James Clapper

James Clapper
4th Director of National Intelligence
In office
August 9, 2010 – January 20, 2017
President Barack Obama
Deputy Stephanie O'Sullivan
Preceded by David Gompert (acting)
Succeeded by Mike Dempsey (acting)
Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence
In office
April 15, 2007 – June 5, 2010
President George W. Bush
Barack Obama
Preceded by Stephen Cambone
Succeeded by Michael Vickers
Director of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
In office
September 2001 – June 2006
President George W. Bush
Preceded by James C. King
Succeeded by Robert Murrett
Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency
In office
November 1991 – August 1995
President George H. W. Bush
Bill Clinton
Preceded by Dennis Nagy (acting)
Succeeded by Kenneth Minihan
Personal details
Born James Robert Clapper Jr.
(1941-03-14) March 14, 1941
Fort Wayne, Indiana, U.S.
Political party Democratic
Education University of Maryland, College Park (BS)
St. Mary's University, Texas (MA)
Military service
Allegiance  United States
Service/branch  United States Air Force
Years of service 1963–1995
Rank Lieutenant general
Battles/wars Vietnam War
Awards Legion of Merit (3)
Bronze Star (2)
Air Medal (2)

James Robert Clapper Jr.[1] (born March 14, 1941)[2][3] is a retired lieutenant general in the United States Air Force and is the former director of national intelligence. He served as director of the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) from 1992 until 1995. He was the first director of defense intelligence within the Office of the Director of National Intelligence and simultaneously the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence.[4] Clapper has held several key positions within the United States Intelligence Community. He served as the director of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) from September 2001 until June 2006.

On June 5, 2010, President Barack Obama nominated Clapper to replace Dennis C. Blair as United States Director of National Intelligence. Clapper was unanimously confirmed by the Senate for the position on August 5, 2010.

Following the June 2013 leak of documents detailing NSA practice of collecting telephony metadata on millions of Americans’ telephone calls, two U.S. representatives accused Clapper of perjury for telling a congressional committee that the NSA does not collect any type of data on millions of Americans earlier that year. One senator asked for his resignation, and a group of 26 senators complained about Clapper’s responses under questioning. In November 2016, Clapper resigned as director of national intelligence, effective at the end of President Obama's term. In May 2017, he joined the Washington, D.C.-based think tank the Center for a New American Security (CNAS) as a Distinguished Senior Fellow for Intelligence and National Security.

Early life

Clapper was born in Fort Wayne, Indiana, the son of Anne Elizabeth (née Wheatley) and First Lieutenant James Robert Clapper.[5][6] His father worked in signals intelligence during World War II.[7] His maternal grandfather, James McNeal Wheatley, was an Episcopal minister.[8]

Clapper earned a bachelor of science degree in political science from the University of Maryland in 1963 and a master of science degree in political science from St. Mary's University in Texas in 1970.[9]

Military career

Lieutenant General James R. Clapper, USAF circa 1995

After a brief enlistment in the United States Marine Corps Reserve, Clapper transferred to the U.S. Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps program. He was commissioned in 1963 as a distinguished military graduate from the University of Maryland. He commanded a signals intelligence detachment based at a listening post in Thailand’s Udon Thani Province, where he flew 73 combat support missions in EC-47s; a signals intelligence SIGINT wing at Fort George G. Meade, Maryland, and the Air Force Technical Applications Center, Patrick Air Force Base, Florida.

Clapper became director of the Defense Intelligence Agency in November 1991 and retired from active duty in September 1995.[10]

He then spent six years in private industry. From 2001 to June 2006 he was director of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency as member of the Defense Intelligence Senior Executive Service (DISES).

