jewish question": the issue of anti-Semitism and the place of Jews in the world. In his pamphlet "The Jewish State," Herzl envisioned the Jewish people settled as an independent nation on its own land, taking its place among the other nation-states of the world. The Palestine Office, which eventually became The Jewish Agency, was based upon Herzl's organizational ideas for how to bring a Jewish state into being.[103]

The influx of Jews to Palestine on the Second Aliyah (1904-1914) made the purchase of land particularly urgent. With the aid of the Jewish National Fund (JNF), the Palestine Office bought land for newcomers in two locations: Chavat Kinneret (near the Sea of Galilee), and Kibbutz Ruhama (near Sderot of today). Kibbutz Ruhama was specifically designated for Russian Jews from the Second Aliyah. Over the following decades, the Palestine Office established hundreds more moshavim and kibbutzim throughout Palestine.[104] The Palestine Office continued to purchase land together with JNF (In Hebrew: Keren Kayemet L'Yisrael, KKL).

With the outbreak of World War I, the anticipated disintegration of the Ottoman Empire raised hopes among Zionists for increased Jewish immigration and eventual sovereignty in Palestine.[105] In 1918, Great Britain conquered the region and it fell under British military rule.[106]

Haim Weizmann, founder and director of the Zionist Commission (a pre-cursor of The Jewish Agency), leader of the Zionist Organization, and first President of the State of Israel

Following the promulgation of the pro-Zionist Balfour Declaration of 1917, Dr. Chaim Weizmann, president of the British Zionist Federation[107] formed the Zionist Commission in March 1918 to go to Palestine and make recommendations to the British government. The Commission reached Palestine on 14 April 1918 and proceeded to study conditions and to report to the British government,[108] and was active in promoting Zionist objectives in Palestine. Weizmann was instrumental in restructuring the ZO's Palestine office into departments for agriculture, settlement, education, land, finance, immigration, and statistics. The Palestine Office was merged into the Zionist Commission, headed by Chaim Weizmann.[109]

The front page of the Mandate for Palestine and Transjordan memorandum, presented to UK Parliament in December 1922, prior to it coming into force in 1923. The British control of the region lasted until 1948.

On 25 April 1920, the Principal Allied Powers agreed at the San Remo conference to allocate the Ottoman territories to the victorious powers and assigned Palestine, Transjordan and Iraq as Mandates to Britain, with the Balfour Declaration being incorporated into the Palestine Mandate. The League of Nations formally approved these mandates in 1922.[110] Article 4 of the Mandate provided for "the recognition of an appropriate Jewish agency as a public body for the purpose of advising and co-operating with the Administration of Palestine in such economic, social and other matters as may affect the establishment of the Jewish National Home and the interests of the Jewish population of Palestine."[100][111] The ZO leaders had contributed to the drafting of the Mandate.[112] In November 1921, the Zionist Commission became the Zionist Executive and was designated as the Jewish agency for Palestine for the purpose of Article 4 of the Palestine Mandate.[113][114]

In 1921 Ze'ev Jabotinsky was elected to the Executive but he resigned in 1923, accusing Weizmann of not being vigorous enough with the Mandatory Government.[105] Other issues between the Revisionists and the agency were the distribution of entry permits, Weizmann's support for the Zionist Labour Movement, and the proposal to expand the Agency. The Revisionists broke completely with Agency in 1935, but rejoined ZO in 1947.[105] In 1951 the ZO/JA included all Zionist organizations except Herut.[115]

The Palestine Zionist Executive was charged with facilitating Jewish immigration to Palestine, land purchase, and planning the general policies of the Zionist leadership. It ran schools and hospitals, and formed a defence force, the Haganah.[102] Chaim Weizmann was the leader of both the World Zionist Organization and the Palestine Zionist Executive until 1929. The arrangement enabled the ZO to issue entry permits to new immigrants.[116]

Jewish Agency for Palestine 1929–1948

Palestine immigrant certificate issued in Warsaw (16-9-1935) by the Jewish Agency.

Non-Zionists representation

In 1929, the Palestine Zionist Executive was renamed, restructured and officially inaugurated as The Jewish Agency for Palestine by the 16th Zionist Congress, held in Zurich, Switzerland.[117] The new body was larger and included a number of Jewish non-Zionist individuals and organizations, who were interested in Jewish settlement in Palestine. They were philanthropic rather than political, and many opposed talk of a Jewish State.[118] With this broader Jewish representation,[119] the Jewish Agency for Palestine was recognized by the British in 1930, in lieu of the Zionist Organization, as the appropriate Jewish agency under the terms of the Mandate.[120] The 16th Zionist Congress determined that in the event of the future dissolution of the Agency, the Zionist Organisation would replace it as representative of the Jews for the purpose of the Mandate.[121]

There was strong opposition within the ZO when the idea of enlargement of the Board of Governors of the Jewish Agency was first raised in 1924 to include non-Zionist Jews, and the idea was accepted by the Zionist Congress only in 1927.[122]

Even though non-Zionists took part in the Agency, it was still closely tied to the Zionist Organization. The President of the ZO served as the chair of the Executive Council and the Assembly of The Jewish Agency, and half of the members of the Agency's governing bodies were chosen by the ZO, ensuring a unified policy and close cooperation between the two organizations.[123][121] The change was Chaim Weizmann's initiative and was established on the principle of parity between Zionist and non-Zionist Jews working together in the building of a Jewish national home.[124]

Those participating included Sholem Asch, H.N. Bialik, Leon Blum, Albert Einstein, Immanuel Löw, Lord Melchett and Herbert Samuel.[125] American non-Zionists received 44 of the 112 seats allotted to non-Zionists.[126] The British Board of Deputies joined as a constituent body.[127]

David Ben-Gurion was Chairman of the Executive of the Jewish Agency from 1935-1948. Upon the founding of the State of Israel, he left his position to become the first Prime Minister of the state.

