Isa Alptekin

Isa Yusuf Alptekin
(艾薩·玉素甫·阿布甫泰肯)
Member of the Legislative Yuan from Xinjiang province
In office
1939 – -
Personal details
Born 1901
Kashgar, Qing Dynasty
Died 1995
Istanbul, Turkey
Profession Politician

Isa Yusuf Alptekin or ʿĪsa Yūsuf Alptekin (Uyghur: ئەيسا يۈسۈپ ئالپتېكىن‎ (عيسى يوسف الپتگین) or (عيسى يوسف الپتكین) (Turkish:İsa Yusuf Alptekin )Айсабек Chinese: 艾萨·玉素甫·阿布甫泰肯; pinyin: Àisà Yùsùfŭ Ābùfŭtàikěn;[1] 1901 – 17 December 1995), known in China as Ai Sha (Chinese: 艾沙伯克; pinyin: àishābókè), was a Uyghur political leader. After the communist takeover of Xinjiang, Alptekin went into exile from China in 1949.

Biography

He was born at 1901 in Yengisar County, Kashgar, Qing Dynasty. He headed the First East Turkestan Republic in Kashgar from November 12, 1933 to February 6, 1934 as the General Secretary of the National Assembly of the Republic, alongside Prime Minister Sabit Damulla, and titular President Hoja-Niyaz. He also represented Xinjiang in Nanjing from 1932 to 1934. Initially the republic was named the "Turkish Islamic Republic of East Turkestan" (TIRET), representing the multi-national staff of its government, which included Uyghurs, Kazakhs and Kyrgyz; its anti-Hui, anti-Han, and anti-communist policies, declared in its declaration of independence; and basic Islamic principles, declared in its constitution.

He stayed in Nanjing, and then fled to Chongqing with the Chinese government when Japan invaded. He lived there along with several other Uyghurs like Masud Sabri.

In order to gain sympathy for the Chinese War against Japan Egypt, Syria, and Turkey was visited by Hui Muslim 馬賦良 Ma Fuliang and Uyghur Muslim Isa Yusuf Alptekin in 1939, they contacted Muhammad Amin Bughra when they also went to Afghanistan in 1940, they asked him to come to Chongqing, the capital of the Kuomintang regime. Kuomintang arranged for Bughra's release since due to spying British had arrested Bughra. Kuomintang Muslim publications used Isa and Bughra as editors.[2]

The bombardment of Chinese Muslims by the warplanes of the Japanese was reported in the newspapers of Syria. Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Lebanon were all toured by the delegation. The Foreign Minister, Prime Minister, and President of Turkey met with the Chinese Muslim delegation after they came via Egypt in May 1939. Gandhi and Jinnah met with the Hui Ma Fuliang and Uyghur Isa Alptekin as they denounced Japan.[3]

Ma Fuxliang, Isa Alptekin, Wang Zengshan, Xue Wenbo, and Lin Zhongming all went to Egypt to denounce Japan in front of the Arab and Islamic words.[4] China was supported by Alptekin during the Japanese invasion.[5]

Isa returned to Xinjiang, and he opposed the Second East Turkestan Republic in northern Xinjiang during the Ili Rebellion since it was a Soviet Communist puppet state of Stalin, instead, he worked for the Chinese Kuomintang regime of Zhang Zhizhong. There were 3 Effendis, (Üch Äpändi) (ئۈچ ئەپەندى) Aisa Alptekin, Memtimin Bughra (Muhammad Amin Bughra), and Masud Sabri.[6][7] The Second East Turkestan Republic attacked them as Kuomintang "puppets".[8][9]

Isa lead a delegation of 36 Uyghurs to support murderers in Lanzhou who in revenge for Sheng Shicai killing their family members, slaughtered a five-year-old girl, and a seven-year-old boy who were Sheng's niece and nephew and nine other relatives of Sheng Shicai. Isa said that the slaughter was justified.[10]

In Ürümqi (Uyghur) Muslim women who married Han Chinese men were assaulted by hordes of (Uyghur) Muslims on July 11, 1947, and the women were seized and kidnapped by the hordes. Old (Uyghur) Muslim men forcibly married the women. In response to the chaos a curfew was placed at 11 p.m.[11]

The marriages between Muslim (Uyghur) women and Han Chinese men infuriated Isa Yusuf Alptekin.[12]

Anti Soviet sentiment was espoused by Isa while Pro Soviet sentiment was espoused by Burhan. The Soviets were angered by Isa.[13]

He asked Ma Bufang on whether Chiang Kaishek and the Chinese government would allow an independent Islamic state in southern Xinjiang to counter the Communists and the Soviet backed East Turketsan Republic, but Ma Bufang did not bother with this request, instead, Ma fled on an American CIA plane as the Communist army approached Qinghai with several million dollars in gold. Ma then fled to Taiwan, then to Egypt.

