Japanese frigate Kaiyō Maru
 | |
| History | |
|---|---|
 Tokugawa Shogunate | |
| Name: | Kaiyō Maru |
| Ordered: | 1863 |
| Builder: | C.Gips and Sons, Dordrecht, Netherlands |
| Laid down: | August 1863 |
| Launched: | 3 November 1865 |
| Commissioned: | 10 September 1866 |
| Fate: | Became part of navy of Ezo Republic 1868 |
| History | |
 Ezo Republic | |
| Name: | Kaiyō Maru |
| Acquired: | 1868 |
| Fate: | Wrecked 15 November 1868 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type: | Frigate |
| Displacement: | 2,590 long tons (2,632 t) |
| Length: | 72.2 m (236 ft 11 in) o/a |
| Beam: | 13.04 m (42 ft 9 in) |
| Draught: | 6.4 m (21 ft) |
| Propulsion: | Coal-fired auxiliary steam engine, 400 hp |
| Sail plan: |
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| Speed: | 10 knots (12 mph; 19 km/h) |
| Armament: |
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Kaiyō Maru (開陽丸) was one of Japan's first modern warships, a frigate powered by both sails and steam. She was built in the Netherlands, and served in the Boshin War as part of the navy of the Tokugawa shogunate, and later as part of the navy of the Republic of Ezo. She was wrecked on 15 November 1868, off Esashi, Hokkaido, Japan.
Construction and design
Kaiyō Maru was ordered in 1863, and built by Cornelis Gips and Sons, in Dordrecht, Netherlands, for a sum of 831,200 guilders.[1] Her construction was overseen by a Japanese military mission under Uchida Masao and Akamatsu Noriyoshi.[2] She was launched in October of 1866,[3] and arrived in Japan in November of the same year.[4] She was the largest wooden warship ever built by a Dutch shipyard at the time.[5] She was 240 feet (73 m) long.[1]
Career
In January 1868 Kaiyō Maru was engaged in a battle off of Awaji, where she, Emperor, and Fujiyama battled against the Satsuma Navy's Lotus, Kang Su, and Scotland. In this battle Scotland was sunk off the coast of Awa.[6]
In late January of 1868, Kaiyō Maru, Kanrin Maru, Hōō Maru, and five other modern ships fled to Hokkaido, under Admiral Enomoto Takeaki. They carried a handful of French military advisors, and their leader Jules Brunet. While in Hokkaido, they became a part of the navy of the short-lived Ezo Republic, founded by Enomoto Takeaki.[7] Kaiyō Maru became the flagship of the navy of the Ezo Republic, but she soon was wrecked off Esashi, Hokkaido, Japan, during a storm on 15 November 1868.[8]
Salvage
The guns and ship chandlery of the Kaiyō Maru were discovered on the seafloor on August 14, 1968 by the submarine Yomiurigo. Further remains were discovered but project financing prevented the salvage at that time however several items were recovered in 1969. Dives were conducted in August 1974 that confirmed a need for excavation of the extensive remains. Full scale excavation of the wreck from a depth of 15 meters began in June 1975. The salvage of portions of the wreck located in the open sea were completed in seven years. The inland portions of the wreck were slowed by poor visibility. Costs for the salvage totaled over 3 million yen by 1985.[9] Desalinization of the recovered artifacts began upon recovery.[10] A replica of the Kaiyō Maru was constructed in 1990. She is now on display at the docks in Esashi and has become a tourist attraction showing the salvaged remains of the original ship.[11]
References
Citations
- 1 2 Fogel, Reischauer & Rapoport 1979, p. 6.
- ↑ Otterspeer 1989, p. 367.
- ↑ Catharinus et al. 1970, p. 62.
- ↑ Torimoto 2016, p. 27.
- ↑ Blussé, Remmelink & Smits 2000, p. 183.
- ↑ Morris 1906, p. 80.
- ↑ Keene 2010, pp. 126–127.
- ↑ Black 1881, pp. 238–239.
- ↑ Ruins on the ocean floor.
- ↑ Marr 1970, p. 39.
- ↑ Irish 2009, p. 102.
Books
- Black, John Reddie (1881). Young Japan: Yokohama and Yedo. Trubner & Company. ISBN 9781354805008.
- Blussé, Leonard; Remmelink, Willem; Smits, Ivo (2000). Bridging the Divide: 400 Years, the Netherlands–Japan. Leiden: Hotei Publishing. ISBN 978-9074822244.
- Catharinus, Johannes Lijdius; Meerdervoort, Pompe van; Pino, E.; Bowers, John Z. (1970). Doctor on Desima: Selected Chapters from J.L.C. Pompe van Meerdervoort's Vijf Jaren in Japan [Five Years in Japan] (41st ed.). Sophia University. p. 62. OCLC 1287231.
- Fogel, Joshua; Reischauer, Edwin O.; Rapoport, Mitchell (1979). Japan '79: A New York Times Survey. New York: Arno Press. ISBN 9780405117534.
- Irish, Ann B. (2009). Hokkaido: A History of Ethnic Transition and Development on Japan's Northern Island. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co. ISBN 9780786454655.
- Keene, Donald (2010). Emperor of Japan Meiji and His World, 1852–1912. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231518116.
- Morris, J. (1906). Makers of Japan. Methuen & Company. ISBN 9781290943482.
- Marr, John C. (1970). The Kuroshio: A Symposium on the Japan Current. Honolulu: East-West Center Press. ISBN 9780824800901.
- Otterspeer, Willem (1989). Leiden Oriental Connections 1850–1940. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-09022-3.
- Torimoto, Ikuko (2016). Okina Kyuin and the Politics of Early Japanese Immigration to the United States, 1868–1924. McFarland. ISBN 9781476627342.
Journals
- Araki, S (1985). "Ruins on the ocean floor (Salvaging the Kaiyo Maru).". In: Mitchell, CT (ed). Diving for Science…1985. Proceedings of the Joint American Academy of Underwater Sciences and Confederation Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques annual scientific diving symposium 31 October – 3 November 1985 La Jolla, California, USA. Retrieved 2012-04-05.
External links
- A replica of the Kaiyō Maru in Esashi (in Japanese)
| Shipwrecks |
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|---|---|
| Other incidents |
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1867   1869 | |
Coordinates: 41°51′57″N 140°07′02″E / 41.8658°N 140.1172°E