Weizmann was criticized for being too pro-British. When the 1930 White Paper was published recommending restricting Jewish immigration, his position became untenable and he resigned from the ZO and The Jewish Agency. He protested that the British had betrayed their commitment expressed in the Balfour Declaration and that he could no longer work with them.[128] Nahum Sokolow, who had been elected to succeed Weizmann, remained in his position. Arthur Ruppin succeeded Sokolow as Chairman of the Jewish Agency in 1933 and David Ben-Gurion and Moshe Shertok joined the executive. In 1935, Ben-Gurion was elected Chairman of the Agency to succeed Ruppin.[129]

In 1937 The Peel Commission published its report into the disturbances of the year before. For the first time, partition and the setting up of a Jewish State was recommended. The 1937 Zionist Congress rejected the Commission's conclusions, a majority insisting that the Balfour Declaration referred to all of Palestine and Transjordan, but the executive was authorized to continue exploring what the "precise terms" were.[130] This decision revealed differences within the Jewish Agency, with the non-Zionists disagreeing with the decision and some calling for a conference of Jews and Arabs.[131]

In 1947 the last non-Zionist member of the Jewish Agency, Wemer Senator, resigned[132] and while the 50 percent participation of non-Zionists in the Agency before had not worked in practice, the Jewish Agency and the World Zionist Organization now became de facto identical.[133]

Organization

From 1929 to 1948, the Jewish Agency was organized into four departments: the Government Department (performing foreign relations on behalf of the Jewish community of Palestine); the Security Department; the Aliyah Department, and the Education Department. The Jewish Agency Executive included David Ben-Gurion as chairman, and Rabbi Yehuda Leib Maimon and Yitzhak Gruenbaum, among others.

Jewish Agency headquarters, Jerusalem, constructed in the 1920's

The Jewish Agency was (and is still) housed in a fortress-like building in the Rehavia neighborhood of Jerusalem.[134] The land for the Rehavia neighborhood had been purchased in 1922 by the Palestine Land Development Corporation,[135] and construction of The Jewish Agency headquarters was paid for by the ZO. The three-winged structure with a large open courtyard was designed by Yochanan Rattner.[135] Along with The Jewish Agency it also houses the headquarters of the JNF and Keren Hayesod-United Israel Appeal. On March 11, 1948, a bomb planted in the courtyard of the building by Arab militants killed 13 and wounded many others.[136] The Keren Hayesod wing was completely destroyed.[137] Leib Yaffe, director-general of Keren Hayesod, was among those killed in the bombing.[138]

Offices of the Jewish Agency in Jerusalem following car bomb 11 March 1948

The building continues to serve as the headquarters of The Jewish Agency as of 2014. The organization also has satellite sites worldwide.

Pre-State Immigration and Settlement 1934–1948

Throughout the years 1934–1948, in a phenomenon known as the Ha’apala (ascension), The Jewish Agency facilitated clandestine immigration beyond the British quotas. In 1938 it established HaMosad LeAliyah Bet ('המוסד לעלייה ב, lit. Institution for Immigration B), which took charge of the effort. Overall, in these years, The Agency, in partnership with other organizations, helped over 150,000 people in their attempt to enter Palestine, organizing a total of 141 voyages on 116 ships.[139] The potential immigrants were Jews fleeing Nazi atrocities in Europe and, after the war, refugees from DP camps who sought a home in Palestine. Most of the Ma’apilim ships (of the Ha'apala movement) were intercepted by the British, but a few thousand Jews did manage to slip past the authorities. The operation as a whole also helped to unify the long-standing Jewish community in Palestine as well as the newcomer Jewish refugees from Europe.[140]

Recha Freier, founder of Youth Aliyah, circa 1964. Youth Aliyah saved more than 5,000 young European Jews by bringing them to Palestine in the years preceding the Holocaust.

In these years The Agency made use of the "tower and stockade" (Hebrew: חומה ומגדל) method to establish dozens of new Jewish settlements literally overnight, without obtaining permission from the Mandate authorities. These settlements were built on land purchased by the JNF and relied on an Ottoman law stating that any building with a full roof could not be torn down.[141]

In 1933 The Jewish Agency negotiated a Ha'avara (Transfer) Agreement with Nazi Germany under which approximately 50,000 German Jews were allowed to immigrate to Palestine and retain some of their assets as German export goods.[142]

In 1943 The Jewish Agency's Henrietta Szold joined Recha Freier in developing the Youth Aliyah program, which between 1933 and 1948 rescued more 5,000 young Jews from Europe, brought them to Palestine, and educated them in special boarding schools.[143][144][145] According to Professor Dvora Hacohen, between 1933 and 2011 the Youth Aliyah movement helped over 300,000 young people make Aliyah.[145]

When World War II broke out, The Jewish Agency established a committee to aid European Jewry by finding them entry permits to Palestine, sending them food, and maintaining contact. The Agency also helped recruit 40,000 members of the Palestinian Jewish community (a full 8 percent of the Jewish population of Palestine) to be trained by the British military and aid in the Allies' struggle against the Nazis;most served in the Middle East and Africa, but many served behind enemy lines in Europe, among them a group of 32 parachutists that included 800 Hannah Szenes. In total, 800 were killed in their efforts.[146][147]

Survivors of the Buchenwald concentration camp arriving in Palestine in 1945. Since their immigration was illegal, they were arrested by the British.

