Jarosław Dąbrowski

Jarosław Dąbrowski

Jarosław Żądło-Dąbrowski, herbu Radwan
Nickname(s) Żądło, Łokietek
Born (1836-11-13)13 November 1836
Żytomierz, Volhynian governorate, Russian Empire
Died 23 May 1871(1871-05-23) (aged 34)
Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, Île-de-France province, France
Allegiance Russian Empire
Congress Poland
Central National Committee
Polish National Government
1871 Government of Paris
Service/branch Imperial Russian Army
Central National Committee
Communards
National Guard
Rank Stabs-kapitan / Staff captain and Quartermaster assigned to 6th Infantry Division of the Imperial Russian Army
Insurgent leader
Commander-in-chief / General
Commands held Insurgent leader:
January Uprising
Commander-in-chief/General:
Army of the 1871 Government of Paris
(Communards, National Guard)
Battles/wars Caucasian War
January Uprising
Paris Commune

Jarosław Żądło-Dąbrowski (Polish pronunciation: [jaˈrɔswaf dɔmˈbrɔfskʲi], also known as Jaroslav Dombrowski; 13 November 1836 – 23 May 1871) was a Polish nobleman and military officer in the Imperial Russian Army, a left-wing independence activist for Poland, and general and military commander of the 1871 Siege and Commune of Paris.[1] He was a participant in the Polish 1863 January Uprising and one of the leaders [2] of the "Red" faction among the insurrectionists as a member of the Central National Committee (Komitet Centralny Narodowy) and the Polish Provisional National Government (Tymczasowy Rząd Narodowy).

Biography

Youth

House in Żytomierz where Jarosław: Żądło-Dąbrowski was born; in 1836 - 10 Mala Berdychivska Street, Żytomierz, Volhynian governorate, Russian Empire

Dąbrowski was born during the Partitions of Poland in Żytomierz, in the Volhynian governorate of the Russian Empire, in what is now Ukraine. He was the offspring of the old Polish noble family Żądło-Dąbrowski z Dąbrówki h. Radwan.[3][4][5][6] He bore the Clan Radwan arms. His father was Wiktor Żądło-Dąbrowski, coat-of-arms Radwan. His mother was Zofia née Falkenhagen-Zaleska.[7]

Military career

Jarosław: Żądło-Dąbrowski, herbu Radwan; 1861

In 1845 at age 9, Dąbrowski joined the Imperial Russian Army, enrolling in the officer training corp at the Brest-Litovsk Fortress, where he spent 8 years. He graduated from the St. Petersburg Cadet Corps in 1855. He fought as a Russian officer against mountaineer uprisings in the Caucasian War. In 1859 he enrolled in the General Staff Academy in St. Petersburg. There he was one of the leaders of the secret "Officers' Committee of the First Army". Members included several hundred Russian and Polish officers, cooperating with the revolutionary "Zemlya i Volya" (Land and Liberty) movement. (Lerski 1996, p. 103). He became involved in the preparation of the January Uprising, but was arrested on 14 August 1862, and exiled to Siberia for his participation in a plot against the Tsar, Alexander II. In 1865, he escaped and fled to France.

On the barricades in Paris

General Jarosław Dąbrowski caricatured in Le Père Duchesne Illustré: "Un bon bougre!... Nom de Dieu!..." ("A Good Guy!... For God's Sake!/Jesus Christ!/Goddammit!..."); May 1871
Jarosław Dąbrowski's Radwan coat of arms/herb
Mortally wounded on the barricades, death: JAROSŁAW RADWAN ŻĄDŁO DĄBROWSKI, General of the 1871 Siege and Commune of Paris; Paris, France; May 1871; Photographer - AMAND DARLOT
Jarosław Dąbrowski memorial in Żytomierz, Ukraine

In early March 1871, following months of siege by the Prussians, and social unrest after the Franco-Prussian War, revolution broke out in Paris. The city declared itself independent of the French National Government, calling itself the Paris Commune. Parisians – calling themselves Communards – took immediate steps to defend themselves against the Prussians (who were still in the vicinity) and against the deposed Monarchists, seeking a return to Louis Napoleon's Third Empire. By this time, Dąbrowski had been elected to the Council of the Paris Commune, using the nom de guerre, Jaroslav Dombrowski.[8] When negotiations with the National Government broke down, he became Commander-in-Chief and started organising its defence. Mortally wounded on the barricades, he died on 23 May 1871, in the Lariboisière Hospital of his adopted city. After he was killed, the Communards presented arms with un-communard precision.[9] The Commune itself fell on 28 May 1871. The subsequent massacres of the Communards by the French National Government shocked liberal society throughout Europe.[10]

Legacy

Josef Tabachnyk's memorial on the house where Jarosław Dąbrowski was born: 10 Mala Berdychivska Street, Zhytomyr, Ukraine

Several schools and roads are named after him in Poland; among them most notable is the Military University of Technology in Warsaw.[11] In the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), – the Dabrowski Battalion and various Brigade-strength units (known in Polish as the Dąbrowszczacy) – were named in his honour. See Polish Volunteers in the Spanish Civil War.

