US Airways Flight 1549

US Airways Flight 1549

Evacuation of US Airways Flight 1549 as it floats on the Hudson River
Accident summary
Date January 15, 2009
Summary Controlled ditching after multiple large bird strikes
Site Hudson River between New York City (Manhattan) and Weehawken, New Jersey (near Port Imperial)
40°46′10″N 74°00′17″W / 40.7695°N 74.0046°W / 40.7695; -74.0046Coordinates: 40°46′10″N 74°00′17″W / 40.7695°N 74.0046°W / 40.7695; -74.0046
Passengers 150[1]
Crew 5
Fatalities 0
Injuries (non-fatal) 100 (95 minor, 5 serious)[2][lower-alpha 1]
Survivors 155 (all)
Aircraft type Airbus A320-214
Operator US Airways
Registration N106US
Flight origin LaGuardia Airport, New York City
Stopover Charlotte Douglas International Airport, Charlotte, North Carolina
Destination Seattle–Tacoma International Airport, Seattle, Washington

US Airways Flight 1549 was an Airbus A320-214 which, three minutes after takeoff from New York City's LaGuardia Airport on January 15, 2009, struck a flock of Canada geese just northeast of the George Washington Bridge and consequently lost all engine power. Unable to reach any airport, pilots Chesley Sullenberger and Jeffrey Skiles glided the plane to a ditching in the Hudson River off Midtown Manhattan. All 155 people aboard were rescued by nearby boats and there were few serious injuries.

The accident came to be known as the "Miracle on the Hudson",[3][4][5] and a National Transportation Safety Board official described it as "the most successful ditching in aviation history."[6] The Board rejected the notion that the pilot could have avoided ditching by returning to LaGuardia or diverting to nearby Teterboro Airport.

The pilots and flight attendants were awarded the Master's Medal of the Guild of Air Pilots and Air Navigators in recognition of their "heroic and unique aviation achievement".[7]

Route, aircraft, crew and passengers

N106US at LaGuardia in 2001

On January 15, 2009, US Airways Flight 1549[lower-alpha 2] with callsign 'CACTUS 1549' was scheduled to fly from New York City's LaGuardia Airport (LGA) to Charlotte Douglas (CLT), with direct onward service to Seattle–Tacoma International Airport in Washington State. The aircraft was an Airbus A320-214 powered by two GE Aviation/Snecma-designed CFM56-5B4/P turbofan engines.[8][lower-alpha 3]

The pilot in command was 57-year-old Chesley B. "Sully" Sullenberger, a former fighter pilot who had been an airline pilot since leaving the United States Air Force in 1980. At the time, he had logged 19,663 total flight hours, including 4,765 in an A320; he was also a glider pilot and expert on aviation safety.[12][13][14] First officer Jeffrey B. Skiles, 49,[13][15][16] had accrued 15,643 career flight hours, but this was his first Airbus A320 assignment since qualifying to fly it.[17] There were 150 passengers and three flight attendants aboard.[1][18]

Accident

Takeoff and bird strike

LaGuardia Runway 4 departure

The flight was cleared for takeoff to the northeast from LaGuardia's Runway 4 at 3:24:56 pm Eastern Standard Time (20:24:56 UTC). With Skiles in control, the crew made its first report after becoming airborne at 3:25:51 as being at 700 feet (210 m) and climbing.[19]

The weather at 2:51 p.m. was 10 miles visibility with broken clouds at 3,700 feet, wind 8 knots from 290°; an hour later it was few clouds at 4,200 feet, wind 9 knots from 310°.[20] At 3:26:37 Sullenberger remarked to Skiles: "What a view of the Hudson today."[21]

The aircraft headed approximately north after takeoff, then wheeled anti-clockwise to follow the Hudson southwards
Flight path flown (red). Alternative trajectories to Teterboro (blue) and back toward La Guardia (purple) were simulated for the investigation.

