Jewish Babylonian Aramaic

Babylonian Aramaic
Region Babylonia, modern day southern and some of central Iraq
Era ca. 200–1200 CE
Early form
Hebrew alphabet
Language codes
ISO 639-3 tmr
Glottolog jewi1240[1]

Babylonian Aramaic was the form of Middle Aramaic employed by writers in Babylonia between the 4th century and the 11th century CE. It is most commonly identified with the language of the Babylonian Talmud (which was completed in the seventh century) and of post-Talmudic (Geonic) literature, which are the most important cultural products of Babylonian Jews. The most important epigraphic sources for the dialect are the hundreds of Aramaic magic bowls written.[2]

Classification and type

The language was closely related to other Eastern Aramaic dialects such as Mandaic and Syriac language. Its original pronunciation is uncertain, and has to be reconstructed with the help of these kindred dialects and of the reading tradition of the Yemenite Jews,[3] and where available those of the Iraqi, Syrian and Egyptian Jews. The value of the Yemenite reading tradition has been challenged by some scholars.[4] (The vocalized Aramaic texts with which Jews are familiar, from the Bible and the prayer book, are of limited usefulness for this purpose, as they are in a different dialect.)[5]

Talmudic Aramaic bears all the marks of being a specialist language of study and legal argumentation, like Law French, rather than a vernacular mother tongue, and continued in use for these purposes long after Arabic had become the language of daily life. It has developed a battery of technical logical terms, such as tiyuvta (conclusive refutation) and tiqu (undecidable moot point), which are still used in Jewish legal writings, including those in other languages, and have influenced modern Hebrew.

Like the Judean (Galilean Aramaic) and Assyrian Jewish dialects it was written with Hebrew alphabet.

Grammar

Pronouns

Independent nominative pronouns [6]

Independent personal pronouns (Jewish Babylonian Aramaic) Meaning Examples
אנא First person, singular, common
את Second person, singular, common
הוא / איהו Third person, singular, masculine
היא / איהי Third person, singular, feminine
אנן First person, plural, common אנן קשישי ואינו דרדקי
We are old and they are young (bekarot 8b) [7]
אתון Second person, plural, masculine אתון דשאליתו לי דיאילו
It is you that I borrowed (Baba Mesia 97a)
אתון דמיקרביתו לרב
You, who are attached to Rav (Shabbat 37b)
אינהו Third person, plural, masculine אנן קשישי ואינו דרדקי
We are old and they are young (bekarot 8b) [8]
אינהי Third person, plural, feminine

copulative pronouns [9]

copulative pronouns (Jewish Babylonian Aramaic) Meaning Examples
נא First person, singular, common עדיפנא
I am more worthy (Kiddushin 29b) [10]
ת Second person, singular, common עציבת
You (common singular) are sad (Pesahim 3b) [11]
ניהו Third person, singular, masculine מי ידענא היכא ניהו
Do I know where he is (Sanhedrin 39a) [12]
הי ניהו
which is it (Nid. 41b) [13]
ניהי Third person, singular, feminine
נן First person, plural, common זוטרינן
we are young (Baba Qama 92b) [14]
תו(ן) Second person, plural, masculine חכימתו
You (masculine plural) are wise (Gitin 56b) [15]
נינהו Third person, plural, masculine הני הילכתה נינהו
These are laws from tradition (they) Mo'ed Qatan 3b [16]
גזלני נינהו
Robbers, they (Baba Batra 100a) [17]
שהדי שקרי נינהו
Lying witnesses, they (Baba Batra 92b) [18]
נינהי Third person, plural, feminine קדושה והבדלה חדה מילתא נינהי
Qedusha and Havdalah are one thing, they are (Pesah 102b) [19]
כולהי חדא ברכתא נינהי
all one long blessing, they are (Pesah 103b) [20]

Genitive pronominal suffixes [21]

Genitive pronominal suffix (Jewish Babylonian Aramaic) Genitive pronominal suffix (Hebrew) Meaning Examples
ַ אי [22][23] ִ י First person, singular possessive. My נַפְשַאי
my person
(jevamot 64b)[24]
דוּכְתַּאי
my position
(ketuvot 77b)[25]
ִי ךְ [26][27] ְ ךָ Second person, singular, possessive. Your פְּסוּקִיךְ
your verse
(chagiga 15)[28]
ָ ךְ [29][30] ֵ ךְ Second person, singular, possessive. Your רַבָּךְ
your teacher
(pesachim 24)[31]
שוּפְרָךְ
your beauty
(Bava Metzia 84a)
אמר ליה {רבי יוחנן} חילך לאורייתא {כמה יפה כוחך לסבול עול תורה} אמר ליה{ריש לקיש} שופרך לנשי {יופיך ראוי לנשים}
ֵי הּ וֹ Third person, singular, masculine possessive. His
ָ הּ ָ הּ Third person, singular, feminine possessive. Her אסירא לייחודי בגברא דלא דידָהּ
She is forbidden to be together in the room alone with a man who is not her husband (Erubin 100b)[32]
ִי ן [33][34] ֵ נוּ First person, plural possessive. Our אַרְעִין
our land (shanhedrin 94)[35]
ַ יְכוּ [36][37] ְ כֶם Second person, plural, masculine possessive. Your גַבְרַיְיכוּ
Your men (Shabbat 140b)[38]
ַ יְיכִי [39][40] ְ כֶן Second person, plural, feminine possessive. Your קַרְחַיְיכִי
your baldness
(pesachim 110)[41]
פַּרְחַיְיכִי
your crumbs
(pesachim 110)[42]
ַ יְהוּ [43][44] ָ ם Third person, plural, masculine possessive. Their מָנַיְיהוּ
their clothes (Shabbat 133b)
מִינַיְיהוּ(ן) [45]
from the men
ַ יְהִי [46][47] ָ ן Third person, plural, feminine possessive. Their עָלַיְיהִי(ן) [48]
about the women
Suffix + אִית Meaning Examples
אִיתֵיהּ He is/exists[49][50]
אִיתָהּ She is/exists [51][52]
אִיתְנָן We are/exist [53]
אִיתַנְכוּ You (pl. m.) are/exist[54]
אִיתַנְכִי You (pl. f.) are/exist[55]
אִיתַנְהוּ They (m.) are/exist[56][57]
אִיתַנְהִי They (f.) are/exist[58][59]