Private sector career

From 2006 to 2007, Clapper worked for GeoEye (satellite company) and was an executive on the boards of three government contractors, two of which were doing business with the NGA while he was there: In October 2006 as chief operating officer for the British military intelligence company Detica, now DFI and U.S.–based subsidiary of BAE Systems, also SRA International and Booz Allen Hamilton.[11] Clapper defended the private sector's role in his 2010 confirmation hearings: "I worked as a contractor for six years myself, so I think I have a good understanding of the contribution that they have made and will continue to make."[12]

Undersecretary of defense for intelligence, 2007

For the 2006–2007 academic year, Clapper held the position of Georgetown University’s Intelligence and National Security Alliance Distinguished Professor in the Practice of Intelligence.[13] While teaching at Georgetown, he was officially nominated by President George W. Bush to be undersecretary of defense for intelligence (USD(I)) on January 29, 2007, and confirmed by the United States Senate on 11 April 2007.[14] He was the second person ever to hold this position, which oversees the Defense Intelligence Agency, the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, the National Security Agency (NSA), and the National Reconnaissance Office. He also worked closely with the director of national intelligence.

Director of national intelligence, 2010–17

Clapper and Barack Obama presented the NIDSM to James L. Jones, October 20, 2010

Nomination 2010

Defense Secretary Robert Gates suggested to President Obama that he nominate Clapper, but both Chairman Dianne Feinstein and Vice-Chairman Kit Bond of the United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence had offered reservations regarding his appointment.[15] Obama made the official announcement on June 5, 2010 saying Clapper “possesses a quality that I value in all my advisers: a willingness to tell leaders what we need to know even if it's not what we want to hear.”[16]

On August 5, 2010, the Senate confirmed Clapper in a unanimous vote.[17][15] Lawmakers approved his nomination after the Senate Intelligence Committee backed him with a 15–0 vote. During his testimony for the position, Clapper pledged to advance the DNI’s authorities, exert tighter control over programming and budgeting, and provide oversight over the CIA’s use of predator drones in Pakistan.[18]

Clapper and Senator John McCain listen as Defense Secretary Gates addresses the audience, June 4, 2011

Creating deputy director for intelligence integration position

In August 2010 Clapper announced a new position at the DNI called the deputy director for intelligence integration, to integrate the former posts of deputy director for analysis and deputy director for collections. Robert Cardillo, the deputy director of the Defense Intelligence Agency, was tapped to fill the new post.[19][20][21]

Budget authority over U.S. Intelligence community

In an agreement between Defense Secretary Robert Gates and Clapper his office assumed administrative control over the National Intelligence Program. Previously the NIP was itemized within the Defense Department budget to keep the line item and dollar amount from public view. In late October 2010 Clapper's office disclosed the top line budget as $53.1 billion, which was below the $75 billion figure circulated in 2010,[22] in the belief the budget change would strengthen the DNI's authority.[23][24][25][26]

Clapper meets with Defense Secretary Leon Panetta and DIA chief Ronald Burgess, September 29, 2011

Iran, 2012

in February 2012, Clapper told the Senate that if Iran is attacked over its alleged nuclear weapons program, it could respond by closing the Strait of Hormuz to ships and launch missiles at regional U.S. forces and allies. Former Defense Intelligence Agency chief Lt. Gen. Ronald Burgess told senators Iran is unlikely to initiate or intentionally provoke a conflict. Clapper said it’s “technically feasible” that Tehran could produce a nuclear weapon in one or two years, if its leaders decide to build one, “but practically not likely.” Both men said they did not believe Israel had decided to strike Iran.[27]

Common information technology enterprise and desktop, 2012

Clapper made "intelligence integration" across the Intelligence Community the primary mission of the ODNI.[28] In 2012 the office announced an initiative to create a common information technology desktop for the entire Intelligence Community, moving away from unconnected agency networks to a common enterprise model. In late fiscal 2013 the shared IT infrastructure reached operating capability with plans to bring on all intelligence agencies over the next few years.[29]

