Iris pontica

Iris pontica
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Monocots
Order:	Asparagales
Family:	Iridaceae
Subfamily:	Iridoideae
Tribe:	Irideae
Genus:	Iris
Subgenus:	Limniris
Series:	Spuriae
Species:	Iris pontica
Binomial name
Iris pontica Zapal
Synonyms
Chamaeiris pontica (Zapal.) M.B.Crespo Iris humilis M.Bieb. [Illegitimate] Iris humilis var. pontica Prod. Iris marschalliana Bobrov Limniris humilis (Alef.) Fuss Neubeckia humilis Alef. Xyridion ponticum (Zapal.) Rodion.[1]

Iris pontica is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Limniris and in Series Spuriae. It is a dwarf rhizomatous perennial plant from eastern Europe, the Causcasus region and Russia, with a short stem and violet-blue and white flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Description

It is known as the smallest Spuria iris.^[2] It is related to Iris sintenisii and Iris graminea but it is very distinct from them.^[3]

It has a short, thick, woody, branching rhizomes.^[4][5][6][7] That measure 0.4-1.0 cm in diameter.^[4][5] They normally grown at 3–5 cm deep in the soil.^[5] The branching and creeping habit creates tufts of plants.^[5][8]

It has foliage which is similar in form to Iris graminea.^[9] It has 2-5 basal leaves,^[3][7][10] that are narrow, linear, lanceolate, slightly glaucous and grass-like.^{[2][3][5][6][7][8]} They grow up to 10–45 cm (4–18 in) long and 2-5mm wide.^{[2][3][5][6][7][8][10][11][12]} The leaves can be 3 times as long as the stem.^[6][13][14] They have prominent ribs or veining.^[3][7][10]

It has very short stem,^[4][5] 1–4 cm long.^{[2][7][9][11][12][14]} In total, with the flower, peduncle and stem, the plant can reach up to 10 cm (4 in) tall.^{[8][13][15][16][17]}

The stems or peduncle hold 1 (or 2 rarely^[5][17]) terminal (top of stem) flowers, in late spring,^[8][16] or early summer,^[13] between April and June.^{[2][3][5][7][9][18]} The stems have 2 green, lanceolate, membranous spathes (leaves of the flower bud), that are 40-70mm long.^{[5][6][11][12][14]}

The flowers have a slight scent,^{[4][5][17][19]} which is rare for most spuria irises,^[2] and can be up 5–7 cm (2–3 in) in diameter,^{[2][3][4][8][19]} and come in shades of violet-blue,^[2][5][6][7] violet,^{[8][14][15][16]} purple,^{[6][11][12][13]} or purple-reddish.^[2][4]

It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals, known as the 'standards'.^[14] The falls are sub-orbicular or obovate. They have a yellow, yellow-greenish or white centre patch that is veined with violet, reddish-brown or brown.^{[3][7][8][9][10][11][14][15][16][17]} They have very narrow dark purple claws (section closest to the stem).^[3][7] Measuring up to 45-55mm long and 15-18mm wide.^[11][12][16] The single coloured (violet-blue to blue) standards are oblanceolate and unguiculate (clawed).^{[3][7][9][11][12][16]} They also have a dark purple claws.^[3][7][16] Measuring 35-50mm long and 8-12mm wide.^[11][12][16]

It has a long perianth tube, but it is difficult to measure because of the slender, beaked ovary.^[3] It is between 2 and 5 cm long.^[7][10]

It has a bronze-purple or purple carinate (ridged), recurved (up turned at the front edge) style branch, which has two violet-blue teeth.^[3][7] It has a 2 lobed stigma, yellow filaments, azure anthers and cylindric ovary.^[7]

After the iris has flowered, it produces an ellipsoid, seed capsule, 1.5-2.5 cm long, with 6 ridges, between May and August.^{[2][5][7][11][12]} Inside the capsule, are reddish brown to brown, pyriform (pear shaped) or globose seeds, which have a papery testa (coating).^[2][7][11]

Biochemistry

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes. This can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.^[14] It has a chromosome count: 2n=72.^[15][20]

Taxonomy

The Latin specific epithet pontica refers to Pontiac or the Black Sea.^[21] Normally, 'pontica refers to the Turkish Pontus mountain range or the classical region known as 'Pontus' in North eastern Turkey. (such as Artemisia pontica). But the Black Sea was once known as Pontus Euxinus.^[3]

It has the common names of Pontic iris.^{[4][5][22][23]} It is also rarely called Iris Black Sea.^[20][23] Although, generally Iris lazica has the common name of Black Sea Iris.