At 3:27:11 the plane struck a flock of Canada geese at an altitude of 2,818 feet (859 m) about 4.5 miles (7.2 km) north-northwest of LaGuardia. The pilots' view was filled with the large birds;[22][23] passengers and crew heard very loud bangs and saw flames from the engines, followed by silence and an odor of fuel.[24][25][26]

Realizing that both engines had shut down, Sullenberger took control while Skiles worked the checklist for engine restart.[lower-alpha 4][2] The aircraft slowed but continued to climb for a further nineteen seconds, reaching about 3,060 feet (930 m) at an airspeed of about 185 knots (343 km/h; 213 mph), then began a glide descent, accelerating to 210 knots (390 km/h; 240 mph) at 3:28:10 as it descended through 1,650 feet (500 m).

At 3:27:33, Sullenberger radioed a Mayday call to New York Terminal Radar Approach Control (TRACON):[28][29] "... this is Cactus 1539 [sic – correct call sign was Cactus 1549], hit birds. We've lost thrust on both engines. We're turning back towards LaGuardia".[21] Air traffic controller Patrick Harten[30] told LaGuardia's tower to hold all departures, and directed Sullenberger back to Runway 13.[29] Sullenberger responded, "Unable".[29]

Sullenberger asked if they could attempt to land in New Jersey, mentioning Teterboro Airport;[29][31][32] controllers obtained permission for a landing on Teterboro's Runway 1.[32] Sullenberger responded: "We can't do it ... We're gonna be in the Hudson".[31] The aircraft passed less than 900 feet (270 m) above the George Washington Bridge.[33] Sullenberger commanded over the cabin address system, "Brace for impact",[33] and the flight attendants relayed the command to passengers.[34] Meanwhile, air traffic controllers asked the Coast Guard to caution vessels in the Hudson and ask them to prepare to assist with rescue.

Ditching and evacuation

About ninety seconds later, at 3:31 pm, the plane made an unpowered ditching, descending southwards at about 125 knots (140 mph; 230 km/h) into the middle of the North River section of the Hudson tidal estuary, at 40°46′10″N 74°00′17″W / 40.7695°N 74.0046°W / 40.7695; -74.0046[35] roughly opposite West 50th Street (near the Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum) in Manhattan and Port Imperial in Weehawken, New Jersey. Flight attendants compared the ditching to a "hard landing" with "one impact, no bounce, then a gradual deceleration."[31] The ebb tide then began to take the plane southward.[36]

Sullenberger opened the cockpit door and ordered evacuation. The crew began evacuating the passengers through the four overwing window exits and into an inflatable slide/raft deployed from the front right passenger door (the front left slide failed to operate, so the manual inflation handle was pulled). A panicked passenger opened a rear door, which a flight attendant was unable to reseal.[37] Water was also entering a hole in the fuselage and through cargo doors that had come open,[38] so as the water rose the attendant urged passengers to move forward by climbing over seats.[lower-alpha 5] One passenger was in a wheelchair.[40][41] Finally, Sullenberger walked the cabin twice to confirm it was empty.[42][43][44]

The air and water temperatures were about 19 °F (−7 °C) and 41 °F (5 °C) respectively.[20] Some evacuees waited for rescue knee-deep in water on the partially submerged slides, some wearing life-vests. Others stood on the wings or, fearing an explosion, swam away from the plane.[37] One passenger, after helping with the evacuation, found the wing so crowded that he jumped into the river and swam to a boat.[45][31][46]

Rescue

Sullenberger had ditched near boats to facilitate rescue.[19][42] NY Waterway ferries Thomas Jefferson (commanded by Captain Vince Lombardi) and then Governor Thomas H. Kean (commanded by Brittany Catanzaro) both arrived within minutes[47][48] and began taking people aboard using a Jason's cradle. Sullenberger advised the ferry crews to rescue those on the wings first, as they were in more jeopardy than those on the slides, which detached to become life rafts.[33] As the plane drifted, passengers on one slide, fearing that the boat would crush them, shouted for it to steer away.[49] The last person was taken from the plane at 3:55 pm.[50]

About 140 New York City firefighters responded to nearby docks,[51][52][53] as did police, helicopters, and various vessels and divers.[51] Other agencies provided medical help on the Weehawken side of the river, where most passengers were taken.[54]

