January 1981

January 20, 1981: Reagan inaugurated as 40th U.S. President

January 20, 1981: American hostages leave Iran after 444 days

The following events occurred in January 1981:

January 1, 1981 (Thursday)

• Georgia defeated Notre Dame in the Sugar Bowl, 17-10, to finish the 1980 NCAA Division I-A football season with a 12-0-0 record and the mythical national championship.^[1]
• Greece joined the "Common Market" (European Economic Community), now the European Union.^[2]

Republic of Palau

• The Republic of Palau was proclaimed in the Palau Islands of Micronesia. Under an agreement signed with the United States in 1980, the new nation would continue to be administered as a United States trust territory, with the U.S. handling Palau's foreign and military affairs.
• The United States minimum wage increased from $3.10 to $3.35 per hour, where it would remain until 1990, when it went to $3.85.^[3]
• Léopold Sédar Senghor, President of Senegal since the nation became independent in 1960, became the first African president to retire voluntarily, resigning in favor of his protégé, Vice-President Abdou Diouf.^[4]
• Born:
  • Mladen Petrić, Croatian soccer player, in Brčko, Yugoslavia
  • Eden Riegel, American TV actress (All My Children), in Washington, D.C.
• Died: Mauri Rose, 74, American racer and Indianapolis 500 winner in 1941, 1947 and 1948

January 2, 1981 (Friday)

• The "Yorkshire Ripper", serial killer Peter Sutcliffe, was arrested by police in Sheffield, England after the largest manhunt in British history. Over a period of six years, Sutcliffe was believed to have murdered 13 women.^[5]
• Born: Maxi Rodríguez, Argentine soccer star, in Rosario, Santa Fe

January 3, 1981 (Saturday)

• Salvadoran labor leader José Rodolfo Viera, and two American representatives from the AFL-CIO, Michael P. Hammer and Mark David Pearlman, were assassinated at the Sheraton Hotel in San Salvador, by two members of the El Salvador National Guard.^[6] The gunmen, José Dimas Valle Acevedo and Santiago Gómez González, testified later that they had been ordered to carry out the murders after the victims had been recognized by businessman Hans Christ at the hotel's restaurant, and were sentenced to 30 years in prison in 1986. They were released after less than two years.^[7]
• Born: Eli Manning, American NFL quarterback for the New York Giants, MVP in Super Bowl XLII (2008); in New Orleans
• Died: Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone, 97, the last survivor of the 42 grandchildren of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom

January 4, 1981 (Sunday)

• The most expensive non-musical Broadway production to that date, The Monster Revived: Frankenstein, Victor Gialanella's adaptation of Mary Shelley's novel, was shown for the first time, and the last. Premiering at the Palace Theatre (Broadway) after the expense of two million dollars, the play was poorly reviewed and closed after one performance.^[8]

January 5, 1981 (Monday)

• Battle of Dezful (Iran–Iraq War): For the first time since Iraq had invaded its territory in September, Iran launched a counterattack, concentrating its armies at Sousangerd. After 18 months, Iraqi forces had been driven out of Iran, which then began a drive toward capturing Iraqi territory. The war would continue until 1988.^[9]
• The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, the first TV adaptation of the Douglas Adams book, debuted on BBC Two.^[10]
• Born: Deadmau5, Canadian DJ/Producer, as Joel Zimmerman in Niagara Falls, Ontario
• Died:
  • Harold C. Urey, 87, American chemist who discovered the isotope deuterium, 1934 Nobel Prize laureate
  • Sir James Martin, 87, British engineer and inventor of ejection seat
  • Lanza del Vasto, 79, philosopher, poet, and activist

January 6, 1981 (Tuesday)

• The merger of Libya and Chad was announced in Tripoli by Libya's President Muammar al-Gaddafi, and his guest, President Goukouni Oueddei of Chad, who had taken power in December with the help of 4,000 Libyan troops. At 1,175,112 square miles (3,043,530 km²), the proposed nation would have been the largest in Africa and 7th largest in the world.^[11] The prospect of Libya's annexation of its southern neighbor prompted the member nations of the Organisation of African Unity to intervene, with the assistance of France, in forcing the peaceful withdrawal of Libyan forces and an end to the merger plan.^[12]
• The Brazilian ferry Novo Amapo sank in the Jari River after striking a sandbar. Although 211 survivors were rescued, at least 230 others drowned.^[13]
• The Dow Jones Industrial Average closed above 1,000 points for the first time since September 27, 1976, reaching 1004.69.^[14]
• Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush were officially certified as the winners of the U.S. presidential election, 1980, with outgoing U.S. Vice President Walter F. Mondale announcing that the Reagan-Bush ticket had received 489 electoral votes, as opposed to only 49 for Jimmy Carter and for Mondale.^[15]
• Born: Mike Jones, American rapper, in Houston
• Died: A. J. Cronin, 84, Scottish physician and novelist