See also

References

  1. ↑ (Zdrada 1973, p. 9).
  2. ↑ Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness. Taylor & Francis. September 20, 2007. p. 160.
  3. ↑ Zdrada, Jerzy (1973). Jarosław Dąbrowski 1836-1871. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie. pp. 9–10. Jarosław Radwan Żądło Dąbrowski urodzil się 13 listopada 1836 roku Żytomierzu na Wołyniu. Rodzina Dąbrowskich wywodziła się z Mazowsza, najprawdopodobniej ze wsi Dąbrówka pod Piasecznem w ziemi warszawskiej. Notują ją herbarze szlacheckie od XV wieku, ale była to zawsze szlachta dość uboga, w niektórych tylko okresach dochodząca do pewnej zamożności. Nigdy też nie dostąpili Dąbrowscy ważniejszych urzędów i godności, zadowalając się w latach istnienia Rzeczypospolitej komornictwami, skarbnikostwem, wojskostwem, miecznikostwem czy stolnikostwem. Nie brak też było w rodzinie duchownych. Rozrastającemu się rodowi Żądło-Dąbrowskich szybko zrobiło się ciasno na ubogim Mazowszu. W ciągu XVI i XVII wieku zaczęto się przenosić, głównie dzięki małżeństwom, w inne zakątki Rzeczypospolitej. Tym też sposobem jedna z gałęzi rodu Dąbrowskich w końcu XVIII wieku zakorzeniła się na Wołyniu. ... Matka Zofia z Falkenhagen-Zaleskich pochodziła ze spolszczonej od dawna rodziny inflanckiej i była siostrą Piotra Falkenhagen-Zaleskiego, emigranta z 1831 roku, cenionego ekonomisty tych czasów. Przez żonę Piotra, Marię z Korzeniowskich, byli Dąbrowscy spowinowaceni ze znanym pisarzem Józefem Korzeniowskim.
  4. ↑ Okolski, herbu Rawicz, Szymon (15 September 1643). "RADWAN alias WIRBO". ORBIS POLONUS (in Latin). Kraków, Kraków voivodeship, Lesser Poland province, Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania: Franciscus Caesarius. II: 564. Archived from the original on 8 June 2017. Retrieved 8 June 2017. LINEA FAMILIAE RADWAN
  5. ↑ Okolski, herbu Rawicz, Szymon (15 September 1643). "RADWAN alias WIRBOW". ORBIS POLONUS (in Latin). Kraków, Kraków voivodeship, Lesser Poland province, Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania: Franciscus Caesarius. II: 572. Archived from the original on 8 June 2017. Retrieved 8 June 2017. Dąbrowfcij, cognominati Zedlowie ...
  6. ↑ Boniecki (Fredro-Boniecki), herbu Bończa, Adam Józef Feliks (1901). "DĄBROWSCY h. RADWAN z Dąbrówki" (online book). Herbarz Polski - Część I.; Wiadomości Historyczno-Genealogiczne O Rodach Szlacheckich. Warsaw, Warsaw governorate, Vistula land (Russian POLAND), Russian Empire: Gebethner i Wolff. IV.: 147. DĄBROWSCY h. RADWAN z Dąbrówki pod Piasecznem, w ziemi warszawskiej, w różnych stronach osiedli, przeważnie w ziemi rożańskiej. Przydomek ich „Żądło“. Żyjący w połowie XV-go wieku Jakób z Dąbrówki, ...
  7. ↑ (Zdrada 1973, pp. 9–10).
  8. ↑ Petit Robert: Noms Propres
  9. ↑ Horne, Alistair. The Fall of Paris. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 380.
  10. ↑ (Billington 1980, p. 613)
  11. ↑ "Wojskowa Akademia Techniczna Warszawa ul. Gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2". szkolnictwo.pl.

Bibliography

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