Demonstrative pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun (near/proximal) Meaning Examples
הַאי(י) Third person, singular, masculine demonstrative. This (Hebrew:זֶה) [60] מהַאי גִּיסָא ומהַאי גִּיסָא אַדַּעְתָּא דְדיקלא
on the one side..., on the other side with precise intention for
האיי דיאנא
this judge
האיי קלא
this voice
הָא Third person, singular, feminine demonstrative. This (Hebrew:זֹאת)[61] הא מילתא this word/thing
הָ(א)נֵי

Third person, plural, masculine demonstrative. These (Hebrew:אֵלֶּה, אֵלּוּ)[62] הָנֵי מילי these words/things
הָנֵי

Third person, plural, feminine demonstrative. These (Hebrew:אֵלֶּה, אֵלּוּ)[63] הָנֵי אִין הָנַך לאָ
(Chagiga 11b) (These yes, those not )
Demonstrative pronoun (medial) Meaning Examples
הַאי(י)+ךְ←הַאִיךְ Third person, singular, masculine demonstrative. That [64][65] איתתיה דהאייך
His wife of that (man)
הָא+ךְ←הָךְ Third person, singular, feminine demonstrative. That [66] הך ארעא
that land
הך לשנא
that language
הָ(א)נֵי+ךְ←הָנַךְ Third person, plural, masculine demonstrative. Those [67][68] מן הָנַךְ טעמי
Because of those reasons
הָנַךְ אֲזַלוּ לְעָלְמָא והָנֵי אַחֲרִינֵי נינהו
Those others have gone away, and these are others here
הָנֵי+ךְ←הָנַךְ Third person, plural, feminine demonstrative. Those [69] הָנֵי אִין הָנַך לאָ
(Chagiga 11b) (These yes, those not )
Demonstrative pronoun (remote/distal) Meaning Examples
הָהוּ(א) Third person, singular, masculine demonstrative. That (Hebrew:הוּא) [70] הָהוּא גַבְרָא
(Berachot 6b)
(any man, anybody, that man )
הָהִי(א) Third person, singular, feminine demonstrative. That (Hebrew:הִיא)[71] הָהִיא אִתְּתָא דַאֲתָא לְקָמֵיהּ
(nedarim 50b)
(That woman, who came before him )
הָנְהוּ

Third person, plural, masculine demonstrative. Those (Hebrew:הֵם)[72][73]
הָנְהִי

Third person, plural, feminine demonstrative. Those (Hebrew:הֵן)[74]

Accusative pronominal suffixes [75]

Accusative pronominal suffix (Jewish Babylonian Aramaic) Meaning Examples
ַ ן

ַ ני [76]

First person, singular, common גַנְבַן (Nedarim 62) he stole me

נַטְרַנִי he supervised me [77]

נֵיעָרְבִינְהוּ וְנִכְתְּבִינְהוּ

ך

[78]

Second person, singular, masculine
יך

Second person, singular, feminine
יה

Third person, feminine, singular
ה

Third person, masculine, singular
ה

Third person, masculine, singular
ינן

[79]

First person, plural, common
ינכו

second person, plural, masculine
נכי

second person, plural, feminine
ינון / ינ(ה)ו

[80]

Third person, plural, masculine נֵיעָרְבִינְהוּ וְנִכְתְּבִינְהוּ (pessachim 13) he shall put them (the words) together and write them [81]
ינון / י(נ)הי

[82]

Third person, plural, feminine וּרְמִי אִינְהִי ← וּרְמִינְהִי (berachot 9) you shall opposite them (the two sentences) [83]

Six major verbal patterns

There are six major verb stems or verbal patterns (binyanim) in Jewish Babylonian Aramaic. The form pe‘al (פְּעַל) “to do”, the form Aph'el (אַפְעֵל) “let do”, and the form Pa'el (פַּעֵל) “like to do”, are all in the active voice. But the form Itpe'el (אִתְפְּעֵל), the form Itaph'al (אִתַפְעַל) and the form Itpa'al (אִתְפַּעַל) are essentially reflexive and have usually function in a passive sense.[84][85]