Testimony to Congress on NSA surveillance programs, 2013

On March 12, 2013, during a United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence hearing, Senator Ron Wyden quoted NSA director Keith B. Alexander’s keynote speech at the 2012 DEF CON. Alexander had stated that “Our job is foreign intelligence” and that “those who would want to weave the story that we have millions or hundreds of millions of dossiers on people, is absolutely false.... From my perspective, this is absolute nonsense.” Wyden then asked Clapper, “Does the NSA collect any type of data at all on millions or hundreds of millions of Americans?” He responded, “No, sir.” Wyden asked “It does not?” and Clapper said, “Not wittingly. There are cases where they could inadvertently, perhaps, collect, but not wittingly.”[30]

When Edward Snowden was asked during his January 26, 2014, TV interview in Moscow what the decisive moment was or why he blew the whistle, he replied: “Sort of the breaking point was seeing the director of national intelligence, James Clapper, directly lie under oath to Congress. ... Seeing that really meant for me there was no going back.”[31]

Responses

On June 5, 2013, The Guardian published the first of the global surveillance documents leaked by Edward Snowden, including a top secret court order showing that the NSA had collected phone records from over 120 million Verizon subscribers.[32] The following day, Clapper admitted the NSA collects telephony metadata on millions of Americans’ telephone calls.[33] This metadata information included originating and terminating telephone number, telephone calling card number, International Mobile Station Equipment Identity (IMEI) number, time, and duration of phone calls, but did not include the name, address, or financial information of any subscriber.[34]

On June 7 Clapper was interviewed by Andrea Mitchell on NBC. Clapper said that “I responded in what I thought was the most truthful, or least untruthful manner by saying no” when he testified.[35]

On June 11 Senator Ron Wyden accused Clapper of not giving a “straight answer,” noting that Clapper’s office had been provided with the question a day in advance of the hearing and was given the opportunity following Clapper’s testimony to amend his response.[36]

On June 12, 2013, Representative Justin Amash became the first congressman to openly accuse Director Clapper of criminal perjury, calling for his resignation. In a series of tweets he stated: “It now appears clear that the director of national intelligence, James Clapper, lied under oath to Congress and the American people,” and “Perjury is a serious crime ... [and] Clapper should resign immediately,”[37] Senator Rand Paul said "The director of national intelligence, in March, did directly lie to Congress, which is against the law."[38] Paul later suggested that Clapper might deserve prison time for his testimony.[39]

On June 27, 2013, a group of 26 senators sent him a complaint letter opposing the use of a “body of secret law.”[40][41]

Admission of forgetfulness

On July 1, 2013, Clapper apologized, saying that “my response was clearly erroneous—for which I apologize.”[42] On July 2, Clapper said that he had forgotten about the Patriot Act and therefore had given an “erroneous” answer.[43]

Clapper and NSA director Keith B. Alexander (left) were both accused of lying under oath to Congress.[44][45]

On December 19, 2013, seven Republican members of the House Judiciary Committee called on Attorney General Eric Holder to investigate Clapper, saying that "witnesses cannot be allowed to lie to Congress."[46] In January 2014, Robert Litt, the general counsel to the Office of the DNI, stated that Clapper did not lie to Congress,[47] and in May 2015 clarified that Clapper "had absolutely forgotten the existence of" section 215 of the Patriot Act.[48]

In January 2014 six members of the House of Representatives wrote[49] to President Obama urging him to dismiss Clapper for lying to Congress,[50][51] but were rebuffed by the White House.[52] Caitlin Hayden, a White House spokesman, said in an e-mailed statement that Obama has “full faith in Director Clapper’s leadership of the intelligence community. The Director has provided an explanation for his answers to Senator Wyden and made clear that he did not intend to mislead the Congress.”[52]

Ban on employee contacts with the media, 2014

In March 2014 Clapper banned employees of the intelligence community from unauthorized contact with reporters.[53] The next month he implemented a new prepublication review policy for the ODNI’s current and former employees that prohibits them from citing news reports based on leaks in their unofficial writings.[54]

Wikimedia Foundation lawsuit, 2015

On March 10, 2015, Wikimedia Foundation filed a lawsuit against Clapper and several other defendants in an attempt to stop the “large-scale search and seizure of internet communications.”[55][56]