The half-sunken plane surrounded by boats

Aftermath

The aircraft tied up alongside Battery Park City

There were five serious injuries,[2] including a deep laceration in flight attendant Doreen Welsh's leg.[31][55] Seventy-eight people were treated, mostly for minor injuries[56] and hypothermia,[57] twenty-four passengers and two rescuers treated at hospitals,[58] with two passengers kept overnight. One passenger now wears glasses because of jet fuel damaging his eyes.[45] No pets were being carried on the flight.[59]

Each passenger later received a letter of apology, $5,000 in compensation for lost baggage (and $5,000 more if they could demonstrate larger losses) and refund of the ticket price.[60][61] In May 2009 they received any belongings that had been recovered. In addition, they reported offers of $10,000 each in return for agreeing not to sue US Airways.[62]

Many passengers and rescuers later experienced post-traumatic stress symptoms such as sleeplessness, flashbacks, and panic attacks; some began an email support group.[63] Patrick Harten, the controller who had worked the flight, said that "the hardest, most traumatic part of the entire event was when it was over", and that he was "gripped by raw moments of shock and grief".[64]

In an effort to prevent similar accidents, officials captured and gassed 1,235 Canada geese at 17 locations across New York City in mid-2009 and coated 1,739 goose eggs with oil to smother the developing goslings.[65]

Investigation

The plane being recovered from the river during the night of January 17

The partially submerged plane was moored to a pier near the World Financial Center in Lower Manhattan, roughly 4 miles (6 km) downstream from the ditching location.[34] The left engine, detached by the ditching, was recovered from the riverbed.[66] On January 17 the aircraft was barged[67][68] to New Jersey.[69]

Feather found in left engine

The initial National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) evaluation that the plane had lost thrust after a bird strike[70][71][72] was confirmed by analysis of the cockpit voice and flight data recorders.[73]

It was soon reported that a few days earlier the plane had experienced a less severe compressor stall, and its passengers had been told an emergency landing might be required,[74][75] but the affected engine was restarted. The NTSB later reported that a faulty temperature sensor had been the cause, and that the engine had not been damaged in that incident.[76]

On January 21, the NTSB found evidence of soft-body damage in the right engine along with organic debris including a feather.[77][78] The left engine also evidenced soft body impact, with: "dents on both the spinner and inlet lip of the engine cowling. Five booster inlet guide vanes are fractured and eight outlet guide vanes are missing." Both engines, missing large portions of their housings,[79] were sent to the manufacturer for examination.[80] On January 31, the plane was moved to Kearny, New Jersey. The bird remains[76][81] were later identified by DNA testing to be Canada geese, which typically weigh more than engines are designed to withstand ingesting.[76]

Because the plane was assembled in France[82] the European Aviation Safety Agency (the European counterpart of the FAA) and the Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile (the French counterpart of the NTSB) joined the investigation, with technical assistance from Airbus Industrie and GE Aviation/Snecma, respectively the manufacturers of the airframe and the engines.[83][84]

The NTSB used flight simulators to test the possibility that the flight could have returned safely to LaGuardia or diverted to Teterboro; only seven of the thirteen simulated returns to La Guardia succeeded, and only one of the two to Teterboro.[85] Furthermore, the NTSB report called these simulations unrealistic: "The immediate turn made by the pilots during the simulations did not reflect or account for real-world considerations." A further simulation, conducted with the pilot delayed by 35 seconds, crashed.[86] In testimony before the NTSB, Sullenberger maintained that there had been no time to bring the plane to any airport, and that attempting to do so would likely have killed those onboard and more on the ground.[87]

The Board ultimately ruled that Sullenberger had made the correct decision,[87] reasoning that the checklist for dual-engine failure is designed for higher altitudes, when pilots have more time to deal with the situation, and that while simulations showed that the plane might have just barely made it back to LaGuardia, those scenarios assumed an instant decision to do so, with no time allowed for assessing the situation.[88][89]