Aramaic binyan Hebrew binyan Aramaic example Hebrew parallel English translation
פְּעַל Pe'al קַל Qal/Pa'al כְּתַב כָּתַב he wrote
אִתְפְּעֵל Itpe'el נִפְעַל Niphal אִתְכְּתֵיב נִכְּתַב it was written
אַפְעֵל Aph'el הִפְעִיל Hiph'il אַפְקֵד הִפְקִיד he deposited
אִתַפְעַל Itaph'al הֻפְעַל Huph‘al אִתַפְקַד הֻפְקַד it was deposited
פַּעֵל Pa'el פִּעֵל Pi'el קַדֵיש קִדֵש he sanctifed
אִתְפַּעַל Itpa'al הִתְפַּעֵל Hitpa'el וְיִתְקַדַּשׁ הִתְקַדֵּשׁ it was sanctifed

Verbal pattern (binyan): pe‘al (פְּעַל) Basic Verb - Active

past tense
Aramaic verb WROTE [86] Hebrew verb parallel WROTE Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
אֲנָא כְּתַבִית אֲנִי כָּתַבְתִּי ana q'tavit ani qatavti I wrote
אַתְּ כְּתַבְתְּ אַתָּה כָּתַבְתָּ at q'tavt ata qatavta you (m.) wrote
אַתְּ כְּתַבְתְּ אַתְּ כָּתַבְתְּ at q'tavt at qatavt you (f.) wrote
הוּא כְּתַב הוּא כָּתַב u q'tav u qatav he wrote
הִיא כְּתַבָה הִיא כָּתְּבָה i q'tava i qatva she wrote
אֲנָן כְּתַבִינָן אָנוּ כָּתַבְנוּ anan q'tavinan anu qatavnu we wrote
אַתּוּ כְּתַבִיתּוּ אַתֶּם כְּתַבְתֶּם atu q'tavitu atem qotvim you (m.pl.) wrote
אינון כְּתַבוּ הם כָּתְּבוּ innun q'tavu em qatvu they (m.) wrote
Aramaic verb CAME [87] Hebrew verb parallel CAME Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
אֲנָא אֲתֵיתִי
אֲנָא אֲתַאי
אֲנִי בָּאתִי ana ateti/ana atai ani bati I came
אַתְּ אֲתֵית אַתָּה בָּאתָ at atet ata bata you (m.) came
אַתְּ ? אַתְּ בָּאת at ? at bat you (f.) came
הוּא אֲתָא הוּא בָּא u ata hu ba he came
הִיא אֲתָת
הִיא אֲתַאי
הִיא אתיא
הִיא בָּאָה i atat/atai/atjia hi ba'a she came
אֲנָן אֲתַאן
אֲנָן אֲתַן
אֲנָן אֲתֵינַן
אָנוּ בָּאנוּ anan atan/atenan anu banu we came
אַתּוּ אֲתֵיתוּ אַתֶּם בָּאתֶם atu atetu atem batem you (m.pl.) came
אינון אֲתוּ הם בָּאוּ innun atu em ba'u they (m.) came
אינין אֲתַיָין
אינין אֲתַאָן
יאינין אתן
הן בָּאוּ innin attajan en ba'u they (f.) came
Participle

The Aramaic verb has two participles: an active participle with suffix [88] and a passive participle with suffix:[89]

active participles with suffix
Aramaic active participle WRITE with suffix Hebrew active participle WRITE Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
כָּתֵיב + אֲנָא ← כָּתֵיבְנָא אֲנִי כּוֹתֵב qatevna←qatev+ana ani qotev I write
כָּתֵיב + אַתְּ ← כָּתְבַתְּ אַתָּה כּוֹתֵב qatvat← qatev+ata ata qotev you write
כָּתְבִי + אֲנָן ← כָּתְבִינָן אָנוּ כּוֹתְבִים qatvinan←qatvi+anan anu qotvim we write
כָּתְבִי + אַתּוּ ← כָּתְבִיתּוּ אַתֶּם כּוֹתְבִים qatvitu← qatvi+atu atem qotvim you (pl.) write
Aramaic active participle COME with suffix[90] Hebrew active participle COME Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
אָתֵי / אָתְיָא + אֲנָא ← אָתֵינָא אֲנִי בָּא atena←ate+ana ani ba I come
אָתֵי / אָתְיָא + אַתְּ ← אָתֵיתְּ אַתָּה בָּא atet← ate+at ata ba You come
אָתוּ / אָתֵיָין + אֲנָן ← אָתִינָן אָנוּ בָּאִים atinan←atu+anan anu ba'iim we come
passive participle with suffix
Aramaic passive participle with suffix BUSY Hebrew passive participle BUSY Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
עֲסִיק + אֲנָא ← עֲסִיקְנָא אֲנִי עָסוּק assiqna←assiq+ana ani assuq I am busy
עֲסִיק + אַתְּ ← עֲסִיקַתְּ אַתָּה עָסוּק assiqat← assiq+ata ata assuq you are busy
עֲסִיקִי + אֲנַן ← עֲסִיקִינַן אָנוּ עֲסוּקִים assiqinan←assiqi+anan anu assuqim we are busy
עֲסִיקִי + אַתּוּ ← עֲסִיקִיתּוּ אַתֶּם עֲסוּקִים assiqitu← assiqi+atu atem assuqim you (pl.) are busy
infinitive /gerund
Aramaic infinitive /gerund TO COME Hebrew infinitive /gerund Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
(לְ)מֵיתֵי / לְמֵיתָא (לָ)בוֹא Lemeta/meteji la'vo TO COME
Future tense
Aramaic verb WILL WRITE [91] Hebrew verb parallel WILL WRITE Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
אֲנָא אֶיכְתּוֹב אֲנִי אֶכְתּוֹב ana aehtov ani aehtov I will write
אַתְּ תִּיכְתּוֹב אַתָּה תִּכְתּוֹב at tihtov ata tihtov You (m.sing.)will write
אַתְּ תִּיכְתְּבִין אַתְּ תִּיכְתְּבִי at tihtevin at tihtevi You (f.sing.) will write
הוּא לִיכְתּוֹב הוּא יִכְתּוֹב u lihtov u jihtov He will write
הִיא תִּיכְתּוֹב הִיא תִּכְתּוֹב i tihtov i tihtov She will write
אֲנָן לִיכְתּוֹב אָנוּ נִכְתּוֹב anan lihtov anu nihtov We will write
אַתּוּ תִּיכְתְּבוּן אַתֶּם תִּיכְתְּבוּ atu tihtevu atem tihtevun you (m.pl.) will write
אינון לִיכְתְּבוּן הם יכְתְּבוּ innun laphqedu em japhqidu they (m.pl.) will write

