Iris bostrensis

Iris bostrensis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Subfamily: Iridoideae
Tribe: Irideae
Genus: Iris
Subgenus: Iris
Species: Iris bostrensis
Binomial name
Iris bostrensis
Paul Mouterde
Synonyms
  • Iris atropurpurea var. purpurea Dinsm.[2][3]

Iris bostrensis is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Oncocyclus section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the border between Syria and Jordan. It has greenish-grey leaves, 1-2 flowers in Spring, (in March), which have a yellowish, greenish or pale brown ground, which is then covered in many brown-black, brown-purple, or brown, spots, streaks or veining. It has a bright yellow beard, slightly tipped in purple. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, due to its environmental conditions of its natural habitat.

Description

It is a geophyte,[4] with small, compact rhizomes.[5][6] The rhizomes are close to the surface level, so that they receive maximum solar energy.[6]

It has up to 8 (in number),[5] greenish grey, linear or lanceolate (shaped) leaves. That can grow up to 10–20 cm (4–8 in) long,[6] and nearly 1 cm wide.[5] They start to grow in spring and fade before the end of summer.[6]

It has a slender stem or peduncle, that can grow up to between 10–15 cm (4–6 in) tall.[7][8][9]

The stems hold 1 or 2,[6] terminal (top of stem) flowers, blooming in March,[10][11] or between April and May (in Europe).[5][6]

The silk-like,[10] or satin-like,[6][12] flowers with brown-black,[12][13] brown-purple,[5][7] or brown,[6] multiple spots,[3][9] streaks or veining,[6][12] over a yellowish or brownish,[5] greenish ground.[3][9] The flowers can appear to be a deep copper colour when backlit.[10]

Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'.[14]

The falls are reflexed (folded backwards) and, 6.5–7.5 cm (3–3 in) long and between 3 and 4.5 cm wide.[5] They have a deep maroon,[3][9] semi-circular shaped signal patch, which is about 2 cm wide.[5] In the middle of the falls, is a row of short hairs called the 'beard', which are bright yellow,[6][12][13] and slightly purple tipped.[3][5] The standards are a slightly paler colour than the falls, they are generally 8–10 cm (3–4 in) long and between 5 and 7 cm wide.[5] Although variable colour forms are found.[7]

It has style branches that are keeled, with wide spots on a yellow ground.[5]

After the iris has flowered, it produces a seed capsule, which have not yet been described.

Biochemistry

A study was carried out in 2013, to find out what oils are contained in the rhizomes of various irises in Syria, including Iris germanica, Iris barnumiae, I. bostrensis and in Iris auranitica. It found myristic acid, lauric acid, decanoic acid (capric acid), palmitic acid and methyl ester.[15]

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.[14] It has a chromosome count of 2n=20.[3][6]

Taxonomy

It is known in Hebrew, it is written as איריס בוצירה.[4]

It is sometimes mistakenly spelled Iris bostensis.[16]

The Latin specific epithet bostrensis refers to the ancient city of Bosra in Syria,[6] due to being found close to the ancient site.[12]

It was first published and described by Paul Mouterde in the Bull. Soc. Bot. France Vol.101 on page 420 in 1955.[2][9][17]

It was thought that I. bostrensis was a taller form,[8] or a different coloured variety of Iris atropurpurea.[10] In 1933, John Edward Dinsmore published Iris atropurpurea var. purpurea Dinsm. in Fl. Syria edition 2, Vol.2 on page 600.[18] It was later classified as a synonym of I. bostrensis.

It is thought that similar shaded forms of I bostrensis can be found within natural populations of Iris nigricans.[12]

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003, then changed on 2 December 2004.[19]

I. bostrensis is listed in the Encyclopedia of Life,[20] and in the Catalogue of Life.[21]

Distribution and habitat

It is native to temperate Asia,[19] within the Middle east.

Range

It is found in southern Syria,[13][17][22] (from Busra (or Bosra),[9][12] to Jabal al-Arab[1]),

in northern Jordan,[10][12][13]

(between Ramtha and Mafraq,[11][1])

and occasionally in Israel.[10][13]

Habitat

It grows in dry, rocky, open scrub-land or agricultural fields,[1] (including cornfields,[5]), on soils containing basalt.[1]

Conservation

In 1997, it was assessed and classed as rare within Syria,[6][22] due to habitat destruction.[1] On 5 February 2016, it was re-assessed and classed as Endangered due to the threats of agricultural development, overgrazing by cattle/livestock of local and nomadic communities. It may also be threatened by the effects of the Syria civil war.[1]

It is grown for conservation within the Royal Botanical Garden of Jordan.[4][1]

Cultivation

It is considered as a fragile, or delicate plant, it needs to be protected from direct rain or garden watering regimens.[6]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Sapir, Y (2016). "Iris bostrensis". iucnredlist.org (IUCN). Retrieved 1 August 2016.
  2. 1 2 "Iris bostrensis Mouterde is an accepted name". theplantlist.org (The Plant List). 23 March 2012. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Iris summary" (PDF). pacificbulbsociety.org. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  4. 1 2 3 "Iris bostrensis". jbg.gardenexplorer.org (Jerusalem Botanical Gardens). Retrieved 2 August 2016.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 British Iris Society (1997)A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation, p. 73, at Google Books
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 "Chapter I (Part 5) I Oncocyclus" (in French). irisbotanique.over-blog.com. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
  7. 1 2 3 Dominguez, Rafael Diez (27 July 2007). "Iris bostrensis". signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America). Retrieved 1 August 2016.
  8. 1 2 Cassidy, George E.; Linnegar, Sidney (1987). Growing Irises (Revised ed.). Bromley: Christopher Helm. p. 129. ISBN 0-88192-089-4.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Franco, Alain (26 January 2016). "(SPEC) Iris bostrensis Mouterde". wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society). Retrieved 2 August 2016.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Basak Gardner & Chris Gardner Flora of the Silk Road: The Complete Illustrated Guide, p. 159, at Google Books
  11. 1 2 "Oncocyclus species of Israel & Jordan". iris.huji.ac.il. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Iris bostrensis". rareplants.co.uk. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 "Iris nigricans - black iris, Jordan Black iris" (in French). nature.jardin.free.fr. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
  14. 1 2 Austin, Claire (2005). Irises; A Garden Encyclopedia. Timber Press. ISBN 0881927309.
  15. ↑ Almaarri, Khalil; Zedan, Th. Abou; Albatal, N. (January 2013). "Chemical Analysis of Essential Oils of Some Syrian Wild Iris Species". American Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 3: 38–49. doi:10.3923/ajbmb.2013.38.49. Retrieved 31 May 2016.
  16. ↑ Carol (24 April 2006). "Merhaba from Gaziantep". rsabg.org. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
  17. 1 2 "Iridaceae Iris bostrensis Mouterde". ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). Retrieved 1 August 2016.
  18. ↑ "Iris atropurpurea var. purpurea Dinsm. is a synonym of Iris bostrensis Mouterde". theplantlist.org. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
  19. 1 2 "Taxon: Iris bostrensis Mouterde". ars-grin.gov (Germplasm Resources Information Network). Retrieved 3 August 2016.
  20. ↑ "Iris bostrensis". eol.org. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
  21. ↑ "Iris bostrensis Mouterde (accepted name)". catalogueoflife.org. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
  22. 1 2 Kerry Scott Walter, Harriet J. Gillett, World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants, p. 678, at Google Books

Other sources

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