Jabuka

Jabuka
Јабука
Village

Coat of arms
Jabuka

Location of Jabuka within Serbia

Coordinates: 44°56′35″N 20°35′35″E / 44.94306°N 20.59306°E / 44.94306; 20.59306Coordinates: 44°56′35″N 20°35′35″E / 44.94306°N 20.59306°E / 44.94306; 20.59306
Country Serbia
Province Vojvodina
District South Banat
Elevation 79 m (259 ft)
Population (2011)
 • Jabuka 6,181
Time zone CET (UTC+1)
 • Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)
Postal code 26201
Area code(s) +381(0)13
Car plates PA

Jabuka (Cyrillic: Јабука) is a village situated in the Pančevo municipality, in the South Banat District, Vojvodina province, Serbia. The village numbers 6,181 people (census 2011) and has a Serb majority and the largest ethnic Macedonian population in Serbia by percentage.

Name

The Serbian and Macedonian place names mean apple. The Hungarian name (official name Torontálalmás from 1898 to 1918) meant apple of Torontál. The German name (official name Apfeldorf from March 1943 to September 1944) meant apple's village.[1]A legend tells about Serbian fishermen who settled nearby an apple tree. The legend has been published for the first time in 1912. There is no deed or other evidence of founding by first settlers.[2]

Geography

Jabuka is located on flat and fertile plains nearby the Tamiš river at 44°56′35″N 20°35′35″E / 44.94306°N 20.59306°E / 44.94306; 20.59306, approximately 11 km NW of Pančevo and 27 km NE of Pančevo bridge to Belgrade.

History

Entry to the village

In the seventies of the 20th century, a team of the Archaeological Institute of Belgrade carried out extensive excavations on the communal area. The scientists found objects and tracks of a temporary settlement of Neolithic (Vinča and Starčevo cultures), Chalcolithic (Baden culture) and Iron periods.[3]

The communal area was a part of Temeşvar Eyalet in Ottoman Empire since 1552, after the Treaty of Požarevac a part of Habsburg's Banat, since 1765 of the military frontier (Austrian Empire) and then it belonged to the Torontál county of Austria-Hungary. After World War I was that area a part of provisional Torontalsko-tamiške županja (Treaty of Trianon), in 1922 of Belgrade oblast and since 1929 of the Danube Banovina in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. In the time after World War II its belonged to the Srez Pančevo of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The communal area of Jabuka was a part of the administrative region of the Pančevo municipality from all these centuries to the present.

Demographic history

National Archives of Austria, Map of the Josephinian Land Survey (1769-1772)
Office of the local Community (Mesna zajednica)

In December of 1764, a military commission of Viennese Hofkriegsrat registered 88 Rascian people who lived in 69 more or less habitable houses.[4]In 1921, the population of the village numbered 3,265 inhabitants, including 2,819 Germans, 348 Romanians, 73 Hungarians, 20 Serbs or Croats, 2 Slovenes, 2 Russians, and 1 Englishman.[5]

In the night from 31 December 1931 to 1 January 1932, some residents brutally tugged Stephan Scharinger (unskilled worker from the village; at least school caretaker) because of a rumor to the tower of fire brigade and killed him by hanging. After his death, they brought him back to his home and presented him as suicide. No one of that people reported this rumor to the official authorities before that action. The victim was innocent. He was father of two children only. A year later, the same residents threatened and harassed a young woman (daughter of the victim), but Aleksandr Janković (Serb from the village) protected and saved her life. Peter Speidel, the German head of that residents became first leader of the local Deutsche Mannschaft and another head (Romanian from the village) second leader of Deutsche Mannschaft few years later. The reason for the hounding of the woman was not her illegitimate child. She was a danger to a resident who had sexually abused her in 1926 and for the reputation of his family.[6][7]On 10 October 1943, Franz Richardt and Franz Neder, young members of the SS Freiwilligen Gebirgsjäger Division Prinz Eugen strictly refused their further participations in a reprisal in the area around Sarajevo. They were shot and killed because of their command denials. The resident Josef Nedwetzky, a member of the Deutsche Mannschaft and voluntary executioner of 18 innocent civilians from Pančevo in April 1941, was tortured and hanged by OZNA in October 1944 at Svilara.[8]In 1944, one part of German population left from the region, together with defeated German army. The remaining Germans of the village were sent into local imprisonments which existed until 1948. After prison camps were dissolved, many of German population left Yugoslavia because of economic reasons.

In the time period after World War II the village was settled with families that originated from all parts of Yugoslavia. Most of the settlers were from Macedonia, many of them originating from Kriva Palanka Municipality. In 1948, the majority of inhabitants were Macedonians (2,806 or 63.88%).[9][10]

Historical population
YearPop.±%
19484,392—    
19816,453+46.9%
20026,312−2.2%

Stratište Memorial

The name Stratište (Serbian Cyrillic Стратиште) means place of scaffold. This term paraphrases a location of executions by shooting. Political prisoners of National Socialism and Communism have been killed on this location during World War II in Yugoslavia. Special commands of Wehrmacht and German Police killed at least 5,000 Serbian Jews (majority) and Romani people (minority) from October to November 1941 and Yugoslav people from June to September 1944.[11][12][13]Danube Swabian members of the regional paramilitary formation Deutsche Mannschaft killed there 146 of about 2,500 prisoners from Bor after overnight stay at Svilara of Pančevo on 30 September 1944.[14]Special commands of Yugoslav Partisans killed there 36 German prisoners from Jabuka and 72 Yugoslavian prisoners in October and November 1944. 34 of 36 German prisoners were Second-rate officials of the local National socialist organization of Danube Swabians.[15][16]In some books are higher numbers mentioned, but in the case of the ten to twelve thousand victims stated, there are no cited documents published that they were national socialist victims only. These publications are mainly criticized in the German-speaking countries.[17]There is a memorial which has been built in 1980 and it is 4 km away from the village.[18]

