Iraklis 1908 Thessaloniki F.C.

Iraklis
Full name Α.Ε.Π. Ηρακλής 1908 ΠΑΕ
(Iraklis 1908 Football Club)
Nickname(s) Γηραιός (The Elder)
Founded 29 November 1908 (1908-11-29)
as Macedonikos Gymnasticos Syllogos
Ground Kaftanzoglio Stadium
Ground Capacity 27,770
Owner Spyros Papathanasakis
Chairman Spyros Papathanasakis
Manager Vacant
League Football League
2016–17 Superleague Greece, 12th (relegated for financial reasons)
Website Club website
Active departments of GS Iraklis
Football
Basketball (Men's)
Basketball (Women's)
Volleyball
Waterpolo
Handball
Athletics
Swimming
Rugby
Ice Hockey
Judo
Wrestling
Boxing
Fencing

Iraklis 1908 FC (Greek: Α.Ε.Π. Ηρακλής 1908 ΠΑΕ)[1] or Iraklis FC,[2] is a Greek football club, based in the city of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece, currently playing in the Superleague, the top tier of Greek football. Their home ground is the Kaftanzoglio Stadium with a capacity of 27,770.

Founded in 1908 as "Macedonikos Gymnasticos Syllogos" (Macedonian Gymnastics Club), they are one of the oldest in Greek football and the oldest in Thessaloniki, hence the nickname Ghireos (meaning the Elder). A year later, the name "Iraklis" (Heracles) was added to the club's name as an honour to the ancient Greek hero Heracles (or Hercules as the Roman equivalent). The team's colours are cyan or blue and white, inspired by the Greek flag. Iraklis was a founding member of Macedonia Football Clubs Association, as well as the Hellenic Football Federation, as a part of G.S. Iraklis.

Before the formation of the nationwide league of Alpha Ethniki, Iraklis competed in the league that was run by the Macedonia Football Clubs Association, winning it on no less than five occasions. The club has also played in five Greek Cup finals, lifting the trophy once in the 1976 final, which is the club's only domestic trophy. They have also an international title, as they won the Balkans Cup in 1985.

History

Foundation and first years (1899–1914)

Omilos Filomouson football team in 1905

Iraklis traces its roots back in 1899 when Omilos Filomouson (meaning Friends of Music Club) was established.[3] The club was established as a cultural union of the Greeks of Thessaloniki, but in 1902 it founded a sports department.[3] Football was a new sport at the time, but rapidly increasing in popularity and thus the board of directors decided to line up a football team. The first match that was held by the Omilos Filomouson football team was on 23 April 1905, against a team of the Western European diaspora of the city called Union Sportive.[4] Omilos Filomouson won the match by a 3-0 scoreline.[4] Later on, the club faced financial problems, but members of the club joined forces with another Greek athletic club of the city, called Olympia.[5] The result of this union was the foundation of a new club on 29 November 1908, called Makedonikos Gymnastikos Syllogos (meaning Macedonian Gymnastics Club), that gained a permission to operate by the Ottoman authorities.[3] The new club's first president was a Greek doctor, Alkiviadis Maltos.[3] The name of the club had a direct reference to the ethnic tensions that took place in the area at that time.[3] Due to the Young Turks' revolt of 1908 and their promises for ease of ethnic tensions in the area, the club was forced to change its name.[3] Thus a new name was decided for the club, Ottomanikos Ellinikos Gymnastikos Syllogos Thessalonikis "Iraklis" (meaning Ottoman Greek Gymnastics Club of Thessaloniki "Iraklis").[3] The new name was approved, together with a new statute and a new board of directors, by a general assembly of the club on 13 April 1911.[3] After the integration of Thessaloniki in the Kingdom of Greece, the operation of the club was accepted by the Greek courts in 1914 and on 11 January 1915 Iraklis became a fully registered sports club.[3]

National establishment and early success (1914–1959)

