Isabella d'Este

Isabella d'Este
Marchesa of Mantua

Reliable identification Gian Cristoforo Romano 1495 – Portrait medal of Isabella d’Este (gold version 1505)
Born (1474-05-18)18 May 1474
Ferrara, Italy
Died 13 February 1539(1539-02-13) (aged 64)
Mantua, Italy
Noble family House of Este
Spouse(s) Francesco II Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua

Issue

Father Ercole I d'Este
Mother Eleanor of Naples

Isabella d'Este (19 May 1474 – 13 February 1539) was Marchesa of Mantua and one of the leading women of the Italian Renaissance as a major cultural and political figure. She was a patron of the arts as well as a leader of fashion, whose innovative style of dressing was copied by women throughout Italy and at the French court. The poet Ariosto labeled her as the "liberal and magnanimous Isabella",[1] while author Matteo Bandello described her as having been "supreme among women".[2] Diplomat Niccolò da Correggio went even further by hailing her as "The First Lady of the world".[2]

She served as the regent of Mantua during the absence of her husband, Francesco II Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua and the minority of her son, Federico, Duke of Mantua. In 1500 she met King Louis XII of France in Milan on a diplomatic mission to persuade him not to send his troops against Mantua.

She was a prolific letter-writer, and maintained a lifelong correspondence with her sister-in-law Elisabetta Gonzaga. Lucrezia Borgia was another sister-in-law; she later became the mistress of Isabella's husband.

Early life

Miniature of Isabella

Isabella d'Este grew up in a cultured family in the city-state of Ferrara. She received a fine classical education and, as a girl, met many famous humanist scholars and artists. Due to the vast amount of extant correspondence between Isabella and her family and friends, her life is unusually well-documented.[3] She was born on Tuesday 19 May 1474 at nine o'clock in the evening[4][5] in Ferrara, to Ercole I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara and Eleanor of Naples.[6] Eleanor was the daughter of Ferdinand I, the Aragonese King of Naples, and Isabella of Clermont.[7]

One year later on 29 June 1475 her sister Beatrice was born, and in 1476 and 1477 two brothers, Alfonso and Ippolito arrived. In 1479 and 1480 two more brothers were born; they were Ferrante and Sigismondo. Of all the children Isabella was considered to have been the favourite.[8]

In the year of Ferrante's birth, Isabella travelled to Naples with her mother. When her mother returned to Ferrara, Isabella accompanied her, while the other children stayed behind with their grandfather for eight years. It was during the journey with her mother that Isabella acquired the art of diplomacy and statecraft.

Education

Isabella, being naturally gifted and intellectually precocious in her youth, received an excellent education. As a child she studied Roman history, and rapidly learned to translate Greek and Latin (the former would become her favourite language) [citation needed]. Because of her outstanding intellect, she often discussed the classics and the affairs of state with ambassadors. Moreover, she was personally acquainted with the painters, musicians, writers, and scholars, who lived in and around the court. Besides her knowledge of history and languages, she could also recite Virgil and Terence by heart. Isabella was also a talented singer and musician, and was taught to play the lute by Giovanni Angelo Testagrossa.[9] In addition to all these admirable accomplishments, she also was an innovator of new dances, having been instructed in the art by Ambrogio, a Jewish dancing master.[10]

She was described as having been physically attractive, albeit slightly plump; however, she also possessed "lively eyes" and was "of lively grace".[11] In 1480, at the age of six, Isabella was betrothed to Francesco, the heir to the Marquis of Mantua. Although he was not handsome, Isabella admired him for his strength and bravery; she also regarded him as a gentleman. After their first few encounters, she found that she enjoyed his company and spent the next few years getting to know him and preparing herself to be the Marchesa of Mantua. During their courtship, Isabella treasured the letters, poems, and sonnets he sent her as gifts.