The NTSB concluded its investigation on May 4, 2010, identifying the probable cause as "the ingestion of large birds into each engine, which resulted in an almost total loss of thrust in both engines."[86] The final report credited the outcome to four factors: good decision-making and teamwork by the cockpit crew (including decisions to immediately turn on the APU and to ditch in the Hudson); the fact that the A320 is certified for extended overwater operation (and hence carried life vests and additional raft/slides) even though not required for that route; the performance of the flight crew during the evacuation; and the proximity of working vessels to the ditching site. Contributing factors were good visibility and a fast response from the ferry operators and emergency responders. The report also makes a range of recommendations to improve safety in such situations.[90]

N106US on display at Carolinas Aviation Museum

Author and pilot William Langewiesche asserted that insufficient credit was given to the A320's fly-by-wire design, by which the pilot uses a side-stick to make control inputs to the flight control computers. The computers then impose adjustments and limits of their own to keep the plane stable, which the pilot cannot override even in an emergency. This design allowed the pilots of Flight 1549 to concentrate on engine restart and deciding the course, without the burden of manually adjusting the glidepath to reduce the plane's rate of descent.[50] However, Sullenberger said that these computer-imposed limits also prevented him from achieving the optimum landing flare for the ditching, which would have softened the impact.[91]

In 2010, the damaged plane (excluding its engines)[92] was acquired for the Carolinas Aviation Museum in Charlotte, North Carolina,[93] which held a reception on June 11 to commemorate the arrival in Charlotte of the plane's body, with Sullenberger as keynote speaker and the passengers invited.[94][95][96][97]

Crew awards and honors

The reactions of all members of the crew, the split second decision making and the handling of this emergency and evacuation was "text book" and an example to us all. To have safely executed this emergency ditching and evacuation, with the loss of no lives, is a heroic and unique aviation achievement.

—Guild of Air Pilots and Air Navigators citation

An NTSB board member called the ditching "the most successful ... in aviation history. These people knew what they were supposed to do and they did it and as a result, no lives were lost."[98]

The crew, especially Sullenberger, was praised, notably by New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg and New York State Governor David Paterson, who said: "We had a Miracle on 34th Street. I believe now we have had a Miracle on the Hudson."[56][99][100] U.S. President George W. Bush said he was "inspired by the skill and heroism of the flight crew," and praised the emergency responders and volunteers.[101] President-elect Barack Obama said that everyone was proud of Sullenberger's "heroic and graceful job in landing the damaged aircraft." He thanked the crew, whom he invited, along with those who had helped ensure the safety of everyone aboard, to his inauguration five days later.[102][103]

The Guild of Air Pilots and Air Navigators awarded the crew a Master's Medal on January 22, 2009; this is awarded only rarely, for outstanding aviation achievements at the discretion of the Master of the Guild.[7] New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg presented the crew with the Keys to the City, and Sullenberger with a replacement copy of a library book lost on the flight, Sidney Dekker's Just Culture: Balancing Safety and Accountability.[104] Rescuers received Certificates of Honor.[105]

The crew received a standing ovation at the Super Bowl XLIII on February 1, 2009,[106] and Sullenberger threw out the first pitch at the 2009 Major League Baseball season for the San Francisco Giants. His Giants' jersey was inscribed with the name "Sully" and the number 155 – the count of people aboard the plane.[107]

On July 28, passengers Dave Sanderson and Barry Leonard organized a thank you luncheon for emergency responders from Hudson County, New Jersey, on the shores of Palisades Medical Center in North Bergen, New Jersey, where 57 passengers had been brought following their rescue, a mile north of the landing site. Present were members from the U.S. Coast Guard, North Hudson Regional Fire and Rescue, NY Waterway Ferries, the American Red Cross, Weehawken Volunteer First Aid, the Weehawken Police Department, West New York E.M.S., North Bergen E.M.S., the Hudson County Office of Emergency Management, the New Jersey E.M.S. Task Force, the Guttenberg Police Department, McCabe Ambulance, the Harrison Police Department, and doctors and nurses who treated survivors for hypothermia and other injuries following the accident.[108][109]

Sullenberger was named Grand Marshal for the 2010 Tournament of Roses Parade in Pasadena, California.