OPM hack, 2015

In June 2015 the United States Office of Personnel Management (OPM) announced that it had been the target of a data breach targeting the records of as many as 18 million people.[57] The Washington Post has reported that the attack originated in China, citing unnamed government officials.[58] Speaking at a forum in Washington, D.C., Clapper warned of the danger posed by a capable adversary like the Chinese government and said, “You have to kind of salute the Chinese for what they did.”[57]

ISIS intelligence scandal, 2015

The CENTCOM’s intelligence staff was pressured to promote “good news” about the struggle against the Islamic State in Iraq and the civil war in Syria, despite evidence to the contrary. In September 2015, The Guardian reported that Clapper “is in frequent and unusual contact with a military intelligence officer (Army brigadier general Steven Grove) at the center of a growing scandal over rosy portrayals of the war against ISIS.”[59] The report came amid a Pentagon investigation into accusations that top military officials have pressured analysts into conforming their reports to the Obama administration’s narrative of the fight against ISIS. More than 50 intelligence analysts at CENTCOM, the Pentagon agency covering security interests in nations throughout the Middle East and Central Asia, have supported a formal, written complaint sent to the Defense Department alleging that senior intelligence officers have insisted on changing ISIS reports to make them reflect more positively on U.S. efforts in the region.[60] With Clapper closely communicating with officials who have been implicated in the scandal, questions will arise about how much President Barack Obama—who once suggested that ISIS was a JV team wearing Lakers uniforms—knew about any possible intelligence altering.[61]

Resignation, 2016

In November 2016, Clapper resigned, effective at the end of President Obama's term in January 2017.[62][63]

Appointment to The Australian National University, 2017

In June 2017 Clapper commenced an initial four-week term at the Australian National University (ANU) National Security College in Canberra that includes public lectures on key global and national security issues. Clapper was also expected to take part in the ANU Crawford Australian Leadership Forum, the nation's pre-eminent dialogue of academics, parliamentarians and business leaders.[64]

In the media

Clapper at the LBJ Presidential Library in 2016

In 2003, Clapper, then head of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, attempted to explain the absence of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq by asserting that the weapons materials were “unquestionably” shipped out of Iraq to Syria and other countries just before the American invasion, a “personal assessment” that Clapper’s own agency head at the time, David Burpee, “could not provide further evidence to support.”[65]

In an interview on December 20, 2010, with Diane Sawyer of ABC News, Clapper indicated he was completely unaware that 12 alleged terrorists had been arrested in Great Britain earlier that day.[66][67]

In February 2011, when mass demonstrations were bringing down Mubarak’s presidency in Egypt, Clapper told a House Intelligence Committee hearing that:

“The term ‘Muslim Brotherhood’... is an umbrella term for a variety of movements, in the case of Egypt, a very heterogeneous group, largely secular, which has eschewed violence and has decried Al Qaeda as a perversion of Islam.... They have pursued social ends, a betterment of the political order in Egypt, et cetera..... In other countries, there are also chapters or franchises of the Muslim Brotherhood, but there is no overarching agenda, particularly in pursuit of violence, at least internationally.”[68]

The Obama administration took the rare step later that day of correcting its own intelligence chief after the statement drew scrutiny among members of Congress.[69]

In March 2011, Clapper was heard at the United States Senate Committee on Armed Services commenting on the 2011 Libyan civil war that “over the longer term” Gaddafi “will prevail.” This position was loudly questioned by the White House, when National Security Adviser Thomas E. Donilon qualified his statement as a “static and one-dimensional assessment” and argued that “the lost legitimacy [of Gaddafi] matters.”[70] During the same hearing he was also questioned when he neglected to list Iran and North Korea among the nuclear powers that might pose a threat to the United States.