Marchesa of Mantua

Francesco II Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua, Isabella's husband

Ten years later on 11 February 1490, at age 15, she married Francesco Gonzaga, who had by then succeeded to the marquisate. Isabella became his wife and Marchesa amid a spectacular outpouring of popular acclamation. Besides Marquis, Francesco was also Captain General of the armies of the Republic of Venice. She brought as her marriage portion the sum of 3,000 ducats besides valuable jewellery, dishes, and a silver service.[12] Prior to the magnificent banquet which followed the wedding ceremony, Isabella rode through the main streets of Ferrara astride a horse draped in gems and gold.[13]

As the couple had known and admired one another for many years, their mutual attraction deepened into love; marriage to Francesco allegedly caused Isabella to "bloom".[14] At the time of her wedding, Isabella was said to have been pretty, slim, graceful and well-dressed.[15] Her long, fine hair was dyed pale blonde, and her eyes, "brown as fir cones in autumn, scattered laughter".[16]

Francesco, in his capacity of Captain General of the Venetian armies, was often required to go to Venice for conferences which left Isabella in Mantua on her own at La Reggia the ancient palace which was the family seat of the Gonzagas.[17] She did not lack company, however, as she passed the time with her mother and sister, Beatrice; and upon meeting Elisabetta Gonzaga, her 18-year-old sister-in-law, the two women became close friends. They enjoyed reading books, playing cards, and travelling about the countryside together. Once they journeyed as far as Lake Garda during one of Francesco's absences,[18] and later travelled to Venice. They maintained a steady correspondence until Elisabetta's death in 1526.

Almost four years after her marriage in December 1493, Isabella gave birth to her first child out of an eventual total of eight; it was a daughter, Eleonora, whom they called Leonora for short.

Children

Together Isabella and Francesco had eight children:[19]

Lucrezia Borgia

A year after her marriage to Isabella's brother, Alfonso[20] in 1502, the notorious Lucrezia Borgia became the mistress of Francesco. Isabella had given birth to a daughter, Ippolita at about the same time, and she continued to bear him children throughout Francesco and Lucrezia's long, passionate affair, which was more sexual than romantic.[21] Lucrezia had previously made overtures of friendship to Isabella which the latter had coldly and disdainfully ignored. From the time Lucrezia had first arrived in Ferrara as Alfonso's intended bride, Isabella, despite having acted as hostess during the wedding festivities, had regarded Lucrezia as a rival, whom she sought to outdo at every opportunity.[22] Francesco's affair with Lucrezia, whose beauty was renowned,[14] caused Isabella much jealous suffering and emotional pain.[21] Their liaison ended when he contracted syphilis as a result of encounters with prostitutes.

Regency

Portrait of Isabella d'Este by Leonardo da Vinci (1499-1500)

Isabella played an important role in Mantua during the city's troubled times. When her husband was captured in 1509 and held hostage in Venice, she took control of Mantua's military forces and held off their invaders until his release in 1512. In the same year, 1512, she was the hostess at the Congress of Mantua, which was held to settle questions concerning Florence and Milan.[23] As a ruler, she appeared to have been much more assertive and competent than her husband. When apprised of this fact upon his return, Francesco was furious and humiliated at being upstaged by his wife's superior political ability. This caused their marriage to break down irrevocably. As a result, Isabella began to travel freely and live independently from her husband until his death on 19 March 1519.

After the death of her husband, Isabella ruled Mantua as regent for her son, Federico. She began to play an increasingly important role in Italian politics, steadily advancing Mantua's position. She was instrumental in promoting Mantua to a Duchy, which was obtained by wise diplomatic use of her son's marriage contracts. She also succeeded in obtaining a cardinalate for her son Ercole. She further displayed shrewd political acumen in her negotiations with Cesare Borgia, who had dispossessed Guidobaldo da Montefeltro, duke of Urbino, the husband of her sister-in-law and good friend Elisabetta Gonzaga in 1502.