In August 2010, Jeppesen issued an approach plate titled "Hudson Miracle APCH," dedicated to the five crew of Flight 1549 and annotated "Presented with Pride and Gratitude from your friends at Jeppesen."[110]

Sullenberger retired on March 3, 2010, after thirty years with US Airways and its predecessor. At the end of his final flight he was reunited with Skiles and a number of the passengers from Flight 1549.[111]

The accident, within a heavily populated city during daylight at the start of evening rush hour, was unusual in leaving a real-time video and photographic record.[112] Video was recorded by several closed-circuit television cameras. Various television reports and documentaries produced soon afterwards contained extensive video of the ditching and rescue, and recorded interviews with the aircrew, passengers, rescuers, and other key participants. These included:

The crash was featured in the Discovery Channel (Canada) / National Geographic TV series Mayday on the episode Hudson Splash Down.[122] It was also recreated in a National Geographic Channel TV special titled "Miracle Landing on the Hudson,"[123] and in the United Kingdom for a Channel 5 special in 2011.[124]

Garrison Keillor honored the entire flight crew by writing a song and performing it on his show, A Prairie Home Companion.[125]

The ditching is referenced in the song "A Real Hero" by College and Electric Youth, best known from the 2011 movie Drive. The lyrics of the second verse describe the water landing and the survival of the passengers and crew, as well alluding to the freezing river.[126]

Sullenberger is referenced in the 2011 romantic comedy Friends with Benefits. Throughout the film, Justin Timberlake's character suggests that modern airplanes practically fly themselves, and that Sullenberger's feat was less impressive than portrayed, but is met with incredulity and hostility. Mila Kunis's character is seen reading Sullenberger's English Wikipedia article.[127][128][129]

Sullenberger's memoir, Highest Duty: My Search for What Really Matters was adapted into a feature film Sully: Miracle on the Hudson, directed by Clint Eastwood,[130] with Tom Hanks as Sullenberger and Aaron Eckhart as co-pilot Jeff Skiles.[131] It was released by Warner Bros. on September 9, 2016.[132]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ A serious injury is defined as any injury that (1) requires hospitalization for more than 48 hours, starting within seven days from the date that the injury was received; (2) results in a fracture of any bone, except simple fractures of fingers, toes, or the nose; (3) causes severe hemorrhages or nerve, muscle, or tendon damage; (4) involves any internal organ; or (5) involves second- or third-degree burns or any burns affecting more than 5 percent of the body surface. A minor injury is defined as any injury that does not qualify as a fatal or serious injury. 49 CFR 830.2
  2. ↑ AWE1549, also designated under a Star Alliance codeshare agreement as United Airlines Flight 1919 UA1919.
  3. ↑ Delivered in 1999,[9] the plane, registered N106US, was one of 74 A320s then in service at US Airways.[10] At the time of the accident its airframe had logged 16,299 flights totaling 25,241 flight hours; and the engines 19,182 and 26,466 hours. The last "A Check" (performed every 550 flight hours) was passed on December 6, 2008, and the last C Check (annual comprehensive inspection) on April 19, 2008.[8][11]
  4. ↑ The engines are the primary source of electrical and hydraulic power for the aircraft flight control systems,[27] but an auxiliary power unit (APU) can provide backup electrical power, and a ram air turbine (RAT) can be deployed into the airstream to provide backup hydraulic pressure and electrical power at certain speeds.[27] Both the APU and RAT were operating as the plane descended onto the river.[27]
  5. ↑ The Airbus A320 has a control that closes valves and other openings in the fuselage, in order to slow flooding after a water landing,[39] but the pilots did not activate it.[31] Sullenberger later said this would have made little difference since the water impact tore substantial holes in the fuselage.[17]