In March 2017 Clapper denied on NBC's "Meet the Press" the existence of a FISA court order allowing the FBI to tap Trump Tower.[71] Clapper also said that he saw no evidence of collusion between the Trump campaign and Russia.[72] He stopped receiving briefings on January 20 and was "not aware of the counterintelligence investigation Director Comey first referred to during his testimony before the House Permanent Select Committee for Intelligence on the 20th of March".[73] CNN stated that Clapper had "taken a major defense away from the White House."[74]

In a speech at Australia's National Press Club in June Clapper accused Trump of "ignorance or disrespect", called the firing of FBI director James Comey "inexcusable", and warned of an "internal assault on our institutions".[75]

In May 2017 Clapper was criticized by some media outlets for a xenophobic remark in an interview with Chuck Todd from Meet the Press.[76] He told NBC's "Meet The Press" that Russian people are "genetically driven" to infiltrate and manipulate American society.[77][78]

Personal life

In 1965 Clapper married his wife, Sue, who herself was an NSA employee. They have a daughter, Jennifer, who is a principal of an elementary school in Fairfax County, Virginia, and is married to Jay, a high school teacher.[79]

He has a brother, Mike Clapper from Illinois, and a sister, Chris. He introduced them at the Senate confirmation hearings July 20, 2010.[79]

Education

Clapper also holds an honorary doctorate in strategic intelligence from the Joint Military Intelligence College, Washington, D.C., where he taught as an adjunct professor.

Awards and decorations

Military awards

Air Force Basic Officer Aircrew Badge
Basic Space and Missile Badge
Basic Missile Maintenance Badge
Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Identification Badge
Defense Distinguished Service Medal
Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
Defense Superior Service Medal
Width-44 crimson ribbon with a pair of width-2 white stripes on the edges Legion of Merit with two bronze oak leaf clusters
Width-44 scarlet ribbon with width-4 ultramarine blue stripe at center, surrounded by width-1 white stripes. Width-1 white stripes are at the edges.
 Bronze Star with oak leaf cluster
Defense Meritorious Service Medal
Width-44 crimson ribbon with two width-8 white stripes at distance 4 from the edges.
 Meritorious Service Medal with oak leaf cluster
 Air Medal with oak leaf cluster
Joint Service Commendation Medal
Air Force Commendation Medal
V
 Air Force Outstanding Unit Award with Valor device and two oak leaf clusters
Air Force Organizational Excellence Award
Department of Defense Distinguished Civilian Service Award[80]
National Intelligence Distinguished Service Medal
Bronze star
Width=44 scarlet ribbon with a central width-4 golden yellow stripe, flanked by pairs of width-1 scarlet, white, Old Glory blue, and white stripes
 National Defense Service Medal with one bronze service star
Vietnam Service Medal with three service stars
Air Force Overseas Short Tour Service Ribbon with two oak leaf clusters
Air Force Overseas Long Tour Service Ribbon with two oak leaf clusters
Air Force Longevity Service Award with one silver and two bronze oak leaf clusters
Small Arms Expert Marksmanship Ribbon
Air Force Training Ribbon
Republic of Korea Order of National Security Merit, Cheon-su Medal
French National Order of Merit (Commander)
Officer of the Order of Australia (Honorary - Military Division) - 5 October 2012
Royal Norwegian Order of Merit (Commander with Star)[81]
Vietnam Gallantry Cross Unit Citation
Vietnam Campaign Medal

