James Balfour (philosopher)
Prof James Balfour JP (1705–1795) was a Scottish advocate and philosopher.
Life
He was born on 20 August 1705[1] at Pilrig House, midway between Leith and Edinburgh. He was one of a staggering 16 children[2] of James Balfour (1681-1737) and his wife, Louisa Hamilton. His father had acquired the estate of Pilrig from the Gilbert family, who lost a fortune in the Darien Expedition. His father built the current Pilrig House around 1705.
After studying Law at Edinburgh University and at the University of Leyden, he was called to the Scottish bar as an advocate.
He held the offices of treasurer to the faculty of Advocates and sheriff-substitute of the county of Edinburgh. In 1754 he was appointed to the chair of Professor of Moral Philosophy in the University of Edinburgh, and in 1764 transferred to that of Professor of Public Law.[3]
In 1775 he is still listed as living in Pilrig House, having inherited the property on the death of his father.[4]
He was Secretary to the Edinburgh Company of Golfers, and belonged to both the Edinburgh and Leith Golf Courses. In this role he would have been involved in the establishment of the original rules of golf in 1777.[5]
He died on 6 March 1795. He is buried in the graveyard of South Leith Parish Church.
Works
He was the author of three philosophical books:[6]
- A Delineation of the Nature and Obligation of Morality, with Reflexions upon Mr. Hume's book entitled An Inquiry concerning the Principles of Morals. This book was published anonymously, the first edition in 1753, the second in 1763.
- Philosophical Essays, published anonymously in 1768.
- Philosophical Dissertations, published in 1782 under the author's name.
James McCosh, in his work on the Scottish Philosophy, says of him:
He sets out (in his "Delineation") with the principle that private happiness must be the chief end and object of every man's pursuit; shows how the good of others affords the greatest happiness; and then, to sanction natural conscience, he calls in the authority of God, who must approve of what promotes the greatest happiness. This theory does not give morality 'a sufficiently deep foundation in the constitution of man on the character of God, and could not have stood against the assaults of Hume. ... In his "Philosophical Essays" he wrote against Hume and Lord Kaimes, and in defence of active power and liberty. Like all active opponents of the new scepticism he felt it necessary to oppose the favourite theory of Locke, that all our ideas are derived from sensation and reflexion.[6]
Family
In 1737 he married Cecilia Helen Elphinstone (1705-1780), daughter of Sir John Elphinstone.[7] They had three sons, James, John, and Lewis, and one daughter, Mary Cecelia. Mary married into the Gibson-Craig baronets.
His brother Robert Balfour (b.1706) was a local entrepreneur, running a soapworks in Leith and operating a stagecoach from Edinburgh to Leith.
Balfour's mother was a Miss Hamilton, of Airdrie, great-grandaunt of the late Sir William Hamilton, 9th Baronet, professor of logic and metaphysics in the University of Edinburgh 1836-1856. His eldest sister married Gavin Hamilton, bookseller and publisher in Edinburgh (also, it is believed, a member of the Airdrie family), whose eldest son was Robert Hamilton, professor of mathematics in Marischal College and University, Aberdeen, author of a treatise on the national debt.[6] The brothers George William Balfour and James Balfour were great-grandsons, the former a heart specialist in Scotland, and the latter a marine engineer in New Zealand.[8][9]
He was the maternal great grandfather of Robert Louis Stevenson. It is noteworthy that Stevenson's christened name was Robert Lewis Balfour Stevenson, in deference to his ancestral family.
His grandson Elphinstone Balfour was a bookseller on the Royal Mile.[10]
References
- ↑ https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Balfour-166
- ↑ https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Balfour-175
- ↑ http://ourhistory.is.ed.ac.uk/index.php/James_Balfour_(1705-1795)
- ↑ http://www.archive.org/stream/williamsonsdirec17751776will#page/106/mode/2up
- ↑ https://www.nationalgalleries.org/art-and-artists/23488/james-balfour-1705-1795-secretary-edinburgh-company-golfers-published-1796
- 1 2 3
"Balfour, James (1705-1795)". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. - ↑ https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Elphinstone-22
- ↑ Lee, Sidney, ed. (1912). "Balfour, George William". Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement. 1. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
- ↑ Aspden, R J. "Balfour, James Melville". Institution of Professional Engineers New Zealand. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
- ↑ http://www.archive.org/stream/directoryforedin17941795aitc#page/34/mode/2up
Further reading
- The Imperial Dictionary of Universal Biography
- Anderson's Scottish Nation
- M'Cosh's Scottish Philosophy
- Letter to the writer from John M. Balfour-Melville, Esq., of Pilrig and Mount Melville, great-grandson of Professor Balfour.