References

  1. 1 2 "US Airways Flight 1549 Update # 3" (Press release). US Airways. January 15, 2009. Archived from the original on January 19, 2009. Retrieved January 15, 2009.
  2. 1 2 3 Loss of Thrust in Both Engines After Encountering a Flock of Birds and Subsequent Ditching on the Hudson River: US Airways Flight 1549 (PDF) (Report). National Transportation Safety Board. May 4, 2010.
  3. ↑ "Live Flight Track Log (AWE1549) 15-Jan-2009 KLGA-KLGA". Flightaware. January 15, 2009. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
  4. ↑ "US Airways Flight 1549 Initial Report" (Press release). US Airways. January 15, 2009. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
  5. ↑ "US Airways Flight 1549 Update # 2" (Press release). US Airways. January 15, 2009. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
  6. ↑ Olshan, Jeremy; Livingston, Ikumulisa (January 17, 2009). "Quiet Air Hero Is Captain America". New York Post. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
  7. 1 2 Turner, Celia. "US Airways Flight 1549 Crew receive prestigious Guild of Air Pilots and Air Navigators Award" (PDF). Guild of Air Pilots and Air Navigators. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 22, 2009. Retrieved April 30, 2014.
  8. 1 2 "Factbox-Downed US Airways plane had 16,000 take-offs". Thomson Reuters. January 18, 2009. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
  9. ↑ "N-Number Inquiry Results". Federal Aviation Administration. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
  10. ↑ "US Airways – Details and Fleet History". Planespotters.net. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
  11. ↑ "US Airways Flight 1549 Update #7." US Airways. January 16, 2009. Retrieved on June 11, 2009.
  12. ↑ Goldman, Russell (January 15, 2009). "US Airways Hero Pilot Searched Plane Twice Before Leaving". ABC News. Retrieved February 11, 2009.
  13. 1 2 Mangan, Dan (January 16, 2009). "Hero Pilots Disabled Plane to Safety". New York Post. Retrieved February 11, 2009.{{subst:dead link}}
  14. ↑ Westfeldt, Amy; Long, Colleen; James, Susan (January 15, 2009). "Hudson River Hero Is Ex-Air Force Fighter Pilot". Time. Associated Press. Retrieved February 11, 2009.
  15. ↑ "Family of copilot from Hudson River plane crash speaks". Charleston, South Carolina: WCBD-TV. January 16, 2009. Retrieved February 11, 2009.
  16. ↑ Forster, Stacy (January 16, 2009). "Co-pilot braved frigid waters to retrieve vests for passengers". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved February 11, 2009.
  17. 1 2 "Sully's Tale". Air & Space magazine. Retrieved February 23, 2009.
  18. ↑ "US Airways flight 1549 Airline releases crew information". US Airways. January 16, 2009. Archived at Internet Archive. Retrieved May 30, 2014.
  19. 1 2 "US Airways #1549". FlightAware. January 15, 2009. Retrieved January 15, 2009.
  20. 1 2 "Aircraft Accident Report" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. sec. meteorological information. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
  21. 1 2 "NTSB Report US Airways Flight 1549 Water Landing Hudson River January 15, 2009" (PDF).
  22. ↑ "US Airways Flight 1549 lifted out of river; flight recorders head to D.C." NJ.com, Associated Press(January 18, 2009)
  23. ↑ "Flight 1549 Crew: Birds Filled Windshield" AVweb (January 18, 2009)
  24. ↑ Wald, Matthew L.; Baker, Al (January 18, 2009). "1549 to Tower: "We're Gonna End Up in the Hudson"". The New York Times. p. A29. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
  25. ↑ Trotta, Daniel; Crawley, John (January 15, 2009). "New York hails pilot who landed jetliner on river". Thomson Reuters. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
  26. ↑ "Turbofan Engine Malfunction Recognition and Response Final Report" (DOC). Federal Aviation Administration. July 17, 2001. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
  27. 1 2 3 Pasztor, Andy; Carey, Susan (January 20, 2009). "Backup System Helped Pilot Control Jet". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
  28. ↑ Wald, Matthew L. (February 5, 2009). "Was Flight 1549's Pilot Fearful? If So, His Voice Didn't Let On". The New York Times. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