Other awards

Effective dates of promotion

Military assignments

See also

References

  1. ↑ Nominations before the Senate Armed Services Committee, first session, 110th ... - United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Armed Services - Google Books. Books.google.ca. Retrieved 2012-11-14.
  2. ↑ "Will Attend Christening". Pqasb.pqarchiver.com. 1941-03-23. Retrieved 2012-11-14.(subscription required)
  3. ↑ "General Clapper Nominated DNI Chief". Rttnews.com. 2010-06-06. Retrieved 2012-11-14.
  4. ↑ ""Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence to be Dual-hatted as Director of Defense Intelligence," ''DNI News Release'', May 24, 2007" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-03-13.
  5. ↑ "Obituaries". Pqasb.pqarchiver.com. 1998-05-09. Retrieved 2012-11-14.
  6. ↑ B and O Magazine - Google Books. Books.google.ca. 2001-08-01. Retrieved 2012-11-14.
  7. ↑ Garrett M. Graff (17 November 2016). "America’s Top Spy Talks Snowden Leaks and Our Ominous Future".
  8. ↑ "Rites For Father Wheatley, 1st St. George's Rector, Set". Pqasb.pqarchiver.com. 1969-01-30. Retrieved 2012-11-14.
  9. ↑ "LIEUTENANT GENERAL JAMES R. CLAPPER JR. > U.S. Air Force > Biography Display".
  10. 1 2 "United States Air Force Biography". Af.mil. Archived from the original on 2013-08-02. Retrieved 2011-03-13.
  11. ↑ "Intelligence nominee's contractor ties draw scrutiny". LA Times. 2010-07-25. Retrieved 2014-02-15.
  12. ↑ "Booz Allen Hamilton: Edward Snowden's US contracting firm". The Guardian. 2013-06-09.
  13. ↑ ""Professor in Practice of Intelligence Established", ''Georgetown University''". Explore.georgetown.edu. Retrieved 2011-03-13.
  14. ↑ ""DoD Announces Clapper as the New Undersecretary of Defense for Intelligence", ''M2 Presswire''". Goliath.ecnext.com. 2007-04-16. Retrieved 2011-03-13.
  15. 1 2 Montopoli, Brian (2010-06-04). "James Clapper to be Tapped as New National Intelligence Director". CBS News. Retrieved 2011-03-13.
  16. ↑ "Obama nominates Clapper to head spy agencies". MSNBC. June 5, 2010. Retrieved 2011-03-13.
  17. ↑ "James Clapper Confirmed as Director of National Intelligence". Wall Street Journal. 2010-08-05. Retrieved 6 August 2010.
  18. ↑ Washington Post, DNI nominee vows tighter reins on intel programs, 20 July 2010
  19. ↑ CNN, Director of national intelligence names deputy to boost collaboration, 20 August 2010
  20. ↑ "Clapper's people". The Washington Post. 2010-08-23.
  21. ↑ Got GEOINT?, Monday Morning News Kick Off: Robert Cardillo to Boost Collaboration for ODNI; Clapper Brings Sense of Humor to Job; SAIC Wins TASER Contract, 23 August 2010
  22. ↑ "DNI Releases Budget Figure for 2010 National Intelligence Program". 2010-10-28.
  23. ↑ "Control of intelligence budget will shift". Washington Post. 2010-11-03.
  24. ↑ WIRED, One Spy to Rule Them All: Top Spook Launches Push for Real Power November 3, 2010
  25. ↑ Federal Times, Intelligence director says he will get control of funds, November 3, 2010
  26. ↑ Executive Gov, Clapper Seeks Authority over Intel Budget, November 3, 2010
  27. ↑ "U.S. remains optimistic on Iran sanctions". CBS News. 2012-02-21.
  28. ↑ "Intelligence Integration". U.S. Office of the Director of National Intelligence. Retrieved 2014-02-14.
  29. ↑ Federal News Radio, Intelligence community cloud coming online in early 2013, October 10, 2012
  30. ↑ Greenberg, Andy. "Watch Top U.S. Intelligence Officials Repeatedly Deny NSA Spying On Americans Over The Last Year (Videos)." Forbes. June 6, 2013. Retrieved on June 11, 2013. "Eight months later, Senator Ron Wyden quoted[...]"
  31. ↑ "Snowden Interview Transcript". NDR. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  32. ↑ Glenn Greenwald (June 6, 2013). "NSA collecting phone records of millions of Verizon customers daily". The Guardian. Retrieved September 16, 2013.