Alptekin fled the communist takeover of Xinjiang theough the Himalayas, reaching Ladakh in Kashmir and going into exile in Turkey. In 1954, he and Muhammad Amin Bughra went to Taiwan to try to persuade the Kuomintang government of the Republic of China of dropping its claims to Xinjiang. Their demand was rejected and Taiwan affirmed that it claimed Xinjiang as "an integral part of China".[14]

Members of the American Congress in 1970 met with Alptekin.[15] Alptekin met with the ultra-nationalist Pan-Turkic leader Alparslan Türkeş.[16][17][18][19][20][21] Alptekin spouted anti-Armenian rhetoric while he was in Turkey and claimed that innocent Turkish Muslims were massacred by Armenians.[22][23][24][25][26]

Isa Yusuf Alptekin was the father of Erkin Alptekin. During Alptekin's exile in Turkey, where he received great support from Pan-Turkic elements in the Government of Turkey, the PRC government denounced him for continuing his "Xinjiang independence activities", and for trying to overthrow the "socialist system". When he died there in 1995, over a million people allegedly attended his funeral, and he was buried in Topkapı Cemetery, next to the mausoleums of two former Turkish leaders, Adnan Menderes and Turgut Özal.[27][28] In 1995, a park was dedicated to Alptekin in the Blue Mosque section in Istanbul, along with a memorial for martyrs of the late East Turkestan Independence Movement. The high-profile nature of the dedication, including the attendance of the Turkish President, Prime Minister, chairman of parliament and others, enraged China. It denounced Turkey for meddling in its 'internal affairs', and the Turkish state department requested the closing of the park, but domestic constituencies refused.[1][29]