When World War II ended The Agency continued to aid illegal immigration to Palestine through HaMossad LeAliyah Bet in an effort known as the Bricha. Between 1945 and 1948 The Jewish Agency send 66 ships of refugees to Palestine.[148] Most were intercepted by British authorities, who placed the illegal immigrants, who had just survived the Holocaust, in detention camps in Palestine and later in Cyprus. Only with the establishment of the State of Israel were the detainees allowed to enter the country.[149]

Resistance, and Formation of Israel's First Government

David Ben-Gurion, Chairman of the Jewish Agency, declaring the establishment of the State of Israel, in Tel Aviv, May 14, 1948. Ben-Gurion became Israel's first Prime Minister.

Frustrated with Great Britain's continued anti-Zionist stance, The Jewish Agency helped put together an agreement signed by the Hagannah, the Irgun, and the Lehi to form a United Resistance Movement against the British.[150] In 1946 British troops raided Jewish Agency headquarters as part of Operation Agatha, a broad effort to quash Jewish resistance in Palestine. Important figures in The Agency including Moshe Sharett, head of The Agency's political department, and Dov Yosef, member of The Agency's Executive Committee, were arrested and imprisoned in Latrun.[151]

The United Nations recommended the partition of Palestine on 29 November 1947. Meanwhile, The Jewish Agency collaborated with the Jewish National Council to set up a People's Council (Mo'ezet Ha'am) and National Administration (Minhelet Ha'am).[152] After the declaration of independence on 14 May 1948, these two bodies formed the provisional government of the State of Israel.[153]

The Jewish Agency for Israel

Post-State immigration, settlement, and infrastructure

Following the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, The Jewish Agency for Israel shifted its focus to facilitating economic development and absorbing immigrants. Organizationally, it changed its structure: The Aliyah Department remained, as well as the Education Department (which promoted Jewish and Zionist education in the diaspora), but the Security and Government Departments were replaced by the Department of Agriculture and Settlement, and by the Israel Department (supporting activities that help vulnerable populations within Israel).

The Agency's budget in 1948 was IL 32 million; its funding came from Keren Hayesod, the JNF, fund-raising drives, and loans.[154]

In 1949, The Jewish Agency brought 239,000 Holocaust survivors, from DP camps in Europe and detention camps in Cyprus, to Israel.[155] In the years following Israel's founding, Jews in many Arab countries suffered from violence and persecution, and fled or were driven from their homes.[156] The Agency helped to airlift 49,000 Yemenite Jews to Israel on Operation Magic Carpet, and over the next few years brought hundreds of thousands of Jewish refugees to Israel from Northern Africa, Turkey, Iraq, and Iran.

Yemenite Jews arriving in Israel through Operation Magic Carpet.

Between 1948 and 1952, about 700,000 immigrants arrived in the new state.[156] The Jewish Agency helped these immigrants acclimate to Israel and begin to build new lives. It established schools to teach them Hebrew, beginning with Ulpan Etzion in 1949.[157] (The first student to register for Ulpan Etzion was Ephraim Kishon.[158]) It also provided them with food, housing, and vocational training. For a time the construction of new housing could not keep up with demand, and many of the new immigrants were placed in temporary ma'abarot, or transit camps.[159]

In 1952 the "Zionist Organization-Jewish Agency for Israel Status Law" was passed by the Knesset formalizing the roles of each group.[160] It was agreed that the WZO and The Jewish Agency would continue to supervise Aliyah, absorption, and settlement, while the state would handle all other matters previously dealt with by The Agency including security, education, and employment.[161] Article 4 of the Status Law stipulated that the World Zionist Organization (clarified in Article 3 as "also the Jewish Agency") is an "authorized agency" of the State, establishing its ongoing parastatal rather than purely nongovernmental status.[162]

In the early years of the state The Jewish Agency aided in the establishment of a variety of different institutions that developed the country's economic and cultural infrastructure. These included El Al, the national airline; Binyanei HaUma, the national theater and cultural center; and museums, agricultural, and land development companies.[163]

In the years after 1948, The Agency's Department of Agricultural Settlement established an additional 480 new towns and villages throughout Israel. It provided them with equipment, livestock, irrigation infrastructure, and expert guidance. By the late 1960s these towns produced 70% of Israel's total agricultural output.[163]

The Agency also focused its energies on Jews outside of Israel. The Department for Education and Culture in the Diaspora and the Department of Torah Education and Culture in the Diaspora were created to help replace the loss of centers of Jewish learning destroyed by the Holocaust. They trained Hebrew teachers; sent Israelis abroad to supplement Diaspora schools, camps, and youth organizations; and trained cantors, shochatim (ritual slaughterers) and mohelim (ritual circumcisers) in Diaspora communities.[164]

Immigration and absorption, 1967–1990s

Jewish pride and euphoria following Israel's dramatic victory in the Six Day War of 1967 prompted a new wave of immigration.[165] In order to aid in the absorption of this influx of immigrants, the Israeli government's Ministry for Absorption was created in June 1968, taking over some aspects of absorption from The Agency and the ZO.[166]

Ethiopian Jews arriving in Israel from Addis Ababa, through Operation Solomon, 1991