  33. ↑ "DNI Statement on Recent Unauthorized Disclosures of Classified Information". June 6, 2013. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
  34. ↑ In Re: Application of the FBI For an Order Requiring the Production of Tangible Things From Verizon Business Network Services "Verizon forced to hand over telephone data – full court ruling." The Guardian. June 6, 2013. Retrieved on June 12, 2013.
  35. ↑ "TRANSCRIPT OF ANDREA MITCHELL'S INTERVIEW WITH DIRECTOR OF NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE JAMES CLAPPER". NBC NEWS EXCLUSIVE. 2013-06-09.
  36. ↑ Blake, Aaron (2013-06-11). "Sen. Wyden: Clapper didn’t give 'straight answer' on NSA programs". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2015-11-20.
  37. ↑ Muñoz, Carlos. "GOP's Amash: Clapper should resign." The Hill. June 12, 2013. Retrieved on June 14, 2013.
  38. ↑ Ackerman, Spencer. "Rand Paul accuses James Clapper of lying to Congress over NSA suveillance." The Guardian. Tuesday June 18, 2013. Retrieved on June 20, 2013.
  39. ↑ Knowlton, Brian. "." New York Times. January 5, 2014. Retrieved on January 5, 2014.
  40. ↑ "Senators' letter to US director of national intelligence James Clapper." The Guardian. Friday June 28, 2013. Retrieved on June 28, 2013.
  41. ↑ Roberts, Dan. "Senators accuse government of using 'secret law' to collect Americans' data." The Guardian. June 28, 2013. Retrieved on June 28, 2013.
  42. ↑ Roberts, Dan and Spencer Ackerman. "Clapper under pressure despite apology for 'erroneous' statements to Congress." The Guardian. Monday July 1, 2013. Retrieved on July 2, 2013.
  43. ↑ Ackermann, Spencer (2 July 2013). "Clapper: I gave ‘erroneous’ answer because I forgot about Patriot Act". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
  44. ↑ "To reform the NSA, fire officials who lie". The Guardian. 25 September 2013.
  45. ↑ "Put the NSA on trial". Salon. June 11, 2013.
  46. ↑ Spencer Ackerman. "Republicans demand consequences for 'willful lie' by intelligence chief". The Guardian.
  47. ↑ Pengelly, Martin. "Clapper did not Congress on NSA, says national intelligence counsel." The Guardian. January 4, 2014. Retrieved on January 5, 2014.
  48. ↑ "Attorney: Spy chief had 'forgotten' about NSA program when he misled Congress". The Hill.
  49. ↑ Darrell Issa; Ted Poe; Paul Broun; Doug Collins; Walter Jones; Alan Grayson. "Congressman Darrell Issa letter to U.S. President Barack Obama" (PDF). Darrell Issa. Darrell Issa.
  50. ↑ "Lawmakers to Obama: Fire your intelligence chief for lying". MSNBC. 27 February 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
  51. ↑ Ackermann, Spencer (29 January 2014). "James Clapper calls for Snowden and 'accomplices' to return NSA documents". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
  52. 1 2 Fung, Brian (27 January 2014). "Darrell Issa: James Clapper lied to Congress about NSA and should be fired". The Washington Post. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
  53. ↑ "US spy chief James Clapper prohibits employees from speaking with media, memo says". Foxnews. 21 April 2014.
  54. ↑ "Intelligence Policy Bans Citation of Leaked Material". The New York Times. 9 May 2014.
  55. ↑ Broersma, Matthew (March 10, 2015). "Wikimedia Foundation Sues NSA Over Internet Surveillance". TechWeek Europe. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
  56. ↑ "Wikimedia v. NSA: Wikimedia Foundation files suit against NSA to challenge upstream mass surveillance « Wikimedia blog".
  57. 1 2 "China Is 'Leading Suspect' in Massive Hack of US Government Networks". ABC News. June 25, 2015.
  58. ↑ Sanders, Sam (4 June 2015). "Massive Data Breach Puts 4 Million Federal Employees' Records At Risk". NPR.