Economy

The main occupation of the people is in agriculture, as with many other local settlements. However, many of the inhabitants also work in the factories of the neighbouring city of Pančevo. Since 1894, there is an industrial starch factory on the communal area.[19]

Culture

Given that Jabuka was mostly populated with Macedonians, much of the cultural life of the village reflects these people's cultural traditions. Macedonians living in the village are united by the cultural organisation Jabuka. In 1961 the cultural center Kočo Racin was founded in the village. Every year the national holiday Ilinden is celebrated. Since 2008 the festival Tavče Gravče has been also celebrated in the village. President Gjorge Ivanov visited the Macedonian community in September 2011. In the same year a school book in Macedonian language has been introduced. In 2001, local Romani people have formed the association Crni Biseri (Black Pearls).[20][21][22]

Sports

There is a football club named OFK Jugoslavija in the village. It was founded in 1935 and its club colors are Blue and White.[23]Since 1959, there is a handball club (Rukometni Klub) named RK Jabuka.[24]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Akiko Shimizu, Die deutsche Okkupation des serbischen Banats 1941-1944 unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der deutschen Volksgruppe in Jugoslawien. Regensburger Schriften aus Philosophie, Politik, Gesellschaft und Geschichte. Band 5, Münster 2003, ISBN 3-8258-5975-4, p. 188-189.
  2. ↑ Samu Borovszky, Magyarország vármegyéi és városai. Torontal vármegye, Budapest 1912, p. 124.
  3. ↑ Simo Mladenovski, Banatsko selo Jabuka, Skopje 1989, p. 19-24.
  4. ↑ Erik Roth, Die planmäßig angelegten Siedlungen im Deutsch-Banater Militärgrenzbezirk 1765-1821, Munich 1988, ISBN 3-486-54741-0, p. 347.
  5. ↑ Opšta državna statistika, Definitivni rezultati popisa stanovništva od 31 januara 1921 godine, Sarajevo 1932, p.354-355.
  6. ↑ Christine Mergel, Josef Jerger, Stefan Metha and Mathias Ulrich, Heimatbuch der Ortsgemeinde Jabuka Torontalalmas Apfeldorf, Ludwigshafen 1990.
  7. ↑ Ljubiša Ivanovski, Jabuka kroz vekove, Pančevo 2011.
  8. ↑ Christine Mergel, Josef Jerger, Stefan Metha and Mathias Ulrich, Heimatbuch der Ortsgemeinde Jabuka Torontalalmas Apfeldorf, Ludwigshafen 1990.
  9. ↑ Savezni zavod za statistiku, Konačni rezultati popisa stanovništva od 15 Marta 1948 godine, Knjiga IX, Belgrade 1954, p. 338.
  10. ↑ Simo Mladenovski, Banatsko selo Jabuka, Skopje 1988, p. 88-90.
  11. ↑ Serbien und Montenegro. Raum und Bevölkerung, Geschichte, Sprache und Literatur, Kultur, Politik, Gesellschaft, Wirtschaft, Recht, Vienna and Berlin 2006, ISBN 3-8258-9539-4, page 276. Retrieved on 2017-01-02.
  12. ↑ Walter Manoschek, „Serbien ist judenfrei“ - Militärische Besatzungspolitik und Judenvernichtung in Serbien 1941/42, Munich 1993, ISBN 3-486-55974-5, p. 91 (p. 99, note 211), 98-101.
  13. ↑ Lajčo Klajn: The Past in Present Times. The Yugoslav Saga, Lanham/Maryland 2007, ISBN 978-0-7618-3647-6, page 87. Retrieved on 2017-01-02.
  14. ↑ Randolph L. Braham, The Politics of Genocide. The Holocaust in Hungary. Volume 1, Columbia University Press, New York City 1981, ISBN 0-231-05208-1, p. 336.
  15. ↑ Christine Mergel, Josef Jerger, Stefan Metha and Mathias Ulrich, Bildband der Ortsgemeinde Jabuka Torontalalmas Apfeldorf, Ludwigshafen 1992, p. 314.
  16. ↑ Kako su komunisti streljali 72 pilota, article by Blic, Retrieved on 2017-01-02.
  17. ↑ Milan Todorović, Ladislav Feldeši: Stratište kod Pančeva: grobnica deset hiljada rodoljuba, Pančevo 1985. Ljubiša Ivanovski, Jabuka kroz vekove, ISBN 978-86-87881-04-4, Pančevo 2011, p. 80.
  18. ↑ Nebojša Tomašević, Treasures of Yugoslavia: An encyclopedic touring guide, Belgrade 1982, p. 429.
  19. ↑ Official Website by Jabuka Starch Industry of Pančevo (in English), Retrieved on 2017-01-06.
  20. ↑ Jabuka e sinonim za makedoncite vo Vojvodina, article on the Website by Utrinski vesnik (in Macedonian), Retrieved on 2017-01-03.
  21. ↑ Makedonska kuka za makedoncite vo Jabuka (Pančevo), article on the Website by Makedonska nacija (in Macedonian), Retrieved on 2017-01-03.
  22. ↑ President Ivanov pays visit to the Macedonian community in Jabuka, Serbia, article on the Official Website by the President of the Republic of Macedonia (in English), Retrieved on 2017-01-03.
  23. ↑ Official Website by OFK Jugoslavija Jabuka on Facebook (in Serbian), Retrieved on 2017-01-06.
  24. ↑ Official Website by RK Jabuka (in Serbian), Retrieved on 2017-01-04.
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