In the 1980s The Jewish Agency began to bring the Ethiopian Jewish Community to Israel. On Operation Moses and Operation Joshua more than 8,000 immigrants were airlifted out of Ethiopia.[167] In 1991 about 14,400 Ethiopian Jews were flown to Israel in the space of 36 hours on Operation Solomon.[168] Since then, a steady trickle of immigrants have been brought to Israel from Ethiopia by The Jewish Agency. The Agency has taken charge of housing them in absorption centers, teaching them Hebrew, helping them find employment and in general easing their integration into Israeli society. In 2013 most of the "olim," or new immigrants, in absorption centers are from Ethiopia.[169]

With the collapse of the Soviet Union in the late 1980s, Russian and Eastern European Jews began to stream to Israel in the tens of thousands. In 1990, about 185,000 immigrants arrived from the FSU; in the following year, nearly 150,000 came; and for the rest of the decade a steady average of 60,000 immigrants from the region made their way to Israel every year.[170] Since the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, nearly a million Jews and their family members from the former Soviet Union have made Aliyah, presenting tremendous absorption challenges.[171] The Jewish Agency has helped them to integrate through a variety of programs including Hebrew language instruction, placement in absorption centers, and job training.

Program expansion, 1990s–2009

In 1994, The Jewish Agency, together with the United Jewish Communities and Keren Hayesod-United Israel Appeal, established Partnership 2000. Now known as Partnership2Gether or P2G, the program connects 45 Israeli communities with over 500 Jewish communities around the globe in a "sister city"-style network. Diaspora participants travel to Israel and vice versa, and are hosted by their partner communities; schools are connected through the Global Twinning Network; global Jewish communities support loan funds helping entrepreneurs and small business owners in their partner cities; and young Jewish adults in Israel on long-term programs meet with their Israeli peers for dialogue and workshops.[172]

The Jewish Agency provides Jewish communities outside Israel a continuum of programming to "bring Israel" to local worldwide Jewish communities.They do this in part through "shlichim," or emissaries. Shlichim are Israeli educators or cultural ambassadors, who spend an extended period of time (2 months to 5 years) abroad to "bring Israel" to the community. Shlichim are also posted at college campuses in organizations like Hillel or active in youth organizations.[173]

Participants on a Taglit-Birthright trip to Israel, 2012

Other Jewish Agency-sponsored programs that are instrumental in inspiring Jewish youth with a connection to Israel are "Israel Experiences" (educational visits to Israel) such as Taglit-Birthright Israel, a 10-day visit to Israel provided free-of-charge to young Jewish adults. The Jewish Agency is an important organizational partner in the Taglit-Birthright initiative.[14]

In 2004, The Jewish Agency and the Government of Israel together created (and continue to co-sponsor as of 2016) Masa Israel Journey, which provides stipends to young Jews between the ages of 18–30 who would like to study, volunteer, or perform internships in Israel for a period of 5–12 months.[174]

During this period, the Jewish Agency's Israel Department focused (and continues to focus) on strengthening Israel's periphery, namely the Galilee region in the north and the Negev in the South. The emergence of the high-tech industry in Israel created a significant socio-economic disparity between the center of country and the outer regions. Thus, the Jewish Agency sought (and continues to seek) to "lessen cultural and economic gaps."

For example, its Youth Futures program, founded in 2006, includes a holistic approach to dealing with at-risk youth in Israel: each child, referred to the program by a teacher or social worker, is connected to a "Mentor" who is responsible for connecting the child to resources and community services.[175] The Jewish Agency is also a significant partner in the Net@ program offered by Cisco Systems. Program participants are Israeli high school students in socio-economically disadvantaged areas, who study the Cisco computer curriculum and earn certification as computer technicians; they also engage in volunteering and study democratic values.[65]

New strategic plan (since 2009)

At the February 2010 Board of Governors meeting, Natan Sharansky announced a shift in the priorities of The Jewish Agency from Aliyah to strengthening Jewish identity for young adults around the world.[176]

From 1948 until 2009, The Jewish Agency was organized into departments: the Aliyah and Absorption department, which was responsible for the immigration and integration of Jews coming to Israel; the Education department, which worked to deepen the connection of Jews worldwide to Israel; and the Israel department, which focused on improving the lives of socio-economically vulnerable Israelis.[177] (A fourth department, for Agriculture and Settlement, had been in operation starting in 1948, but had closed long before 2009.)

In order to increase efficiency, The Jewish Agency, under the leadership of its new Chairman of the Executive, Natan Sharansky, decided to restructure the organization.[178][179] The three main departments were reorganized into the following six program units:

Each program unit reports directly to The Jewish Agency's Director General. Additionally, The Agency’s support units – such as human resources, marketing, and finance—which had until 2009 existed independently for each department, were trimmed and consolidated into single units that serve the entire organization.[177][186][187]

Along with the organizational restructuring came a new focus. As the first decade of the 21st century came to a close, The Agency noted that most of global Jewry was now located in democratic, stable societies that were relatively friendly to Jewish residents.[188][189] As "Aliyah of Rescue" became urgent for decreasing numbers of Jews, new challenges were arising for world Jewry, most notably, Agency leaders remarked, the need to engage young Jews in Jewish culture and to help Israeli Jews and those who live outside Israel to understand each other and feel connected to what they call the "global Jewish family."[188][190] While continuing "Aliyah of Rescue" operations, The Agency decided to focus its primary energies on fostering a strong relationship between world Jewry and Israel, and on encouraging Aliyah based on a love for the country, what it calls "Aliyah of Choice."[191] Its main vehicle for doing so would be to bring Jews from around the world to Israel on short- and long-term tourist programs to allow them to get to know the country and to give Israelis the opportunity to get to know them and vice versa.[192] Parallel to these efforts, The Agency decided to increase its investment in strengthening Jewish communities around the globe. Its goals would be to grow local Jewish leadership, to strengthen Jewish identity, and to deepen the connection of communities worldwide to Israel and to the Jewish people as a whole.[193]