Verbal pattern (binyan): Itpe'el (אִתְפְּעֵל) Basic Verb - Passive

past tense
Aramaic verb WAS/WERE WRITTEN [92] Hebrew verb parallel WAS/WERE WRITTEN Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
אֲנָא אִי(תְ)כְּתֵיבִית אֲנִי נִכְתַבְתִּי ana itq'tevit ani nihtavti I was written
אַתְּ אִי(תְ)כְּתַבְתְּ אַתָּה נִכְתַבְתָּה at itq'tavt ata nihtavta you (m.s.) were written
אַתְּ אִי(תְ)כְּתַבְתְּ אַתְּ נִכְתַבְתְּ at itq'tavt at nihtavt you (f.s.) were written
הוּא אִי(תְ)כְּתֵיב הוּא נִכְתַבְ u itq'tev u nihtav it (m.) was written
הִיא אִי(תְ)כַּתְבָה הִיא נִכְתְּבָה i itqatva i nihteva it (f.) was written
אֲנָן אִי(תְ)כַּתְבִינָן אָנוּ נִכְתַבְנוּ anan itqatvinan anu nihtavnu we were written
אַתּוּ אִי(תְ)כַּתְבִיתּוּ אַתֶּם נִכְתַבְתֶּם atu itqatvitu atem nihtavtem you (m.pl.) were written
אינון אִי(תְ)כַּתְבוּ הם נִכְתְּבוּ innun itqatvu em nihtevu they (m.pl.) were written
future tense
Aramaic verb Will BE WRITTEN [93] Hebrew verb parallel Will BE WRITTEN Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
אֲנָא אֶ(תְ)כְּתֵיב אֲנִי אֶכָּתֵיב ana aeqqtev ani aeqqatev I will be written
אַתְּ תִ(תְ)כְּתֵיב אַתָּה תִכָּתֵיב at tiqqtev ata tiqqatev you (m.s.) will be written
אַתְּ תִ(תְ)כְּתֵיבִין אַתְּ תִכָּתֵיבִי at tiqqatevin at tiqqatevi you (f.s.) will be written
הוּא לִ(תְ)כְּתֵיב הוּא יִכָּתֵיב u liqqtev u iqqatev it (m.) will be written
הִיא תִ(תְ)כְּתֵיב הִיא תִכָּתֵיב i tiqqtev i tiqqatev it (f.) will be written
אֲנָן לִ(תְ)כְּתֵיב אָנוּ נִכָּתֵיב anan liqqtev anu niqqatev we will be written
אַתּוּ תִ(תְ)כַּתְבוּ אַתֶּם תִכָּתְבוּ atu tiqqat'vu atem tiqqatvu you (m.pl.) will be written
אינון לִ(תְ)קַכְּתֵיבוּן הם יִכָּתבוּ innun liqqtevun em iqqatvu they (s.pl.) will be written
אינין לִ(תְ)כַּתְבָן הן תִכָּתֵבְנָה innin liqqt'van en tiqqatevna they (m.pl.) will be written

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Verbal pattern (binyan): pa‘el (פַּעֵל) Frequentative - Active

The verbal pattern (binyan) pa‘el are frequentative verbs showing repeated or intense action.