January 7, 1981 (Wednesday)

• After investment analyst Joseph Granville sent an overnight telegram to his customers with two words— "Sell everything!"— the New York Stock Exchange had its biggest trading day up to that time, with 92,890,000 shares changing hands.^[16]
• Died: Clair L. Farrand, 85, American inventor with over 1,000 electronics patents, including the radio loudspeaker N.Y. Times obituary

January 8, 1981 (Thursday)

• Trans-en-Provence Case: In what has been described as "perhaps the most completely and carefully documented sighting of all time", retired contractor Renato Nicolai witnessed what he believed to be French military aircraft on a test flight. After police forwarded the report to GEPAN, an investigative unit of the France's space agency CNES, found traces of metal throughout the area where the UFO had been observed.^[17]
• Born: Xie Xingfang, Chinese badminton player, and women's singles champion in 2005 and 2006; in Guangzhou
• Died: Matthew Beard, 56, African-American actor who portrayed "Stymie" in The Little Rascals.

January 9, 1981 (Friday)

• Abscam Scandal: U.S. Representative Raymond F. Lederer (D-Pa.), the only one of the six indicted Abscam defendants to have won re-election to Congress in spite of the scandal, was convicted on charges of bribery and conspiracy. A jury in New York returned the verdict after watching a videotape of Lederer accepting $50,000 in cash in an FBI sting.^[18] Despite conviction on a felony, Lederer served for three more months until resigning on April 29, after the House Ethics Committee recommended his expulsion from the U.S. House of Representatives.^[19]
• A fire killed 31 elderly residents of the Beachview Rest Home in Keansburg, New Jersey. Another 78 patients and employees escaped the blaze.^[20]
• Born: Euzebiusz Smolarek, Polish footballer, in Łódź

January 10, 1981 (Saturday)

• Salvadoran Civil War: The FMLN launched a guerilla war against the government of El Salvador which would last for eleven years. At 6:30 pm, after radio stations in San Salvador were seized and FMLN leader Cayetano Carpio announced "The hour... for the taking of power by the people... has arrived." and attacks were launched at multiple locations.^[21] One estimate is that 80,000 people, almost 2% of El Salvador's population of 4.5 million, were killed in the course of attacks and reprisals.^[22]
• Died:
  • Richard Boone, 63, American TV actor; Paladin on Have Gun, Will Travel
  • Fawn M. Brodie, 65, American historian

January 11, 1981 (Sunday)

• Iran hostage crisis: Iran dropped a demand that the United States deposit 24 billion dollars in gold into an Algerian bank as a condition of the release of 52 U.S. Embassy workers being held hostage in Tehran, settling instead for the release of the nearly 8 billion dollars of Iranian assets that had been frozen in American banks.^[23]
• Born: Jamelia, British singer, as Jamelia Niela Davis in Smethwick, West Midlands
• Died: Beulah Bondi, 92, American actress (Ma Bailey in It's a Wonderful Life)

January 12, 1981 (Monday)

• At 1:30 am, the Macheteros, a separatist group in Puerto Rico raided Air National Guard's Muñiz Air Base after midnight and set explosives that destroyed nine jet fighters (8 A-7 Corsair IIs and an F-104 Starfighter).^[24]
• The television series Dynasty began a nine-year run on the ABC network. The prime time soap opera, described by New York Times TV critic Tom Buckley as "An embarrassingly obvious knockoff of Dallas",^[25] starred Joan Collins as Alexis Carrington, who briefly brought back the popularity of women's wear with padded shoulders. Dynasty was the #1 rated TV program in the United States during the 1983-84 television season.^[26]

January 13, 1981 (Tuesday)

• Donna Griffiths, a 12-year-old girl in Pershore, Worcestershire, in the United Kingdom, began sneezing, and continued to sneeze repeatedly, for 978 consecutive days. Initially sneezing twice every minute, her rate would eventually slow to once every five minutes. Donna would have her first day without sneezing on September 16, 1983.^[27]
• Died: Dr. Owen H. Wangensteen, 82, American surgeon and inventor who created the suction procedure used in gastrointestinal surgery.