Notes

  1. 1 2 Allievi, Stefano; Nielsen, Jørgen (2003). Muslim networks and transnational communities in and across Europe. Brill Publishers. pp. 303–305. ISBN 978-90-04-12858-3.
  2. ↑ Lin 2010, p. 90.
  3. ↑ http://www.xzbu.com/7/view-1606508.htm
  4. ↑ http://www.xzbu.com/4/view-3247116.htm
  5. ↑ The Muslim World. Motamar al-Alam al-Islami; World Muslim Congress. 1994. p. 99.
  6. ↑ Kamalov, Ablet (2010). Millward, James A.; Shinmen, Yasushi; Sugawara, Jun, eds. Uyghur Memoir literature in Central Asia on Eastern Turkistan Republic (1944-49). Studies on Xinjiang Historical Sources in 17-20th Centuries. Tokyo: The Toyo Bunko. p. 260.
  7. ↑ Ondřej Klimeš (8 January 2015). Struggle by the Pen: The Uyghur Discourse of Nation and National Interest, c.1900-1949. BRILL. pp. 197–. ISBN 978-90-04-28809-6.
  8. ↑ Ondřej Klimeš (8 January 2015). Struggle by the Pen: The Uyghur Discourse of Nation and National Interest, c.1900-1949. BRILL. pp. 241–. ISBN 978-90-04-28809-6.
  9. ↑ David D. Wang (January 1999). Clouds Over Tianshan: Essays on Social Disturbance in Xinjiang in the 1940s. NIAS Press. pp. 28–. ISBN 978-87-87062-62-6.
  10. ↑ Brown & Pickowicz eds. 2007, p. 191.
  11. ↑ Benson, Linda (1990). The Ili Rebellion The Moslem Challenge to Chinese Authority in Xinjiang, 1944-1949. M.E. Sharpe. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-87332-509-7.
  12. ↑ Linda Benson (1990). The Ili Rebellion: The Moslem Challenge to Chinese Authority in Xinjiang, 1944-1949. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 164–. ISBN 978-0-87332-509-7.
  13. ↑ Jeremy Brown; Paul Pickowicz (2007). Dilemmas of Victory: The Early Years of the People's Republic of China. Harvard University Press. pp. 188–. ISBN 978-0-674-02616-2.
  14. ↑ Page 52, Ismail, Mohammed Sa'id, and Mohammed Aziz Ismail. Moslems in the Soviet Union and China. Translated by U.S. Government, Joint Publications Service. Tehran, Iran: Privately printed pamphlet, published as vol. 1, 1960 (Hejira 1380); translation printed in Washington: JPRS 3936, September 19, 1960.
  15. ↑ "غەرب دۇنياسىدىكى ئۇيغۇرلار (4A)". Radio Free Asia. 2016-04-30.
  16. ↑ http://www.hurgokbayrak.com/yeni_sayfa_162.htm
  17. ↑ http://www.turkislamdavasi.com/isa-yusuf-alptekini-rahmet-ve-minnetle-yad-ediyoruz/
  18. ↑ http://www.dtv.org.tr/?HABER/572/alparslan-turkesin-dogu-turkistan-davasina-bakisi.html
  19. ↑ http://www.eskipazaryerel78.com/?pnum=98&pt=T%C3%9CRK%C4%B0STANDAK%C4%B0+M%C3%9CSL%C3%9CMAN+T%C3%9CRK+KARDE%C5%9ELER%C4%B0M%C4%B0Z%C4%B0N+D%C3%9CN%C3%9C+VE+BU+G%C3%9CN%C3%9C
  20. ↑ http://www.turkcuturanci.com/turkcu/turkcu-ogreti/ynt-ruzgar-birligi/10/
  21. ↑ http://www.yenicaggazetesi.com.tr/turkes-turkistan-turklugun-davasi-20025h.htm
  22. ↑ http://www.konyayenigun.com/haber/93883/Isa_Yusuf_Alptekin_ve_Turkiyenin_Siyasal_Hayatina_Etkileri.html
  23. ↑ http://www.dtv.org.tr/?MAKALE/38/isa-yusuf-alptekin-ve-turkiyenin-siyasal-hayatina-etkileri.html&git=3
  24. ↑ http://www.konyayenigun.com/cikti.php?mode=news&id=93883
  25. ↑ http://www.gokbayrak.com/dergi_oku.asp?id=100&sid=540
  26. ↑ “Dış Türk Kardeşlerime sesleniyorum! Ermeni katilleri protesto eden mitingler, yürüyüşler tertip etmeliyiz. Ermenileri destekleyen devletleri ve milletleri şiddetle telin etmeliyiz… İslam Dünyasına sesleniyorum! Bir milyarı aşan İslam âlemi; diniyle, kitabıyla, Rasulüyle bir bütündür. (Bu sebeple) birimizin dostu hepimizin dostu, birimizin düşmanı hepimizin düşmanı olmadı idi… Fakat maalesef olmadı. Olamıyor. Birimizin düşmanı maalesef diğerinin dostu oluyor. Ermeni caniler masum Müslüman Türk kardeşlerimizi katlederken, İslam dünyası sessiz kalıyor, sükût ediyor… Ortadoğu’daki Müslüman devletler ve milletler şunu bilmelidirler ki, bugün Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, dünya hâkimiyeti güden Rusya ile sizin aranızda yıkılmaz bir kale, aşılmaz bir settir. Evvel Allah Türkiye sayesinde hür ve müstakil yaşama imkânına sahip bulunuyorsunuz… Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin mevcudiyeti, sizin de mevcudiyetiniz ve bekanızın teminatı demektir. Ermenileri destekleyen devletlere sesleniyorum! Şunu unutmayınız ki, esaret altında olsalar bile yüz milyon Türk, Türkiye’ye yekvücut gibi bağlıdır. Onun zararına olacak her hareket, bütün Türk dünyasını incitmiş olacak, ona yan bakanlar, yüz milyon Dış Türkü yanında yanında bulacaktır. Bunları bütün dünyanın böyle bilmesini istiyoruz.”
  27. ↑ Polat 1995.
  28. ↑ Kayıkçı 2008.
  29. ↑ Çolakoğlu 2013, p. 35.

References

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