Cultural pursuits

Isabella d’Este is famous as the most important art patron of the Renaissance; her life is documented by her correspondence, which is still archived in Mantua (c. 28,000 letters received and copies of c. 12,000 letters written).[24][25]

Art patronage

Isabella d'Este and Leonardo’s Mona Lisa

Leonardo da Vinci 1499 – ‘Isabella d’Este’ / Leonardo da Vinci (workshop) 1502-06 – ‘Mona Lisa’ (Prado, Madrid, cleaned in 2012) / Leonardo da Vinci 1502-06 – ‘Mona Lisa’

Isabella d’Este has been proposed as a plausible candidate[33] for Leonardo’s ‘Mona Lisa’ of 1502-06, which is usually considered a portrait of Lisa del Giocondo. (Lisa was the wife of a merchant in Florence and Giorgio Vasari wrote of her portrait by Leonardo[34] – it remains open whether this is the portrait now known as the ‘Mona Lisa’.) Evidence in favor of Isabella as the subject of the famous work includes Leonardo’s drawing ‘Isabella d’Este’ from 1499 and her letters of 1501-06 requesting the promised painted portrait;[35] further arguments are the mountains in the background[36] and the armrest as a Renaissance symbol for a portrait of a sovereign.

Potential portrait identifications

Isabella d’Este in portraits Details of the pictures: Gian Cristoforo Romano – Medal / Leonardo da Vinci – Drawing / Titian (known by copy Peter Paul Rubens) – ‘Isabella in Red’ / Titian 1536 (rejuvenated) – ‚Isabella in Black’ versus ‚La Bella’ / Unknown – Ambras Miniature

Despite her significant art patronage which included a number of portraits – no other person of her time was so often portrayed[37] – there are very few surviving identified portraits of Isabella. These few identifications are known as inhomogeneous (i.e. differing eye and hair colours as well as divergent eyebrows in both Titian portraits)[37] and there are no images of her between the ages of 26 and 54 (see picture). It is known that the elderly Isabella preferred idealized paintings and even waived sitting as a model.[38] However it could be assumed that she still insisted on seeing her personal characteristics in the outcome.[39]

In recent years several museums have withdrawn their few identifications of portraits as Isabella because of the risk of misidentification.[40] The remaining three colourful portraits are still inhomogeneous (Kunsthistorisches Museum/KHM, Vienna):[41]

‘La Bella’ (Palazzo Pitti, Florence) has been discussed as an alternative to Titian’s 1536 portrait in Vienna, because the commission from the 60-year-old patron was for a rejuvenated portrait; if La Bella were Isabella, eye colour, hair colour, eyebrows and general appearance would homogenize in all known portraits, allowing potential links toward further identifications.[42]

At present the 1495 medal by Gian Cristoforo Romano (several extant copies) is the only reliable identification because of the inscription created during Isabella's lifetime.[43]

Diplomatic missions and her treatment of slaves

Isabella had met the French king in Milan in 1500 on a successful diplomatic mission which she had undertaken to protect Mantua from French invasion. Louis had been impressed by her alluring personality and keen intelligence.[44] It was while she was being entertained by Louis, whose troops occupied Milan, that she offered asylum to Milanese refugees including Cecilia Gallerani, the refined mistress of her sister Beatrice's husband, Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan, who had been forced to leave his duchy in the wake of French occupation. Isabella presented Cecilia to King Louis, describing her as a "lady of rare gifts and charm".[45]

Isabella was also an extreme example of the Renaissance European tendency to treat black African slaves in her household as exotic accessories. Isabella's fascination with black child servants is extensively documented.[46] On 1 May 1491 Isabella asked Giorgio Brognolo, her agent in Venice, to procure a young black girl ('una moreta') between the ages of one-and-a-half and four, and twice in early June reminded him of the request, emphasizing that the girl should be 'as black as possible'.[47] Isabella’s household and financial records reflect she already had a significantly older black girl in her service when she inquired after a younger black child. Records also reflect that she obtained a little black girl from a Venetian orphanage, opened negotiations with a Venetian patrician household for the sale of a little black boy and purchased an enslaved little black girl from her sister.[48] The commission for the purchase of a little girl "as black as possible" could be construed as a wish for maximum exoticism.[49]

Widowhood

"Devoted head of state"