January 14, 1981 (Wednesday)

• The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the sale of the first extended wear contact lenses, which could be left in the eyes for up to two weeks. The Hydrocurve II lenses were manufactured by a subsidiary of Revlon.^[28]

January 15, 1981 (Thursday)

• Hill Street Blues, described as "one of the most innovative and critically acclaimed television shows in recent television history" ^[29] and a program that "set an entirely new standard for television drama" ^[30] made its debut on NBC at 10:00 pm EST.
• Born: El Hadji Diouf, Senegalese footballer, in Saint-Louis
• Died:
  • Emanuel Celler, 92, U.S. Congressman (D-N.Y.), 1923–73
  • David E. Lilienthal, 81, former TVA and AEC chairman

January 16, 1981 (Friday)

• Bernadette Devlin McAliskey, who had served as a British MP and an advocate for the rights of Roman Catholics in Northern Ireland, was shot multiple times, along with her husband, by Protestant gunmen of the paramilitary group Ulster Freedom Fighters who had invaded their home. Five days later, Protestant leader Norman Stronge, who had been the last leader of the Northern Ireland parliament, was shot and killed, along with his son, by an eleven-member Irish Republican Army unit, at their home, Tynan Abbey.^[31]
• Died: Bernard Lee, 73, English actor who portrayed "M" in multiple James Bond films

January 17, 1981 (Saturday)

• After eight years, by Proclamation No. 2034, martial law was lifted in the Philippines by President Ferdinand Marcos, who had declared a state of emergency on September 22, 1972. Marcos announced that emergency rule would continue for three more years.^[32]
• Born:
  • Scott Mechlowicz, American film actor (EuroTrip), in New York City
  • Ray J, American rapper and singer, as William R. Norwood, Jr., in McComb, Mississippi
• Died: Marguerite Oswald, 73, conspiracy theorist and mother of Lee Harvey Oswald. ^{[33] [34]}

January 18, 1981 (Sunday)

• BASE jumping was founded by Phil Smith and Phil Mayfield as they jumped off of the 72nd floor of the Texas Commerce Tower in Houston and parachuted to the ground, after having jumped from an antenna, a bridge and a cliff.^[35]
• New Cross Fire: At Deptford, a mostly black neighborhood in London, thirteen young black British persons died in a fire during a 16th birthday party for one of the victims, Yvonne Ruddock.^[36] The fire, believed by many in the black community to have been set by racists, was cited as a factor in the 1981 Brixton riot three months later.^[37]

January 19, 1981 (Monday)

• Iran hostage crisis: Mohammed Seddik Benyahia, the Foreign Minister of Algeria, successfully brokered the Algiers Accordan agreement between the United States and Iran, which was signed on behalf of the U.S. by Deputy Secretary of State Warren Christopher in Algiers at 10:30 am, after having been signed earlier by Iranian officials in Tehran.^[38]
• Born: Lucho González, Argentine footballer, in Buenos Aires

January 20, 1981 (Tuesday)

• Iran hostage crisis: On Jimmy Carter's last day as 39th President of the United States, he had hoped that the 52 American hostages in Iran would be allowed to leave before his term expired at noon. At 6:18 am Washington time, the escrow papers were completed to transfer $7,970,000,000 in Iranian assets from U.S. banks to the Bank of England. At 8:04 am EST, the Algerian intermediaries notified both the U.S. and Iran that the transfer was complete. The Boeing 727 carrying the hostages, Air Algérie Flight 133, was boarded at 8:20 pm Tehran time (11:50 am EST), but did not depart until 35 minutes later, after Ronald Reagan was sworn into office as the 40th U.S. President.^[39] The plane left Iranian airspace an hour, landing in Athens for refueling, then arriving at Algiers at 2:10 am local time the next day, where the former hostages were transferred to two Medevac planes and flown to Wiesbaden Army Airfield in West Germany.^[40]
• Born:
  • Jason Richardson, American NBA player, in Saginaw, MI
  • Owen Hargreaves, Canadian-born English footballer
  • Brendan Fevola, Australian rules footballer

January 21, 1981 (Wednesday)