Governance

The Jewish Agency Executive is charged with administering the operations of The Jewish Agency, subject to the control of the Board of Governors.[194] It has 26 members, of which 24 are chosen by the Board of Governors. The Executive is composed in the following manner: 12 members designated by WZO and 12 members designated jointly by JFNA/UIA and Keren Hayesod. In addition, the World Chairperson of Keren Hayesod and the Chairperson of the JFNA Executive are ex-officio members in the Executive. The current Chairperson of the Executive is Mr. Natan Sharansky.[195]

Over the years the Executive board has included many prominent members of Israeli society. Some of the famous Israelis who have served on the board include: M. D. Eder – 1922; Frederick Kisch – 1922–31; Haim Arlosoroff – 1931–33; Moshe Shertok – 1933–48;[196] Arthur Ruppin – 1933–35; David Ben-Gurion (Chairman of the Executive) – 1935–48.

Natan Sharansky, Chairman of the Executive of The Jewish Agency for Israel, in 2016

Past Chairmen of the Executive

Source:[29]

The Board of Governors, which meets not less than three times a year, is the central policy-making body of The Jewish Agency. The 120 Governors play a crucial role in the governance of the Agency in overseeing budgets and operations and in recommending policy to the Agency. Members of the Board are elected to serve for a two-year term in the following manner: 60 of the members (50 percent) are designated by WZO; 36 of the members (30 percent) are designated by JFNA/UIA; 24 members (20 percent) are designated by Keren Hayesod. The Board of Governors determines policy of The Jewish Agency for Israel and manages, supervises, controls, and directs its operations and activities. The current chairperson of the Board of Governors, as of July 2014, is Mr. Charles (Chuck) Horowitz Ratner.[194][195]

Alan Hoffman, Jewish Agency Director General

The Assembly, which meets at least once every two years, is the supreme governing body of The Jewish Agency. It has 518 delegates who are elected in the following manner: 259 of the members (50 percent) are designated by the WZO; 155 of the members (30 percent) are designated by the Jewish Federations of North America/United Israel Appeal (JFNA/UIA); and 104 of the members (20 percent) are designated by Keren Hayesod. The Assembly is responsible for determining basic policies and goals of The Jewish Agency; receiving and reviewing reports from the Board of Governors; making recommendations on major issues; and adopting resolutions on the above.[194]

The Director General is responsible, under the direction of the Chairperson of the Executive, for the implementation of policies established by the Assembly, the Board of Governors and the Executive. In addition, he/she is responsible for all operations and administration of The Jewish Agency, including implementation of long-term strategic goals. The current Director General of The Jewish Agency is Mr. Alan Hoffmann,[200] who was previously the Director General of The Jewish Agency's Education Department. He is the first immigrant to hold the position of Director General.

Funding and budget

The Jewish Agency is funded by the Jewish Federations of North America, Keren Hayesod, major Jewish communities and federations, and foundations and donors from Israel and around the world.[37] At the same time, one Jewish Federation has stopped funding the Jewish Agency.[201]

The organization's total operating budget in 2013 was US$355,833,000, and its projected operating budget for 2014 is US$369,206,000.[37]

Due to the volatile U.S. dollar, the global economic crisis and the Madoff scandal, The Jewish Agency for Israel has recently been forced to make significant cuts to its budget. The Board of Governors voted to cut $45 million in November 2008 and an additional $26 million at the February 2009 meeting.[202]

Jewish Agency International Development, the organization's main fundraising arm in North America, is a registered 501(c)(3).[203]

Awards and recognition

On May 8, 2008, at the Israeli government's 60th Independence Day celebration, the Jewish Agency for Israel was awarded the Israel Prize for lifetime achievement & special contribution to society and the State of Israel.[204][205]