The verbal pattern pa'el is Active Frequentative.

past tense
Aramaic verb SANCTIFIED [94] Hebrew verb parallel SANCTIFIED Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
אֲנָא קַדֵּישִית אֲנִי קִדַּשְתִּי ana qadeshit ani qiddashti I sanctified
אַתְּ קַדֵּישְתְּ אַתָּה קִדַּשְתָּ at qadesht ata qiddashta You (m.s.) sanctified
אַתְּ קַדֵּישְתְּ אַתְּ קִדַּשְתְּ at qadesht at qiddasht You (f.s.) sanctified
הוּא קַדֵּיש הוּא קִדֵּש u qaddesh u qiddesh he sanctified
הִיא קַדִּישָה הִיא קִדְּשָה i qaddisha i qiddsha she sanctified
אֲנָן קַדֵּישְנָן אָנוּ קִדַּשְנוּ anan qaddeshnan anu qiddashnu we sanctified
אַתּוּ קַדֵּישְתּוּ אַתֶּם קִדַּשְתֶּם atu qaddeshtu atem qiddashtem You (m.pl.) sanctified
אינון קַדִּישוּ הם קִדְּשוּ innun qaddishu em qiddshu they (m.pl.) sanctified
future tense
Aramaic verb WILL SANCTIFY [95] Hebrew verb parallel WILL SANCTIFY Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
אֲנָא אֲקַדֵּיש אֲנִי אֲקַדֵּש ana aqadesh ani aqadesh I will sanctify
אַתְּ תְקַדֵּיש אַתָּה תְקַדֵּש at teqadesh ata teqadesh You (m.s.) will sanctify
אַתְּ תְקַדְּשִי אַתְּ תְקַדְּשִי at teqadeshi at teqadeshi You (f.s.) will sanctify
הוּא יְקַדֵּיש הוּא יְקַדֵּש u jeqadesh u jeqadesh he will sanctify
הִיא תְקַדֵּיש הִיא תְקַדֵּש i teqadesh i teqadesh she will sanctify
אֲנָן לְקַדֵּיש אָנוּ נְקַדֵּש anan leqadesh anu neqadesh we will sanctify
אַתּוּ תְקַדְּשוּ אַתֶּם תְקַדְּשוּ atu teqadshu atem teqadshu You (m.pl.) will sanctify
אינון לְקַדְּשוּ הם יְקַדְּשוּ innun leqadshu em jeqadeshu they (m.pl.) will sanctify
אינין לְקַדְּשָן הן תְקַדֵּשְנָה innin leqadshan en teqadeshna they (f.pl.) will sanctify

Verbal pattern (binyan): Itpa'al (אִתְפַּעַל) Frequentative - Passive

The verbal pattern itpa'al is Passive Frequentative.

Aramaic verb WAS/WERE SANCTIFIED [96] Hebrew verb parallel WAS/WERE SANCTIFIED Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
אֲנָא יִ(תְ)קַדַּשִׁית אֲנִי נִתְקַדַּשְׁתִּי ana jiqqadashit ani nitqadashti I was sanctified
אַתְּ יִ(תְ)קַדַּשְׁתְּ אַתָּה נִתְקַדַּשָׁה at jiqqadasht ata nitqqadasha you (m.s.) were sanctified
אַתְּ יִ(תְ)קַדַּשְׁתְּ אַתְּ נִתְקַדַּשְׁתְּ at jiqqadasht at nitqadasht you (f.s.) were sanctified
הוּא יִ(תְ)קַדַּשׁ הוּא נִתְקַדַּשׁ u jiqqadash u nitqadash it (m.) was sanctified
הִיא יִ(תְ)קַדַּשָׁה הִיא נִתְקַדַּשָׁה i jiqqadasha i nitqadasha it (f.) was sanctified
אֲנָן יִ(תְ)קַדַּשִׁינָן אָנוּ נִתְקַדַּשׁנוּ anu jiqqadashinan anu nitqadashnu we were sanctified
אַתּוּ יִ(תְ)קַדַּשִׁיתּוּ אַתֶּם נִתְקַדַּשְׁתֶּם atu jiqqadashitu innu nitqadashtem they (f.) were sanctified
אִינון יִ(תְ)קַדַּשׁוּ הם נִתְקַדַּשׁוּ innun jiqqadashitu em nitqadashu they (m.) were sanctified
Aramaic verb WILL BE SANCTIFIED [97] Hebrew verb parallel WILL BE SANCTIFIED Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
אֲנָא אֶ(תְ)קַדֵּשׁ אֲנִי אֶתְקַדַּשׁ ana aeqqadash ani aetqadesh I will be sanctified
אַתְּ תִ(תְ)קַדַּשׁ אַתָּה תִתְקַדֵּשׁ at tiqqadash ata titqadesh you (m.s.) will be sanctified
אַתְּ תִ(תְ)קַדְּשִׁין אַתְּ תִתְקַדְּשִׁי at tiqqadshin at titqadshi you (f.s.) will be sanctified
הוּא לִ(תְ)קַדַּשׁ הוּא יִתְקַדֵּשׁ u liqqadash u itqadesh it (m.) will be sanctified
הִיא תִ(תְ)קַדַּשׁ הִיא תִתְקַדֵּשׁ i tiqqadash i titqadesh it (f.) will be sanctified
אֲנָן לִ(תְ)קַדַּשׁ אָנוּ נִתְקַדֵּשׁ anan liqqadash anu nitqadesh we will be sanctified
אַתּוּ תִ(תְ)קַדְּשׁוּ אַתֶּם תִתְקַדְּשׁוּ atu tiqqadshu atem titqadshu you (m.pl.) will be sanctified
אינון לִ(תְ)קַדְּשוּן הם יִתְקַדְּשׁוּ innun liqqadshun em itqadshu they (m.pl.) will be sanctified
אינין לִ(תְ)קַדְּשָׁן הן תִתְקַדֵּשְׁנָה innin liqqadshan en titqadeshna they (f.pl.) will be sanctified