The DeLorean

• The very first DeLorean DMC-12 automobile was produced in Dunmurry, Northern Ireland. The sports car was stainless steel and had gull-wing doors, and was immortalized in Back to the Future.^[41]
• In his first full day at the White House as National Security Advisor to President Reagan, Richard V. Allen accepted at least $1,000 and watches from the Japanese women's magazine Shufo no tomo in return for arranging an interview with First Lady Nancy Reagan.^[42] After the matter came to light, Allen was forced to resign on January 4, 1982.^[43]
• Feodor Fedorenko, who had come to the U.S. in 1949 after earlier having been a supervisor of the Treblinka extermination camp, lost his citizenship when the United States Supreme Court affirmed prior rulings by a 7-2 vote.^[44] Fedorenko was deported to the Soviet Union in 1984, where he was executed for treason in 1987.^[45]
• Two commercial divers, Philip Robinson and Jim Tucker, were rescued from a crippled diving bell in the East Shetland Basin by an underwater transfer to another diving bell. This was the first through-water transfer in the history of diving.^[46]
• Born:
  • Dany Heatley, German-born player for Canadian national ice hockey team
  • Gillian Chung, Chinese singer (Twins), in Hong Kong

January 22, 1981 (Thursday)

• East German soccer football stars Gerd Weber, Matthias Müller and Peter Kotte were arrested by the Stasi at the Dresden airport, just as they were preparing to travel with the national team to a match in Argentina, and charged with plotting to defect to West Germany. All three were banned from the game, and Weber, himself a Stasi employee, was jailed until 1989.^[47]
• Annie Leibovitz's iconic photograph of a nude John Lennon kissing a fully clothed Yoko Ono was first published. The photo appeared on the cover of Rolling Stone magazine's tribute issue to Lennon.^[48]
• Born:
  • Willa Ford, American singer and actor, in Ruskin, Florida
  • Beverley Mitchell, American singer and actor, in Arcadia, California
  • Ben Moody, American singer and actor (formerly of Evanescence), in Little Rock, Arkansas

January 23, 1981 (Friday)

• South Korea's President Chun Doo-hwan commuted the 1980 death sentence that had been given to Kim Dae-jung, who had run for President in 1971, and then kidnapped from Japan in 1973. The next day, President Chun announced the end of the state of martial law that had been in effect since 1979. Kim would be released in 1983, and in 1997, would be elected President of South Korea.^[49]
• Seven construction workers in Fresno County, California, were killed when an elevator platform at PG&E's Helms Creek plant collapsed at 10:25 pm, ninety minutes before their workweek was to end. The men fell 300 feet (91 m) to their deaths.^[50]
• The city of Huber Heights, Ohio, was incorporated.
• Died: Samuel Barber, 70, American classical composer

January 24, 1981 (Saturday)

• François Mitterrand was nominated by France's Socialist Party as its candidate for President in the 1981 elections.^[51]
• The British Labour Party special conference at Wembley decided that leadership elections should be by an electoral college limited to only 30 percent of members of parliament.^[52]
• 1981 Dawu earthquake: A 6.8 magnitude quake in Sichuan, China, killed 150 people and injured 300. The quake struck at 5:13 a.m. local time (2113 GMT on January 23).^[53]
• Died: Captain Joseph Mokoa, General Josephat Mayomokola, Joseph Baissa, Dr. Jean-Bruno Dédéavodé, Robert Boukendé and Pierre Koba. All were executed by a firing squad for crimes committed during the reign of terror by Bokassa I of the Central African Empire. Bokassa himself, who had been sentenced to death in absentia, remained free in Côte d'Ivoire.^[54]

January 25, 1981 (Sunday)