It was originally found in the Caucasus and called Iris humilis by Friedrich August Marschall von Bieberstein in Flor. Taur. Caucas. Vol.1 page33 in 1808.^[3][5] It was again published by Bieberstein in Cent. Pl. Rar. Vol.1: tab. 31 in 1810. But in the 1960s, Georgi Rodionenko (a Russian botanist), found that a dwarf yellow bearded iris in the section Psammiris was called Iris humilis (by Georgi) and it was published earlier in 1775.^[6][24] It was then found that Hugo Zapałowicz had published the iris in 'Conspectus florae Galiciae criticus' (Consp. Fl. Gallic. Crit.) Vol.1 page191 in 1906 as Iris pontica.^[25][26] So Iris pontica is used as the correct name and Iris humils is classified as a synonym.^[1][3]

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003.^[26]

Distribution and habitat

Iris pontica is native to eastern regions of Europe and Russia^[26]

Range

It is found in eastern Europe within Moldova,^{[5][11][12][26][27]} Romania,^{[6][8][11][12][13][14][15][16][20][26][27]} Ukraine,^{[5][8][11][14][15][16][26][27]} and north eastern Turkey.^[5][6][27]

It is also in the Caucasus,^{[2][4][5][6][7][8][13][15][16][17][20][25][27]} part of the Russian Federation or USSR.^{[7][14][16][16][17]}

As recently as 2013, the species was first discovered in the forest-steppe area of Moldavia.^[27]

Habitat

Iris pontica grows on dry sunny grasslands and meadows,^[11][12][20] of steppes^{[4][5][8][27]} and on limestone, chalky and granite mountain slopes.^{[2][4][5][18]} Along the edges of ravines.^[18]

It can also be found in thickets of shrubs and at the edges of forests.^[5][27]

Sometimes, difficult to spot due to the flowers being hidden by the leaves.^[6][18]

Conservation

Iris pontica is listed as 'Vulnerable' in various Red Book of vascular plants in the Stavropol Territory in USSR, and also in Ukraine (since 1980).^[12][18] In Romania, it is listed as 'critically endangered'.^[12] It has been listed as endangered category in Moldova (since 1980).^[12]

It has been threatened due to the flowers being collected for bouquets and grazing by farm animals.^[5][18]

In 2009, a national Nature park was created in Ukraine. This is to protect several endemics that are listed in the Red Data Book. Including Iris pontica, Stipa asperella, Gymnospermium odessanum, Dianthus hypanicus, Moehringia hypanica and Silene hypanica.^[28]

Cultivation

It is hardy to European Zone H2.^[16] It is hardy enough to be grown in Moscow, Saint Petersburg and Stavropol in Russia. It has grown well for up to 12 years in St Petersburg Botanical Garden.^[2]

It prefers to grow in soils that contain limestone.^[6][14] But it is tolerant of other soils including rich clay loams,^[14] neutral dry soils,^[12] or a 'peat bed' (with mainly leafmold and rotting wood).^[3]

It prefers full sun or partial shade.^[6][8][12] It is known as a heliophytic species.^[12]

It can be grown in the rock garden or in an alpine house.^{[2][4][8][13]} It can also be grown in a contained or pot.^[14]

It is rarely seen in the UK.^[13]

Propagation

It can also be propagated by division or by seed growing.^[2][5]

It is thought that it is propagated by ants. The flowers produce nectar droplets at the base of tepals, which attracts the ants.^[6]

References

Other sources

• Czerepanov, S. K. 1995. Vascular plants of Russia and adjacent states (the former USSR).
• Mathew, B. 1981. The Iris. 115–116.
• Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964–1980. Flora europaea.

External links

• Media related to Iris pontica at Wikimedia Commons
• Malisano.it: Image of Iris pontica
• Data related to Iris pontica at Wikispecies