Jewish Agency headquarters in Jerusalem

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Jewish Agency Annual Report 2014". Jewish Agency. Retrieved September 15, 2014.
  2. ↑ "Jewish Agency - Aliyah". Jewish Agency. Retrieved September 15, 2014.
  3. ↑ "Jewish Agency - Aliyah Statistics". The Jewish Agency for Israel. Retrieved August 12, 2013.
  4. ↑ "Jewish Agency - Aliyah of Rescue". Jewish Agency. Retrieved September 15, 2014.
  5. ↑ "David Ben Gurion (1886-1973)". The Jewish Agency for Israel. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
  6. ↑ "Jewish Agency: About Us". Retrieved September 30, 2013.
  7. ↑ "תולדות הסוכנות". cms.education.gov.il. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
  8. ↑ "The Jewish Agency for Israel". About The Jewish Agency. The Jewish Agency for Israel. Retrieved March 21, 2016.
  9. ↑ "Prize Organizations". Jerusalem Post. May 5, 2008. Retrieved August 12, 2013.
  10. ↑ "The Jewish Agency for Israel". The Jewish Agency for Israel. The Jewish Agency for Israel. Retrieved March 21, 2016.
  11. ↑ "Experience Israel". The Jewish Agency. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
  12. ↑ "Birthright Israel". www.birthrightisrael.com. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
  13. ↑ "Taglit-Birthright Israel". The Jewish Agency for Israel. The Jewish Agency for Israel. Retrieved March 21, 2016.
  14. 1 2 "Partner: The Jewish Agency for Israel". Taglit-Birthright. Taglit-Birthright. Retrieved November 19, 2014.
  15. ↑ http://www.jewishagency.org/experience-israel/program/283 (Accessed 2013-12-8)
  16. ↑ "Onward Israel: Start Up Your Future". The Jewish Agency for Israel. The Jewish Agency for Israel. Retrieved March 21, 2016.
  17. ↑ http://www.onwardisrael.com/ (Accessed 2013-12-8)
  18. ↑ "About Us - Masa Israel". www.masaisrael.org. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
  19. ↑ "Masa Israel Journey". Masa Israel Journey. Masa Israel Journey. Retrieved March 21, 2016.
  20. ↑ "Masa Israel". www.masaisrael.org. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
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  22. ↑ "Israel Tech Challenge". The Jewish Agency for Israel. The Jewish Agency for Israel. Retrieved March 21, 2016.
  23. ↑ "The Institute for Counselors Abroad (Hebrew page)". The Jewish Agency for Israel. The Jewish Agency for Israel. Retrieved March 21, 2016.
  24. ↑ "About Us". Naale Elite Academy. Naale. Retrieved March 21, 2016.
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  32. ↑ "Shlichim (Israeli Emissaries)". The Jewish Agency for Israel. The Jewish Agency for Israel. Retrieved March 21, 2016.
  33. ↑ "We Are There: The Urgent and The Important - 2014/15 Performance Report (page 32)". The Jewish Agency for Israel. Retrieved March 21, 2016.
  34. ↑ "Russian-Speaking Jewry (RSJ)". The Jewish Agency. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
  35. ↑ "Jewish Agency 2014-15 Performance Report (PDF)" (PDF). The Jewish Agency for Israel. Retrieved March 23, 2016.
  36. ↑ "Partnership2Gether". The Jewish Agency for Israel. Retrieved March 23, 2016.
  37. 1 2 3 "Jewish Agency Annual Report 2013-14" (PDF). Jewish Agency. The Jewish Agency. June 2013. Retrieved May 18, 2014.
  38. ↑ "Twinning Schools". The Jewish Agency for Israel. Retrieved March 23, 2016.
  39. ↑ http://www.jfnareport.org/our-purpose/global-jewish-responsibility/ (Accessed 29 August 2013)
  40. ↑ "Jewish Agency 2014-15 Performance Report (page 30) (PDF)" (PDF). The Jewish Agency. Retrieved March 23, 2016.
  41. ↑ "We are There: 2014-15 Performance Report (page 21)". The Jewish Agency for Israel. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
  42. ↑ "Emergency Assistance Fund". Jewish Agency for Israel. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
  43. ↑ "JPPI - Home".
  44. ↑ "Youth Futures: Mentoring for At-Risk Children". The Jewish Agency. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
  45. ↑ "We are There: 2014-15 Performance Report (page 38)". The Jewish Agency for Israel. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
  46. ↑ http://www.jafi.org/NR/rdonlyres/5E7223DA-91C8-4FD0-9E12-ED1E87ABD175/0/YouthAliyahVillages_ProgramProposal_708.pdf (Accessed 2013-12-8)
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  48. ↑ "We are There: 2014-15 Performance Report (page 38)". The Jewish Agency. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
  49. ↑ "Project TEN". The Jewish Agency for Israel. June 2013. Retrieved November 19, 2014.
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  52. ↑ "Locations: Winneba, Ghana". Project TEN. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
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  54. ↑ "Mechinot". The Jewish Agency. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
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  56. ↑ "Mechinot: Pre-Army Service-Learning". The Jewish Agency for Israel. Retrieved November 19, 2014.
  57. ↑ "Aharai! B'Ir". The Jewish Agency. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
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  59. ↑ "Young Activism". The Jewish Agency. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
  60. ↑ "Ketzev". The Jewish Agency. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
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  62. ↑ "Choosing Tomorrow". The Jewish Agency. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
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  64. ↑ "Hamitham: Arad Young Adults' Social Hub". The Jewish Agency. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
  65. 1 2 "Net@". The Jewish Agency for Israel. Retrieved November 19, 2014.
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  67. ↑ "Net@ Program". Appleseeds Academy. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
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  69. ↑ "Our Loan Funds". The Jewish Agency. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
  70. ↑ "Fund for the Victims of Terror". The Jewish Agency. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
  71. ↑ "We Are There: 2014-15 Performance Report (page 38)". The Jewish Agency. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