Verbal pattern (binyan): aph‘el (אַפְעֵל) Causative - Active

The verbal pattern aphel is Active Causative.

past tense
Aramaic verb DEPOSITED [98] Hebrew verb parallel DEPOSITED Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
אֲנָא אַפְקֵידִית אֲנִי הִפְקַדְתִּי ana aphqedit ani iphqadeti I deposited
אַתְּ אַפְקֵידְתְּ אַתָּה הִפְקַדְתָּ at aphqedt ata iphqadetta you (m.s.) deposited
אַתְּ אַפְקֵידְתְּ אַתְּ הִפְקַדְתְּ at aphqedt at iphqadett you (f.s.) deposited
הוּא אַפְקֵיד הוּא הִפְקִיד u aphqed u iphqid he deposited
הִיא אַפְקִידָה הִיא הִפְקִידָה i aphqida i iphqida she deposited
אֲנָן אַפְקְדִינָן אָנוּ הִפְקַדְנוּ anan aphqedinan anu iphqadnu we deposited
אַתּוּ אַפְקְדִיתּוּ אַתֶּם הִפְקַדְתֶּם atu aphqeditu atem iphqadtem you (m.pl.) deposited
אינון אַפְקִידוּ הם הִפְקִידוּ innun aphqidu em iphqidu they (m.pl.) deposited
Aramaic verb BROUGHT [99] Hebrew verb parallel BROUGHT Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
אֲנָא אַיְיתֵית אֲנִי הֵבֵאתִי ana ajtet ani heveti I brought
אַתְּ אַיְיתֵיית אַתָּה הֵבֵאתָ at ajtet ata heveta you (m.s.) brought
הוּא אַיְיתִי הוּא הֵבִיא u ajti u hevi he brought
הִיא אַיְיתָא
הִיא אַתָיְא
הִיא אַתָאי
הִיא הֵבִיאָה i ajta i hevija she brought
אֲנָן אַיְיתֵינָא אָנוּ הֵבֵאנוּ anan ajtena anu hevenu we brought
אינון אַיְיתוּ הם הֵבִיאוּ innun ajtu em hevi'u they (m.pl.) brought
Participle
Aramaic active participle BRING with suffix [100] Hebrew active participle BRING Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
מַיְיתֵי / מַתְיָא + אֲנָא ← מַיְיתֵינָא אֲנִי מֵבִיא maitena ←maite+ana ani mevi I bring
מַיְיתֵי / מַתְיָא + אַתְּ ← מַיְיתֵיתְּ אַתָּה מֵבִיא maitet← maite+at ata mevi you bring
מַיְיתוּ / מַיְתָן + אֲנָן ← מַיְיתִינָן אָנוּ מֵבִיאִים maitinan←atu+maitu anu mev'iim we bring
Future tense
Aramaic verb WILL DEPOSITE [101] Hebrew verb parallel WILL DEPOSITE Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
אֲנָא אַפְקֵד אֲנִי אַפְקִיד ana aphqed ani aphqid I will deposite
אַתְּ תַפְקֵד אַתָּה תַפְקִיד at taphqed ata taphqid you (m.) will deposite
אַתְּ תַפְקְדִי אַתְּ תַפְקִידִי at taphqedi at taphqidi you (f.) will deposite
הוּא לַפְקֵד הוּא יַפְקִיד u laphqed u japhqid he will deposite
הִיא תַפְקֵד הִיא תַפְקִיד i taphqed i taphqid she will deposite
אֲנָן לַפְקֵד אָנוּ נַפְקִיד anan laphqed anu naphqid we will deposite
אַתּוּ תַפְקְדוּ אַתֶּם תַפְקִידוּ atu taphqedu atem taphqidu you (m.pl.) will deposite
אינון לַפְקְדוּ הם יַפְקִידוּ innun laphqedu em japhqidu they (m.) will deposite
Aramaic verb WILL BRING [102] Hebrew verb parallel WILL BRING Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
אֲנָא אַיְיתֵי אֲנִי אָבִיא ana ajite ani avi I will bring
אַתְּ תַיְיתֵי אַתָּה תָּבִיא at tajite ata tavi you (m.) will bring
אַתְּ ? אַתְּ תָּבִיאי at ? at taviji you (f.) will bring
הוּא לַיְיתֵי הוּא יָבִיא u lajite u javi he will bring
הִיא תַיְיתֵי הִיא תָּבִיא i tajite i tavi she will bring
אֲנָן לַיְיתֵי אָנוּ נָבִיא anan lajite anu navi we will bring
אַתּוּ תַיְתוּ אַתֶּם תָּבִיאוּ atu tajitu atem taviju you (m.pl.) will bring
אינון לַיְתוּ הם יָבִיאוּ innun lajitu em javiju they (m.) will bring

Verbal pattern (binyan): itaphal (אִתַפְעַל) Causative - Passive voice

The verbal pattern itaphal is Passive Causative.