As a widow, Isabella at the age of 45 became a "devoted head of state".[50] Her position as a Marchesa required her serious attention, therefore she was required to study the problems faced by a ruler of a city-state. To improve the well-being of her subjects she studied architecture, agriculture, and industry, and followed the principles that Niccolò Machiavelli had set forth for rulers in his book The Prince. In return, the people of Mantua respected and loved her.[51]

Maiolica plate with the arms of Isabella and her late husband, Urbino, ca. 1524 (Victoria and Albert Museum)

Isabella left Mantua for Rome in 1527. She was present during the catastrophic Sack of Rome, when she converted her house into an asylum for about 2000 people fleeing the Imperial soldiers. Isabella's house was one of the very few which was not attacked, due to the fact that her son was a member of the invading army. When she left, she managed to acquire safe passage for all the refugees who had sought refuge in her home.

Later years and death

After Rome became stabilised following the sacking, she left the city and returned to Mantua. She made it a centre of culture, started a school for girls, and turned her ducal apartments into a museum containing the finest art treasures. This was not enough to satisfy Isabella, already in her mid-60s, so she returned to political life and ruled Solarolo, in Romagna until her death on 13 February 1539.

Legacy

During her lifetime and after her death, poets, popes, and statesmen paid tribute to Isabella. Pope Leo X invited her to treat him with "as much friendliness as you would your brother".[3] The latter's secretary Pietro Bembo described her as "one of the wisest and most fortunate of women"; while the poet Ariosto deemed her the "liberal and magnanimous Isabella". Author Matteo Bandello wrote that she was "supreme among women", and the diplomat Niccolò da Correggio entitled her "The First Lady of the world".[3]

Depiction in media

The artwork The Dinner Party features a place setting for Isabella d'Este.[52]

Isabella d'Este is portrayed by Belgian actress Alexandra Oppo in the TV show Borgia.