  29. 1 2 3 4 Sniffen, Michael J. (January 16, 2009). "Pilot rejected 2 airport landings". San Francisco Chronicle. Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 17, 2009. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
  30. ↑ Lowy, Joan; Sniffen, Michael J. (February 24, 2009). "Controller Thought Plane That Ditched Was Doomed". ABC News. Archived from the original on February 26, 2009. Retrieved February 24, 2009.
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Neumeister, Larry; Caruso, David B.; Goldman, Adam; Long, Colleen (January 17, 2009). "NTSB: Pilot landed in Hudson to avoid catastrophe". Fox News. Associated Press. Retrieved Aug 1, 2013. It all happened so fast, the crew never threw the aircraft's "ditch switch," which seals off vents and holes in the fuselage to make it more seaworthy.
  32. 1 2 "Memorandum: Full Transcript: Aircraft Accident, AWE1549, New York City, NY, January 15, 2009" (PDF). Federal Aviation Administration. June 19, 2009. p. 4. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
  33. 1 2 3 Brooks, Mike; Meserve, Jeanne; Ahlers, Mike (January 15, 2009). "Airplane crash-lands into Hudson River; all aboard reported safe". CNN. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
  34. 1 2 Fausset, Richard; Muskal, Michael (January 16, 2009). "US Airways investigation focuses on missing engines". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 18, 2009. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
  35. ↑ Belson, Ken (January 15, 2009). "Updates From Plane Rescue in Hudson River". The New York Times. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
  36. ↑ McFadden, Robert D. (January 15, 2009). "Pilot Is Hailed After Jetliner's Icy Plunge". The New York Times. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
  37. 1 2 Presenters: Katie Couric, Steve Kroft (February 8, 2009). "Hero pilot, Plane, Coldplay". 60 Minutes. Season 40. Los Angeles. CBS. KCBS-TV.
  38. ↑ McCartney, Scott (March 25, 2009). "It's Sully, Don't Hang Up". WSJ Blogs. Retrieved April 3, 2009.
  39. ↑ Ostrower, Jon (January 17, 2009). "The Airbus Ditching Button". Flight International. Reed Business Information. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
  40. ↑ Tom Petri, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Aviation of the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, U.S. House of Representatives, page 69, February 11, 2009.
  41. ↑ Rockoff, Jonathan D.; Holmes, Elisabeth (January 16, 2009). "Pilot Lands Jet on Hudson, Saving All Aboard". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved January 31, 2014.
  42. 1 2 McLaughlin, Martin (January 17, 2009). "The world needed a hero. The pilot of the Hudson River air crash answered the call". The Scotsman. Edinburgh: Johnston Press. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
  43. ↑ Wilson, Michael; Buettner, Russ (January 16, 2009). "After Splash, Nerves, Heroics and Comedy". The New York Times. p. A1. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
  44. ↑ Curkin, Scott; Monek, Bob (January 17, 2009). "Miracle on the Hudson River". WABC-TV. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
  45. 1 2 "Hero on the Hudson Five years later 'miracle' survivor describes his experience for local audience.". www.hudsonreporter.com. Retrieved May 27, 2016.
  46. ↑ Science Aids Hudson Rescue Workers U.S. Department of Homeland Security
  47. ↑ Kindergan, Ashley (January 16, 2009). "Young captain reacts like 'seasoned pro'". NorthJersey.com. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
  48. ↑ Pyle, Richard (January 18, 2009). "Commuter ferries to rescue in NYC crash landing". The Boston Globe, RealClearPolitics. Associated Press. Archived from the original on June 3, 2013. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
  49. 1 2 "Miracle of the Hudson Plane Crash". Channel 4. Retrieved February 20, 2009.
  50. 1 2 William Langewiesche (February 7, 2010). "The miracle plane crash-landing on the Hudson River". The Sunday Times. London. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
  51. 1 2 Schuster, Karla; Bleyer, Bill; Chang, Sophia; DeStefano, Anthony M.; Lam, Chau; Mason, Bill; McGowan, Carl; Parascandola, Rocco; Strickler, Andrew (January 16, 2009). "Commuter ferries, passengers aid in crash victim rescues". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