Aramaic verb was refuted/were refuted [103] Hebrew verb parallel was refuted/were refuted Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
הוּא אִיתּוֹתַב הוּא הוּשַׁב u ittotav u ushav it (m.s.) was refuted
אינון אִיתּוֹתְבוּ הם הוּשְׁבוּ innun ittotvu em ushvu they (m.pl.) were refuted

Noun: singular/plural

noun: singular[104]
Jewish Babylonian Aramaic example Hebrew parallel English translation
of the Jewish Babylonian Aramaic example
מַלְכָּא (malk-a) [105] המֶלֶךְ (ha-melekh)[106] the king[107]
עָלְמָא (alm-a)[108] העוֹלָם (ha-olam)[109] the world[110]
מְדִינְתָא (medin-ta)[111] המְדִינָה (ha-medina)[112] the state[113]
מְנָא הָא מִילְּתָא דְּאָמְרִי אֱנָשֵׁי (mil-ta)[114] מִנַּיִין מִלָּה זֹאת שֶׁאוֹמְרִים אֲנָשִׁים (ha-mila) the word/thing[115]
noun: plural[116]
Jewish Babylonian Aramaic example Hebrew parallel English translation
of the Jewish Babylonian Aramaic example
מַלְכֵי (malkheji)/ מַלְכַיָּא (malkh-ajia)[117][118] המְלָכִים (ha-melakhim)[119] the kings[120]
עָלְמֵי (almeji)/ עָלְמַיָּא (alm-ajia)[121] העוֹלָמים (ha-olamim) [122] the worlds[123]
מְנָא הָנֵי מִילֵּי (mil-eji)[124] מִנַּיִין המִילִּים האֵלֶּה (ha-milim) the words/things

List of verbs

Aramaic verb Hebrew verb parallel English translation
בע' [125] רָצָה ask, request, want and require
חז' [126] רָאָה see
עבד [127] עָשָׂה do/make
פלג [128] חלק divide
צרך [129] צריך necessity
את'[130] בָּא come
תנ' [131] שנה teach, learn, state, recite and repeat
תוב [132] שוב return
נפק [133]יָצָא go out
נחת [134]יָרַד go down
סלק [135] עָלָה go up
ילף [136] למד learn, teach
יתב [137]יָשַׁב to sit
זבן[138] מָכַר to sell
הדר [139] חָזַר to return
סלק [140] הוֹרִיד, הֵסִיר to remove
גלי [141]גֵּרֵשׁ to reveale
אסי [142]רִפֵּא to heal, cure
הוי [143] דָּן he discussed/raised an objection
קום / קָאֵם [144]הִתְקַיֵּם/עומד to stand
עלל [145]יָשַׁב to sit

Idiom

Idiom
Jewish Babylonian Aramaic example Hebrew parallel English translation
of the Jewish Babylonian Aramaic example
קָאֵים
(qa'em)[146]
- "rising, standing, referring to"[147]
קָאֵים - קָא
(qa) [148]
- - [149]
מַאי קָא מַשְׁמַע לַן
(mai qa mashma lan) [150]
מָה מַשְׁמִיעַ לָנּוּ
(ma mashma lanu)
"What new point is he teaching us "[151]
מַאי קָאָמַר
(mai qa'amar )[152]
מָה הוּא אוֹמֵר
(ma hu omer)
"What does he mean "[153]
תָּנוּ רַבָּנָן
(tanu rabanan)[154]
שָׁנוּ חֲכָמִים
(shanu khakhamim)
"the rabbis taught"[155]
מְנָא הָנֵי מִילֵּי
(mena hane mileji)[156]
מִנַּיִין המִילִּים האֵלֶּה
(minajin ha-milim ha-ele)
"What is the source"[157]

Modern study

The language has received considerable scholarly attention, as shown in the Bibliography below. However, the majority of those who are familiar with it, namely Orthodox Jewish students of Talmud, are given no systematic instruction in the language, and are expected to "sink or swim" in the course of Talmudic studies, with the help of some informal pointers showing similarities and differences with Hebrew.[158]

