January 2008 tornado outbreak

January 2008 tornado outbreak

EF3 tornado damage in Wheatland, Wisconsin.
Type	Tornado outbreak
Duration	January 7–11, 2008
Tornadoes confirmed	72 confirmed
Max rating1	EF3 tornado
Duration of tornado outbreak2	3 days, 11 hours, 48 minutes
Damage	$88 million (+ $41 million non–tornadic)[1]
Casualties	4 deaths, 62 injuries
Areas affected	Central and Southern United States
1Most severe tornado damage; see Enhanced Fujita scale 2Time from first tornado to last tornado

The January 2008 tornado outbreak was an unseasonably strong tornado outbreak that began on January 7, 2008 and continued for nearly four days, with the hardest hit area being southwestern Missouri, northwestern Arkansas and the surrounding area. In addition, a strong supercell in northern Illinois and southeastern Wisconsin produced that region's first January tornadoes since 1967.^[2]

More tornadoes occurred across the Mississippi Valley on January 8 and after a break in the activity on January 9, another round of severe weather took place in the Southern United States (primarily Alabama and Mississippi) on January 10. Several damaging tornadoes were reported that day, although no one was killed. In total, over the four-day period, 72 tornadoes were confirmed and four people were killed.

Meteorological synopsis

An unseasonably warm air mass was entrenched over much of central and eastern North America with record highs for much of the region. Several record high temperatures were broken across several states and Canadian provinces from January 7 to January 9 as temperatures rose into the 70s (21–25 °C) as far north as the Ohio Valley with dewpoints in the high 50s and low 60s (14–17 °C) providing additional fuel for storm development.

In addition, many areas near the Great Lakes region reached the mid to upper 60s (17–20 °C) which allowed the northern cells to form, while several areas in southern Ontario and Quebec near the Canada-US border reached near 60 °F (16 °C).^[3][4]

Tornado tracks across Southern Missouri on January 7–8 (Courtesy of NWS Springfield, Missouri)

A strong low-pressure area over the central Great Lakes and its associated cold front combined with intense wind shear to provide a favorable environment for supercell development.^[5] Despite only moderate instability (which meant only a slight risk of severe weather was issued by the Storm Prediction Center, and only modest probabilities for severe weather at first^[6]), supercells developed throughout the day over much of the central US and continued throughout the evening and overnight hours, continuing into the morning of January 8. The hardest-hit area was in the Ozarks, around Springfield, Missouri, where nearly continuous supercells developed throughout the evening, resulting in numerous tornado touchdowns. In addition to the tornadoes, hail larger than baseballs and damaging straight-line downburst winds as strong as 100 mph (160 km/h) were reported. At least three people were killed in Missouri as a result of the tornadoes. Two of these deaths occurred near Marshfield and there were also six injuries.^[7]

Strong tornadoes also touched down further north near Chicago and Milwaukee causing extensive damage along the Wisconsin/Illinois border as well as several injuries. Strong cells and lines also formed in Michigan prompting rare tornado warnings across central parts of Lower Michigan.^[8] Scattered thunderstorms were reported in Northern, Central and Southern Ontario on the evening of January 7.^[9] Tornado watches extended from eastern Oklahoma to southwestern Ontario on January 7.^[10]

SPC Severe Weather Forecast for January 10, 2008 showing the moderate risk area. (Courtesy of NWS Birmingham, Alabama)

Activity shifted across the Mid-Mississippi Valley on January 8 where tornado watches were issued across Arkansas and Tennessee and later extended across the Ohio Valley to near Columbus, Ohio and Dayton, Ohio until the early morning hours on January 9. A strong tornado in Pope County, Arkansas killed person and additional tornadoes were reported just west of Memphis. During the day, most of the activity was formed into a line that extended from the Ohio Valley to Alabama although thunderstorm-related wind damage was reported as far north as upstate New York and western Pennsylvania.

After a lull in activity on January 9, a separate system across the Southern United States led to more severe weather, including tornadoes, on January 10. A moderate risk of severe weather was issued by the Storm Prediction Center.

NEXRAD view of a supercell producing an EF3 tornado near Caledonia, Mississippi, displaying relative velocity on the left, and base reflectivity on the right. (Courtesy of NWS Jackson, Mississippi)

Storms developed across Louisiana and Mississippi during the morning and noon periods moving into Alabama with additional storms developing as far north as central and eastern Kentucky where a tornado watch was issued stretching down towards eastern Louisiana and later into Georgia. Multiple strong tornadoes affected Mississippi, Tennessee, and Alabama that evening, including an EF3 that severely damaged the town of Caledonia, Mississippi. More stable air farther east reduced the severe weather potential. Wintry weather including snow, sleet and freezing rain on the northern side of the storm was reported from Wisconsin to Maine on January 10–11. Overall, this outbreak killed four people and injured at least 62 others.

Tornadoes confirmed

The Enhanced Fujita Scale

January 7 event

January 8 event

January 10 event

January 11 event

Non-tornadic events

An image of a snowman taken three weeks prior to the melt.

The storm system was also responsible for heavy flooding rains across much of the Midwest from Michigan to Missouri as well as dense fog across Wisconsin, Ontario and Quebec which was caused by rapid snow melt stemming from the January thaw.^[86] flooding was reported across several towns and roads which forced the evacuation of some residents. Record-breaking temperatures were reported all across Southern Ontario and surrounding areas.^{[87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97]} The thick fog lead to numerous accidents including two pile-ups involving in total 100 vehicles on Interstate 90 near Madison, Wisconsin which killed at least two and injured dozens more while additional fatal accidents occurred elsewhere.^[98] It also disrupted air travel across several airports.^[99] Rainfall had exceeded locally 4 inches (100 mm) of rain from Missouri to Indiana and Michigan.

High winds and rain have battered Central, southern and eastern Ontario and southern and central Quebec on January 8, and 9. Power outages and wind damages were reported in some areas. As much as 140,000 Hydro One customers were without power in Ontario and at least 100,000 Hydro-Québec customers in Quebec. Winds were gusting in near on in excess of 100 km/h in some localities including the Greater Toronto Area while the highest peak being 133 km/h recorded near Sandbanks Provincial Park in Prince Edward County. One tractor trailer was overturned and nearly fell into the Saint Lawrence River on the Ogdensburg-Prescott International Bridge^{[100][101][102][103][104]}

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to January 2008 tornado outbreak sequence.

• 1967 St. Louis tornado outbreak – Similar rare tornado outbreak in January in the Midwest
• List of North American tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
• List of tornadoes striking downtown areas
• Tornadoes of 2008

References

External links

• Rare January Tornado in Northern Illinois Monday Afternoon Rated EF3 (NWS Chicago)
• Pictures and Information For Rare January Tornadoes in Southeast Wisconsin (NWS Milwaukee)
• Severe Weather and Flooding of January 7–8, 2008 (NWS Lincoln IL)
• Summary of Severe Weather/Tornado Surveys January 7–8th (NWS St. Louis)
• Unusually Early Severe Weather Outbreak Hits the Ozarks (NWS Springfield MO)
• Severe Weather on January 7–8, 2008 (NWS Little Rock)
• Jan 7–8 Severe Weather Event (NWS Tulsa)
• Overview of January 8 storms (NWS Paducah)
• Video of a train being derailed by a tornado near Harvard, IL (YouTube)