  52. ↑ Heightman, A.J. (January 15, 2009). "Airplane Crash Showcases Emergency Readiness". Journal of Emergency Medical Services. Elsevier. Retrieved August 1, 2013.
  53. ↑ Wilson, Michael; Baker, Al (January 15, 2009). "A Quick Rescue Kept Death Toll at Zero". The New York Times. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
  54. ↑ Applebome, Peter (January 18, 2009). "A Small Town's Recurring Role as a Rescue Beacon". The New York Times. Retrieved November 28, 2010.
  55. ↑ ""A Testament to Experienced Airline Flight Personnel Doing Their Jobs". Flight Attendant Medical Research Institute (FAMRI). Retrieved May 29, 2014.
  56. 1 2 "Pilot hailed for 'Hudson miracle'". BBC. January 16, 2009. Retrieved January 16, 2009.
  57. ↑ Smith, Robert; Block, Melissa (February 12, 2009). "Passengers Treated For Hypothermia". All Things Considered. National Public Radio. Retrieved January 15, 2009.
  58. ↑ "DCA09MA026". National Transportation Safety Board. Archived from the original on February 21, 2009. Retrieved March 6, 2009.
  59. ↑ Feuer, Alan (January 16, 2009). "Odd Sight, Well Worth a Walk in the Cold". The New York Times. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
  60. ↑ Fahim, Kareem (January 21, 2009). "$5,000 to Each Passenger on Crashed Jet for Lost Bags". The New York Times. Retrieved March 6, 2009.
  61. ↑ "A.I.G. Balks at Claims From Jet Ditching in Hudson". The New York Times. June 11, 2009. Retrieved June 12, 2009.
  62. ↑ McGeehan, Patrick (May 18, 2009). "Passengers, Here Are Your Bags". The New York Times. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
  63. ↑ Bill Hewitt, Nicole Weisenssee Egan, Diane Herbst, Tiffany McGee and Shermakaye Bass. "Flight 1549: The Right Stuff" People magazine; February 23, 2009; Pages 60–66
  64. ↑ Robbins, Liz (February 24, 2009). "Air Traffic Controller Tells Gripping Tale of Hudson Landing". The New York Times. Retrieved March 7, 2009.
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  74. ↑ Abbie Boudreau; Scott Zamost (January 19, 2009). "Report on Earlier Flight 1549 Scare". CNN. Retrieved January 20, 2009.
  75. ↑ "NY crash jet had earlier problem". BBC News. January 20, 2009. Retrieved January 20, 2009.
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  82. ↑ "ICAO Annex 13 Appendix".
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  85. ↑ "Loss of Thrust in Both Engines After Encountering a Flock of Birds and Subsequent Ditching on the Hudson River US Airways Flight 1549 Airbus A320‐214, N106US Weehawken, New Jersey January 15, 2009" (PDF). NTSB. 4 May 2010.
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  87. 1 2 Dodd, Johnny (September 19, 2016). "After the Miracle", People, pp 87-88.
  88. ↑ Paur, Jason (May 5, 2010). "Sullenberger Made the Right Move, Landing in the Hudson". Wired.
  89. ↑ Yang, Carter (May 4, 2010). "NTSB: Sully Could Have Made it Back to LaGuardia". CBS News.
  90. ↑ "Aircraft Accident Report: Loss of Thrust in Both Engines After Encountering a Flock of Birds and Subsequent Ditching on the Hudson River, US Airways Flight 1549, Airbus A320-214, N106US, Weehawken, New Jersey, January 15, 2015" (PDF). AAR1003.pdf. NTSB. 4 May 2010. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  91. ↑ Sully Sullenberger: "Making a Difference" Talks at Google, 2012, (40:23) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cKuw49KBywA
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  98. ↑ http://www.travelthruhistory.tv/miracle-hudson
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  101. ↑ "Statement by the President on Plane Crash in New York City" (Press release). Office of the Press Secretary. The White House. January 15, 2009.
  102. ↑ "Chesley B. Sully Sullenberger Praised By Obama". Huffington Post. January 16, 2009. Retrieved January 17, 2009.
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  105. ↑ "Mayor Bloomberg and US Airways Chief Executive Officer Doug Parker Honor Civilian and Uniformed Rescuers from Flight 1549". City of New York. Retrieved January 28, 2009.
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US Airways press releases

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