  59. ↑ Spencer Ackerman. "US spy chief's 'highly unusual' reported contact with military official raises concerns". The Guardian.
  60. ↑ "Exclusive: 50 Spies Say ISIS Intelligence Was Cooked". The Daily Beast. 2015-09-09. Retrieved 2015-11-05.
  61. ↑ "Obama administration and ISIS intelligence". Business Insider. 2015-09-11. Retrieved 2015-11-05.
  62. ↑ "Director of National Intelligence James Clapper has resigned". NBC News. November 17, 2016.
  63. ↑ "James Clapper, the US intelligence chief, resigns". 17 November 2016 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
  64. ↑ http://www.anu.edu.au/news/all-news/former-us-director-of-national-intelligence-jim-clapper-to-join-anu-national-security
  65. ↑ ""THE STRUGGLE FOR IRAQ: WEAPONS SEARCH; Iraqis Removed Arms Material, U.S. Aide Says," ''New York Times'', October 29, 2003". Nytimes.com. 2003-10-29. Retrieved 2011-03-13.
  66. ↑ News, ABC. "Video: National Security Leaders Discuss Terror Threat".
  67. ↑ Stein, Jeff (2010-12-21). "SpyTalk - Clapper flunks ABC's quiz on London terror case". Voices.washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 2011-03-13.
  68. ↑ Gerstein, Josh (2011-02-10). "DNI Clapper retreats from 'secular' claim on Muslim Brotherhood - Josh Gerstein". Politico.Com. Retrieved 2011-03-13.
  69. ↑ "Obama Administration Corrects Clapper's Claim That Muslim Brotherhood Is 'Secular'". Fox News.
  70. ↑ "U.S. Escalates Pressure on Libya Amid Mixed Signals". The New York Times. 11 March 2011.
  71. ↑ "Clapper added that his remarks on the absence of any wiretapping activity would not cover potential state or local operations, nor "other authorized entities in the government." Clapper's comments also do not rule out the possibility of Trump's communications, or those of his aides, being swept up in potential surveillance orders not covering Trump Tower.".
  72. ↑ "Why the Russia Story Is a Minefield for Democrats and the Media". Rolling Stone. March 8, 2017.
  73. ↑ "Full transcript: Sally Yates and James Clapper testify on Russian election interference". Washington Post. May 8, 2017.
  74. ↑ Kayyem, Juliette (May 8, 2017). "Clapper: Putin did it to demean Clinton and help elect Trump". CNN.
  75. ↑ www.huffingtonpost.com.au/2017/06/07/the-former-u-s-intelligence-chief-just-unleashed-on-donald-trum_a_22129842/
  76. ↑ "James Clapper Tells NBC’s Chuck Todd That Russians Are ‘Genetically Driven’ to Co-opt". The Observer. 30 May 2017.
  77. ↑ "James Clapper on Trump-Russia Ties: 'My Dashboard Warning Light Was Clearly On”". NBC News. 28 May 2017.
  78. ↑ "James Clapper Tells NBC's Chuck Todd That Russians Are 'Genetically Driven' to Co-opt". Yahoo News. 30 May 2017.
  79. 1 2 "S. HRG. 111–857, July 20, 2010". U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 2011. p. 7. Retrieved 2014-02-15.
  80. ↑ "Carter Awards DoD’s Highest Civilian Award to National Intel Director Clapper". DoD.
  81. ↑ "King has honoured surveillance chiefs".
  82. ↑ "Spy Chief James Clapper Wins Rosemary Award".
  83. ↑ Al Kamen (March 24, 2014). "Spy chief James Clapper wins not-so-coveted Rosemary award". The Washington Post.
Government offices
Preceded by
Dennis Nagy
Acting		 Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency
1991–1995 		Succeeded by
Kenneth Minihan
Preceded by
James C. King		 Director of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
2001–2006 		Succeeded by
Robert Murrett
Preceded by
David Gompert
Acting		 Director of National Intelligence
2010–2017 		Succeeded by
Dan Coats
Political offices
Preceded by
Stephen Cambone		 Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence
2007–2010 		Succeeded by
Michael Vickers
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