• Limehouse Declaration: Four former Labour cabinet ministers (Roy Jenkins, Shirley Williams, William Rodgers and David Owen) formed the Social Democratic Party, bringing with them 29 Labour MPs.^[55]
• Super Bowl XV: The Oakland Raiders defeated the Philadelphia Eagles, 27–10. Jim Plunkett, the game's MVP, had been a "has-been" until becoming the starting quarterback after an early season injury to Dan Pastorini. Rod Martin shut down the Eagles' drives with three interceptions.^[56]
• Iran hostage crisis: The fifty-two Americans, who had been held hostage at the U.S. Embassy in Iran, returned to United States soil at 2:54 pm, as the plane carrying them landed at Stewart Air National Guard Base in New York. The group, who had been freed five days earlier, had flown from West Germany and were greeted by a crowd of 300,000 well-wishers.^[57]
• Gang of Four trial: Jiang Qing, the widow of Mao Zedong, was sentenced to death, with a two-year suspension during which she could repent. "Madame Mao" wasn't executed, and stayed in custody until her suicide in 1991. Zhang Chunqiao were sentenced to death; Wang Hongwen was sentenced to life, and Yao Wenyuan to 25 years.^[58]
• Born:
  • Alicia Keys, American pop singer, as Alicia Cook in New York City
  • Tose Proeski, Macedonian pop singer, in Prilep, Yugoslavia (killed in car crash, 2007)
• Died:
  • Adele Astaire, 84, American dancer and actress
  • Joseph Francel, 85, New York executioner of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg.

January 26, 1981 (Monday)

• Chandler v. Florida: The United States Supreme Court ruled in an 8-0 decision that it was not a denial of due process to allow live television coverage of court proceedings, overruling its 1965 decision in Estes v. Texas.^[59]

January 27, 1981 (Tuesday)

• Tampomas II disaster: 580 people drowned when the Indonesian passenger ferry KM Tampomas II sank in the Java Sea during a storm. Of the 1,136 passengers and crew, 566 were rescued, including 152 who were found in lifeboats days afterward. Operated by the Pelni line, the ship was a roll-on/roll-off (ro-ro) ferryboat that had caught fire midway through its voyage from Jakarta to Makassar. The fire was extinguished, but the engines failed and the ship was adrift and awaiting a rescue when a storm arose. Before the ship could be fully evacuated, it capsized, going completely beneath the waters at 1:42 in the afternoon Central Indonesian time (0542 GMT).^[60]

January 28, 1981 (Wednesday)

• President Reagan signed Executive Order 12287, immediately ending all United States federal price and allocation controls on gasoline and fuel oil. Price controls had been in effect since 1971.^[61] Although the short-term effect was a rise in gas prices, American oil companies increased their production and created an oil glut by summer.^[62]
• Paquisha War: Ecuador and Peru fought a war after Ecuadorian forces had established an outpost 40 miles (64 km) into territory that had been lost to Peru in 1942. Despite initial reports by Peru of hundreds of deaths on both sides, Ecuador acknowledged that two of its soldiers were killed, and Peru had one killed and three wounded.^[63]
• Born: Elijah Wood, American actor (The Lord of the Rings), in Cedar Rapids, Iowa

January 29, 1981 (Thursday)

• Adolfo Suárez, the Prime Minister of Spain since 1976, surprised the nation by announcing his resignation and his departure from the political party he had helped found, the UCD.^[64]
• Born: Jonny Lang, American musician, in Fargo, North Dakota

January 30, 1981 (Friday)

• Commandos from the South African Defence Force crossed over into Mozambique and attacked the town of Matola in a raid against three houses occupied by African National Congress members. "Operation Beanbag" killed 15 ANC members and a Portuguese technician. The SADF lost three members in their first cross-border raid.^[65]
• Born: Dimitar Berbatov, Bulgarian footballer and all time Bulgarian National Team goalscorer, in Blagoevgrad

January 31, 1981 (Saturday)

• Thought by scientists to have been extinct since 1895, the golden-fronted bowerbird (Amblyornis flavifrons) was discovered to have survived. American ornithologist Jared Diamond of UCLA discovered the home ground of the golden-fronted bowerbird at the Foja Mountains. Diamond photographed several of the birds, then lost his film when his boat capsized and had to make a second expedition. The rediscovery was confirmed at a November 10, 1981, press conference at the National Geographic Society in Washington, which, with the World Wildlife Fund, had co-sponsored Diamond's research.^[66]
• The first parade to honor veterans of the Vietnam War was organized by the veterans themselves, in Indianapolis, eight years after the conflict ended. Hundreds of vets, wrote a New York Times reporter, "marched Saturday in counterpoint to the heroic reception of the former American hostages... offering themselves the parade they said nobody gave them when they came home from war." ^[67]
• CCM Robert K. Jones, the last of the American "NAP"s, retired from the U.S. Navy. The "Naval Aviation Pilots" were enlisted men rather than Navy, Marine or Coast Guard officers.^[68]
• Born: Justin Timberlake, American musician, in Memphis, Tennessee
• Died: Cozy Cole, 71, American jazz drummer

References