  72. ↑ "Amigour: Subsidized Housing in Israel". The Jewish Agency. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
  73. 1 2 "The Urgent and the Important: 2015 Performance Report". The Jewish Agency for Israel. Retrieved April 10, 2016.
  74. ↑ http://jewishagency.org/aliyah/program/455 (Accessed 2013-12-8)
  75. ↑ "Aliyah of Rescue". The Jewish Agency for Israel. Retrieved April 10, 2016.
  76. 1 2 "The Urgent and the Important: 2014-15 Performance Report (page 43)". The Jewish Agency for Israel. Retrieved April 10, 2016.
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  78. ↑ http://jewishagency.org/aliyah/program/456 (Accessed 2013-12-8)
  79. ↑ http://jewishagency.org/aliyah/program/302 (Accessed 2013-12-8)
  80. ↑ http://jewishagency.org/aliyah/program/300 (Accessed 2013-12-8)
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  84. ↑ "The Urgent and the Important: 2014-15 Performance Report (page 45)". The Jewish Agency. Retrieved April 10, 2016.
  85. ↑ http://jafi.org/JewishAgency/English/About/Updates/Personal+Stories/Archive/2009/dec21.htm (Accessed 2013-12-8)
  86. ↑ "About Us". The Jewish Agency for Israel. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
  87. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 The Jewish Agency for Israel Social Activism Unit, "Our Work With Minorities," pamphlet distributed at Board of Governors meetings October 2015.
  88. ↑ "Youth Futures: Mentoring for At-Risk Children". The Jewish Agency for Israel. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
  89. ↑ "Choosing Tomorrow". The Jewish Agency for Israel. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
  90. ↑ "Young Activism". The Jewish Agency for Israel. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
  91. ↑ "Food Co-ops Launch in Israel's Periphery". The Jewish Agency for Israel. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
  92. ↑ "Net@". The Jewish Agency for Israel. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
  93. ↑ "Mechinot: Post High School Service-Learning". The Jewish Agency for Israel. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
  94. ↑ "Aharai! B'Ir". The Jewish Agency for Israel. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
  95. ↑ "Atidim: Enrichment Programs for Gifted Students". The Jewish Agency for Israel. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
  96. ↑ "Small Business Loan Funds". The Jewish Agency for Israel. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
  97. ↑ "Information on Jewish Agency activities during Operation Cast Lead". Jewishagency.org. Retrieved June 20, 2010.
  98. ↑ "Helping Students in Southern Israel, in the Aftermath of War". November 6, 2014. Retrieved November 19, 2014.
  99. ↑ "Jewish Agency 2014-15 Annual Report". Retrieved March 10, 2016.
  100. 1 2 League of Nations, Mandate for Palestine and Memorandum by the British Government Relating to Its Application to Transjordan, Approved by the Council of the League of Nations on September 16th, 1922. Published in Geneva, Switzerland on September 2, 1926. Document # C.P.M 466 [C.529.M.314.1922.VI] [C.667.M.396.1922.VI]. Page 2, Article 4. Copy available upon request from the League of Nations Archives in Geneva.
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  102. 1 2 Jewish Virtual Library. "Palestine Office". American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. Retrieved 12 August 2013.
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  105. 1 2 3 https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/ww1.html (Accessed 12.8.2013)
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  107. ↑ Plans Zionist Commission, The New York Times, Feb. 13, 1918
  108. ↑ History of Zionism, 1600–1918 by Nahum Sokolow
  109. ↑ The Zionist Commission (Va'ad HaTzirim). Jewish Agency for Israel, archived on 02-10-2006
  110. ↑ The Palestine Chronicle: Palestine Through History: A Chronology (I)
  111. ↑ Israel Pocket Library (IPL), "Zionism". Keter, 1973. ISBN 0-7065-1326-6. p. 76
  112. ↑ "The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Jewish State, by Theodor Herzl.".
  113. ↑ Timeline 1921. Jewish Agency for Israel, archived on 24-08-2004
  114. ↑ Palestine Jewry and the Arab Question, 1917–1925, Neil Caplan, London and Totowa, New Jersey: F. Cass, 1978. ISBN 0-7146-3110-8
  115. ↑ Caplan, Neil. "Palestine Jewry and the Arab Question, 1917-1925." London and Totowa, NJ: F. Cass, 1978
  116. ↑ "Jewish Virtual Library - Palestine Office". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved August 12, 2013.
  117. ↑ Central Office of the Zionist Organisation, "Resolutions of the 16th Zionist Congress, Zurich, July 28-August 11th, 1929, with a Summary Report of the Proceedings," London, 1930. Viewed at http://www.bjpa.org/Publications/details.cfm?PublicationID=18204 on November 19, 2014.
  118. ↑ Israel Pocket Library. Keter. 1973. p. 76. ISBN 0-7065-1326-6.
  119. ↑ ART. 4. of the Mandate for Palestine. Emphasis added. "The Zionist organization, so long as its organization and constitution are in the opinion of the Mandatory appropriate, shall be recognised as such agency. It shall take steps in consultation with His Britannic Majesty's Government to secure the co-operation of all Jews who are willing to assist in the establishment of the Jewish national home.
  120. ↑ Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry – Chapter III, 1946
  121. 1 2 Resolutions of the 16th Zionist Congress With a Summary Report of the Proceeding. World Zionist Organization (WZO), 1929
    "The Council shall appoint an Executive of not more than . . . members to hold office until the next ordinary meeting of the Council. Of the persons so appointed, one half shall be persons nominated by the non-Zionist members of the Council, and the remainder shall be persons nominated by the Zionist Organisation." see pp. 13-14. On
  122. ↑ Ganin, Zvi. An Uneasy Relationship: American Jewish Leadership and Israel, 1948–1957 p. 20.
  123. ↑ Tessler Mark, A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, p 194
  124. ↑ Israel Pocket Library, Keter 1973, p. 142. ISBN 0-7065-1326-6
  125. ↑ "Israel Pocket Library", Keter 1973, pages 104, 249,165,175.