References

  1. ↑ Marek, George R. (1976). The Bed and the Throne: The Life of Isabella d'Este. New York: Harper and Row Publishers.p.ix ISBN 978-0-06-012810-4
  2. 1 2 Marek, p.ix
  3. 1 2 3 Marek, p.xiv
  4. ↑ Marek, p.12 Isabella's mother wrote a letter to her friend Barbara Gonzaga describing the details of Isabella's birth
  5. ↑ Note: In 15th century Italy the day began at sunset rather than at midnight; therefore as Isabella's birth occurred on 19 May at the second hour, this indicated that she was actually born on 18 May, at 9.00 PM
  6. ↑ Julia Mary Cartwright Ady, Isabella d'Este, marchioness of Mantua, 1474-1539: a study of the renaissance, Volume 1, 1907
  7. ↑ Marek, p.12
  8. ↑ Gardener, Edmund (1904). Dukes & Poets in Ferrara. London: Archibald Constable & Co. LTD. p. 238.
  9. ↑ Ness, Arthur J. "Giovanni Angelo Testagrossa". In L. Root, Deane. Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press. (subscription required)
  10. ↑ Marek, pp.16-17
  11. ↑ Marek, p.16
  12. ↑ Marek, p.28
  13. ↑ Marek, p.30
  14. 1 2 Marek, p.33
  15. ↑ Marek, pp.33-34
  16. ↑ Marek, p.34
  17. ↑ Marek,p.35
  18. ↑ Marek, p.35
  19. ↑ Marek, Miroslav. "Complete Genealogy of the House of Gonzaga". Genealogy.EU.
  20. ↑ Note:In June 1505, Alfonso succeeded their father as duke, making Lucrezia, Duchess of Ferrara
  21. 1 2 Marek, pp.166-69
  22. ↑ Marek, pp.147-48
  23. ↑ Marek, p.250
  24. ↑ Shemek, Deanna: Phaethon's Children: The Este Court and its Culture in Early Modern Ferrara. Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies (Arizona) 2005, p. 277
  25. ↑ For a documentations of art related letters see: Luzio, Alessandro: La Galleria dei Gonzaga – Appendice B: I ritratti d'Isabella d'Este. Casa Editrice L. F. Cogliati (Milan) 1913
  26. ↑ Ferino, Sylvia: Isabella d’Este – Fürstin und Mäzenatin der Renaissance. Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien (Vienna) 1994, pp. 86-425
  27. ↑ Ferino (1994), pp. 106, 315, 321; Cartwright, Julia: Isabella d’Este. Murray (London) 1907, Table of contents
  28. ↑ Cartwright (1907), table of contents
  29. ↑ Ferino (1994), pp. 429-432
  30. ↑ Tick, Judith et al.: Women in music, §II: Western classical traditions in Europe & the USA. In: Macy, Laura: Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press. (subscription required)
  31. ↑ Ferino (1994), p. 18
  32. ↑ Marek (1952), p. 159
  33. ↑ Zöllner, Frank: Leonardo da Vinci – Sämtliche Werke. Taschen Verlag (Cologne) 2007, p. 241 (effective catalogue raisonné)
  34. ↑ Vasari, Giorgio: Lebensläufe der berühmtesten Maler, Bildhauer und Architekten. 1550 / Manesse Verlag (Zurich) 2005, p. 330
  35. ↑ Lewis, Francis-Ames: Isabella and Leonardo. Yale University Press (New Haven) 2012, Appendix Letters pp. 223-240 (original letters in Italian and English)
  36. ↑ Florence/Tuscany versus Mantua/Dolomites
  37. 1 2 Ferino (1994), p. 86
  38. ↑ Ferino (1994), p. 94
  39. ↑ Several letters mention Isabella’s request for overpainting hair and eye colours, i.e. Luzio, Alessandro: Federico Gonzaga ostaggio alla corte di Giulio II. Societa Romana di storia patria (Rome) 1887, p. 59: "... pregandolo tuttavia a ritoccare il ritratto ne' capelli, che il pittore aveva fatti troppo biondi" and Luzio (1913), p. 213: "... a commutar gli occhij de nigri in bianchi"
  40. ↑ See:
    • Royal Collection, London (RCIN 405762): Lorenzo Costa ‘Portrait of a Lady with a Lapdog‘ (c. 1500-05)
    • Royal Collection, London (RCIN 405777): Giulio Romano ‘Margherita Paleologa’ (1531)
    • Currier Museum of Art, Manchester (inv. 1947.4): Lorenzo Costa ‘Portrait of a Woman‘ (1506-10)
    • Louvre, Paris (inv 894): Giovanni Francesco Caroto ‘Portrait de femme‘ (c. 1505-10)
  41. ↑ KHM Vienna: Inv. 83, Inv 1534, Inv 5081
  42. ↑ i.e. Ozzola, Leandro (1931): Isabella d’Este e Tiziano. In: Bolletino d’Arte del Ministero della pubblica istruzione. BdA (Rome) 1931 No. 11, pp. 491-494; Download: http://www.bollettinodarte.beniculturali.it/opencms/multimedia/BollettinoArteIt/documents/1407155929929_06_-_Ozzola_491.pdf
  43. ↑ KHM Vienna, Inv 6.272bß and Ferino (1994), pp. 373-378
  44. ↑ Marek, p.80-81
  45. ↑ Marek, p.80
  46. ↑ Alessandro Luzio and Rodolfo Renier, 'Buffoni, schiavi e nani alla corte dei Gonzaga ai tempi d'Esabella d'Este', Nuova Antologia, 19 (1891), pp.112-46, 140-5.
  47. ↑ Paul H.D. Kaplan, “Isabella d’Este and black African women,” Black Africans in Renaissance Europe, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005)
  48. ↑ Kaplan, 153.
  49. ↑ Joaneath Spicer, “European Perceptions of Blackness as Reflected in the Visual Arts,” Revealing the African Presence in Renaissance Europe, (Baltimore: The Walters Art Museum, 2012)
  50. ↑ Marek, p.204
  51. ↑ Marek, p.205
  52. ↑ Place Settings. Brooklyn Museum. Retrieved on 2015-08-06.

Further reading

George, L., The Public Perception of Isabella d'Este, Clio History Journal, 2009.

Preceded by
Margaret of Bavaria		 Marchesa of Mantua
1490–1519 		Succeeded by
Margaret Palaeologina
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