See also

References

  1. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "Jewish Babylonian Aramaic (ca. 200–1200 CE)". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  2. Sokoloff 2003
  3. Morag 1988
  4. Morgenstern 2011
  5. Elitzur Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic (2013)
  6. Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 78
  7. Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 79
  8. Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 79
  9. Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 99
  10. Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 99
  11. Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 99
  12. Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 100
  13. Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 101
  14. Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 99
  15. Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 99
  16. Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 82
  17. Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 100
  18. Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 100
  19. Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 100
  20. Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 100
  21. Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90
  22. Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90.
  23. Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 65, 66.
  24. Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 66.
  25. Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 66.
  26. Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90.
  27. Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 66.
  28. Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 66.
  29. Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90.
  30. Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 66.
  31. Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 66.
  32. Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 91.
  33. Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90.
  34. Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 66.
  35. Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 66.
  36. Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90.
  37. Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 67.
  38. Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 67.
  39. Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90.
  40. Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 67.
  41. Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 67.
  42. Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 67.
  43. Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90.
  44. Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 67.
  45. Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 92.
  46. Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90.
  47. Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 67.
  48. Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 92.
  49. Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90, 104
  50. Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 95.
  51. Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90, 104
  52. Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 95.
  53. Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90, 104
  54. Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90, 104
  55. Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90, 104
  56. Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90, 104
  57. Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 95.
  58. Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90, 104
  59. Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 95.
  60. Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 80
  61. Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 80
  62. Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 80
  63. Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 80
  64. Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 80
  65. Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 73.
  66. Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 80
  67. Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 80
  68. Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 73.
  69. Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 80
  70. Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 80
  71. Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 80
  72. Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 80
  73. Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 72.
  74. Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 80
  75. Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 191
  76. Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 192
  77. Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 91.
  78. Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 192
  79. Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 192
  80. Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 194
  81. Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 84, 92.
  82. Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 194
  83. Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 92.
  84. Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 18:A survey of the aramaic binyanim.
  85. Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic: , Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 23:Talmud Bavli Aramaic.
  86. Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 22:Past tense: binyan.
  87. Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 123:Past tense: came.
  88. Frank (2011), p. 32.
  89. Frank (2011), p. 33.
  90. Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 124:active participle with suffix
  91. Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 36:Future tense: binyan.
  92. Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 25:Past tense: binyan.
  93. Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 39:Future tense: binyan.
  94. Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 23:Past tense: binyan.
  95. Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 37:Future tense: binyan.
  96. Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 26:Past tense: binyan.
  97. Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 40:Future tense: banyan.
  98. Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 24:Past tense: binyan.
  99. Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p.123 f.
  100. Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 124:active participle with suffix
  101. Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 38:Future tense: binyan.
  102. Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 125:Future tense: will bring.
  103. Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 94:Past tense:was refuted/were refuted.
  104. Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231-232.
  105. Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231.
  106. Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231.
  107. Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231.
  108. Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231.
  109. Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231.
  110. Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231.
  111. Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231.
  112. Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 232.
  113. Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 232.
  114. Yitzhak Frank:The Practical Talmud Dictionary, Jerusalem 2001, p. 178:From where is the maxim that people say?
  115. Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231.
  116. Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231-232.
  117. Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 233: ...in the plural of masculine nouns ... construct forms such as מַלְכֵי are often used not only in the construct state but even in the absolute and emphatic states. Thus, in Babylonian Aramaic, the form מַלְכֵי may mean either the kings of or kings or the kings.
  118. Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231.
  119. Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231.
  120. Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 233.
  121. Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231.
  122. Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231.
  123. Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231.
  124. Yitzhak Frank:The Practical Talmud Dictionary, Jerusalem 2001, p. 178:From where do we derive these things?
  125. Frank (2011), p. 49, 105f.
  126. Frank (2011), p. 49, 108f.
  127. Frank (2011), p. 49, 59f.
  128. Frank (2011), p. 49, 50f.
  129. Frank (2011), p. 49, 56f.
  130. Frank (2011), p. 49, 123f.
  131. Frank (2011), p. 49, 116f.
  132. Frank (2011), p. 49, 93.
  133. Frank (2011), p. 49, 68f.
  134. Frank (2011), p. 49, 70f.
  135. Frank (2011), p. 49, 74.
  136. Frank (2011), p. 49, 82f.
  137. Frank (2011), p. 49, 88f.
  138. Frank (2011), p. 49, (Nr. 2 - Index).
  139. Frank (2011), p. 49, 64.
  140. Frank (2011), p. 49, 74f.
  141. Frank (2011), p. 49, 111.
  142. Frank (2011), p. 49, 114f.
  143. Frank (2011), p. 49, 126f.
  144. Frank (2011), p. 49, 132f.
  145. Frank (2011), p. 49, (Nr. 26 - Index).
  146. Yitzhak Frank:The Practical Talmud Dictionary, Jerusalem 2001, p. 230.
  147. Yitzhak Frank:The Practical Talmud Dictionary, Jerusalem 2001, p. 230: "This participle is often used with a word that has a prepositional prefix - אֵי, to mean basing oneself upon or referring to."
  148. Yitzhak Frank:The Practical Talmud Dictionary, Jerusalem 2001, p. 229.
  149. Yitzhak Frank:The Practical Talmud Dictionary, Jerusalem 2001, p. 229: " A contraction of the participle קָאֵים (from the root קום ) is often placed before another participle...it has an emphatic effect that is difficult to translate into english ."
  150. Yitzhak Frank:The Practical Talmud Dictionary, Jerusalem 2001, p. 153.
  151. Yitzhak Frank:The Practical Talmud Dictionary, Jerusalem 2001, p. 153: "What new point is he teaching us? This question points out a difficulty: Since the amora's halakha was already known to us from a mishna, a baraita, or the amora's own statement on another occasion - why did the amora present it again?"
  152. Yitzhak Frank:The Practical Talmud Dictionary, Jerusalem 2001, p. 152.
  153. Yitzhak Frank:The Practical Talmud Dictionary, Jerusalem 2001, p. 152: "What does he mean? This question seeks a clarification of the meaning of a mishna, a baraitha, an amoraic statement, or a pasuk."
  154. Yitzhak Frank:The Practical Talmud Dictionary, Jerusalem 2001, p. 260.
  155. Yitzhak Frank:The Practical Talmud Dictionary, Jerusalem 2001, p. 260: "the hakhamim taught. This expression usually introduces a baraitha that begins with an anonymous statement."
  156. Yitzhak Frank:The Practical Talmud Dictionary, Jerusalem 2001, p. 178.
  157. Yitzhak Frank:The Practical Talmud Dictionary, Jerusalem 2001, s. p.178: "From where do we derive these things? What is the source? This question seeks a source for a statement in a mishna, in a baraitha, or by an amora."
  158. Jay Bushinsky, "The passion of Aramaic-Kurdish Jews brought Aramaic to Israel"

Bibliography

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