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  128. ↑ https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/zionism/zionman.html (Accessed 12 August 2013)
  129. ↑ https://www.knesset.gov.il/vip/bengurion/eng/BenGurion Bioframe eng.html (Accessed 12 August 2013)
  130. ↑ Behar, Moshe (2011). "Mandated Imaginations in a Regional Void" (PDF). Middle East Studies Online Journal. Retrieved November 19, 2014.
  131. ↑ Israel Pocket Library, Keter 1973, pp. 107, 108. ISBN 0-7065-1326-6
  132. ↑ Israel Pocket Library, Keter 1973, p.142. ISBN 0-7065-1326-6
  133. ↑ Timeline 1947. The Jewish Agency for Israel
  134. ↑ Black, Ian (1991). Israel's Secret Wars. New York: Grove Press. p. 4. ISBN 0-8021-3286-3.
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  138. ↑ "Help Me Get Home, Brother," Jerusalem Post (22) (Accessed 8 August 2013)
  139. ↑ Naor, Mordechai. Zionism: The First 120 Years (Hebrew). Zionist Library. 2002. Page 34.
  140. ↑ Halamish, Aviva. The Exodus Affair: Holocaust Survivors and the Struggle for Palestine. Syracuse University Press. 1998
  141. ↑ Rotbard, Sharon. Wall and Tower – The Mold of Israeli Adrikalut. In: Territories, KW- Institute for Contemporary Art, Berlin, 2003, p.162.
  142. ↑ https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0008_0_08075.html (Accessed 6 September 2014)
  143. ↑ http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/19954/youth-aliyah-marks-70-years-of-rescuing-children-at-risk/ (Accessed 8 August 2013)
  144. ↑ https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Immigration/youth aliyah.html (Accessed 8 August 2013)
  145. 1 2 Hacohen, Dr. Dvora, Children of the Times: Youth Aliyah 1933–1938 (Hebrew), Published by Yad Ben Zvi, Yad Vashem, and Ben Gurion University, 2012
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  147. ↑ Administrator. "רקע".
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  149. ↑ http://www.palyam.org/English/HaMossad/mainpage (Accessed 12 August 2013)
  150. ↑ https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/resist.html (Accessed 8 August 2013)
  151. ↑ Clarke, Thurston, By Blood and Fire, Putnam, 1981, Ch. 6.
  152. ↑ Sager, Samuel. "Israel's Provisional State Council and Government." Middle Eastern Studies Vol 14 No 1 (Jan 1978) pp. 91–101.
  153. ↑ "Zionists Proclaim New State of Israel, Truman Recognizes it and Hopes for Peace", New York Times, 15 May 1948
  154. ↑ HaCohen, Dvora. Immigrants in Turmoil: Mass Immigration to Israel and its Repercussions in the 1950s and After, Syracuse University Press, 2003. P99
  155. ↑ http://www.jafi.org.il/Jewish Agency/English/About/History (Accessed 12 August 2013)
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  158. ↑ London, Yaron: Du-Siach Biographi (Hebrew), Ma'ariv, Tel Aviv 1993
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  162. ↑ See the full text of the law at http://www.israellawresourcecenter.org/israellaws/fulltext/jewishagencystatuslaw.htm.
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  165. ↑ http://www.wzo.org.il/index.php?dir=site&page=article&op=item&cs=3212&langpage=eng&category=3096 (Accessed 8 August 2013)
  166. ↑ Israel Pocket Library, Keter 1973, p. 144. ISBN 0-7065-1326-6
  167. ↑ "US Completes Operation Moses", Doyle McManus, The Courier (LA Times) March 24, 1985
  168. ↑ Brinkley, Joel (May 26, 1991). "Ethiopian Jews and Israelis Exult as Airlift Is completed". The New York Times
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  171. ↑ Khanin, Vladimir. "Aliyah From the Former Soviet Union: Contribution to the National Security Balance." 2010 p.6.
  172. ↑ http://p2g.jewishagency.org/ (Accessed 12 August 2013)
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  177. 1 2 Pfeffer, Anshel (March 20, 2008). "Jewish Agency mulls closing its historic immigration department". Haaretz. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
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  179. ↑ Ahren, Raphael (October 22, 2010). "Jewish Agency set to vote next week to radically restructure organization". Haaretz. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
  180. ↑ Roi, Nathan. "Shlichim ready for NA summer camps". Retrieved 1 October 2013.
  181. ↑ "We've Got Ruach, Yes We Do". PRWeb. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
  182. ↑ "Unique Culture, Unique Programs" (PDF). The Jewish Agency. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
  183. ↑ "The Jewish Agency Social Activism Unit" (PDF). The Jewish Agency. Archived from the original on 29 September 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
  184. ↑ "Partnerships Unit New Activities Update" (PDF). Retrieved 1 October 2013.
  185. ↑ "Jewish Agency Management". The Jewish Agency. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
  186. ↑ Berkman, Jacob (November 25, 2008). "Jewish Agency leaders approve major cuts, push reform plan". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
  187. ↑ "Jewish Agency Approves New Mission: Organization to Focus on Israeli, Diaspora Youth Relations". JTEC. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
  188. 1 2 Rettig Gur, Haviv (June 21, 2010). "Jewish Agency to change focus". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
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  195. 1 2 "Executive Members". The Jewish Agency for Israel. Retrieved November 19, 2014.
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  197. 1 2 "1974". The Jewish Agency.
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  199. ↑ Natan Sharansky Elected Chairman of the Executive Press Release
  200. ↑ "Alan Hoffmann named JA director-general". Ynetnews.com. June 20, 1995. Retrieved June 20, 2010.
  201. ↑ Nussbaum Cohen, Debra (17 November 2015). "Tension at Meeting Between J Street U and Head of Boston Jewish Federation". Haaretz. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
  202. ↑ "Economic Impact Brochure" (PDF). Retrieved June 20, 2010.
  203. ↑ Israel Pocket Library (IPL), "Zionism". Keter, 1973. ISBN 0-7065-1326-6. p. 142
  204. ↑ "Israel Prize Official Site (in Hebrew) – Recipient's C.V.".
  205. ↑ "Israel Prize Official Site (in Hebrew) – Judges' Rationale for Grant to Recipient".
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