Shortly after the end of the Second Balkan War, Iraklis together with the three Jewish football clubs of the city, Progrès Sportive, Alliance and French-German School Alumni Union organised the first Thessaloniki Football Championship in January and February 1914.[4] Iraklis won Alliance 3-1, Progrès Sportive 5-1 and after winning the French-German School Alumni Union, the club was proclaimed Champion of Thessaloniki.[4] On 6 April 1914, Iraklis played a match against Athinaikos Syllogos Podosfairou, that ended as a draw. It was the club's first match against a club outside Thessaloniki.[4] In 1914, Iraklis established the club's youth squad, so the students of the Greek Gymnasium of the city could train in football.[4] A year later Iraklis won the second Thessaloniki Football Championship.[4] The next championship was not held due to World War I.[4]

In the years following World War I, several football clubs were established in Thessaloniki and that led to the establishment of the Macedonia Football Clubs Association in 1923.[4] The first championship from the newly founded association was organised shortly afterwards and Iraklis lost in the tournament's final 4-1 from Aris.[4] In 1924 Iraklis played its first match against a club from outside the borders of Greece.[4] It was a match against Yugoslav club SSK Skopje, a contest that ended 2-1 in favour of Iraklis.[4] It was in that same year that Iraklis played its first match abroad, a 3-0 friendly win against SK Bitola.[4] In 1926 the club appointed Hungarian Joseph Sveg as manager, the first ever foreign manager in Greece.[4] Under Sveg's guidance, Iraklis won the Championship organised by the Macedonia Football Clubs Association in 1926-27.[4][6] By winning 6-0 against the reigning champion of West Macedonia Ermis Shorovich and the champion of East Macedonia and Thrace Rodopi, Iraklis was proclaimed Champion of Macedonia and Thrace.[4] In the following years, Iraklis did not have any success finishing in runner up and even lower positions in the Macedonia Football Clubs Association Championship.[4][6][7]

Iraklis' football team for the 1930–31 season

In the 1933-34 season Iraklis won the Northern Group of the National Championship qualifying for the championship final, where the club had to compete against the champion of the Southern group Olympiacos.[6] The first leg was played in Iraklis Ground on 10 June 1934.[6] Although Iraklis took a 2-0 lead at half time, Olympiacos managed to make a comeback in the second half, winning the game by a 2-3 scoreline.[6][7] The second leg was played a week later in Piraeus and Olympiacos was proclaimed National champion by winning this match 2-1.[6][7] In the following years Iraklis faced mid table mediocrity, with the exception of the 1936-37 season, when the club was only one point short to Macedonia Football Clubs Association champions PAOK.[6] The 1938-39 season was a successful one for Iraklis, as it won both the Macedonia Football Clubs Association championship and the Northern Group of the National Championship, the second resulting the qualification of Iraklis in the National final.[6][7] In the national final Iraklis lost to AEK both away and at home (1-3 and 2-4 respectively), failing to win the silverware.[6][7] In the following season Iraklis celebrated its consecutive win in the Macedonia Football Clubs Association Championship but failed to qualify for the National final.[6]

All club football in Greece was suspended from 1941 to 1945 due to the German occupation of the country.[6] After the war period, the club was constantly competing with Aris for the Thessaloniki championship, which gave upon its winner the right to participate in the Greek championship. Iraklis participated in the 1947 Greek Cup final, where was defeated 5–0 by the dominant Greek team of that era, Olympiacos. In the 1950s, the team solidified its position among the top teams in Greece along with Olympiacos, AEK Athens, Panathinaikos, Aris and PAOK. Nevertheless, the club struggled with financial difficulties in an ailing Greek economy. Thessaloniki (where many refugees from the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922 had settled) was particularly damaged by the economic downturn. The highlight of the decade was the 1957 Greek Cup final, in which Iraklis was once again defeated by Olympiacos, 2–0.

Semi-professional Alpha Ethniki era (1959–1975)

Iraklis played in the inaugural season of A' Ethniki.[7] The club secured the 10th position in the first season of national top tier of Greece.[8] Iraklis football academy was founded during the same season after the suggestion of club manager Panos Markovic.[7] In the 1960–61 season Iraklis finished 8th and achieved a record 4-0 win against Atromitos Piraeus.[8] The club also reached the Greek Cup semi-finals that season, getting eliminated by Panionios.[7][8] The following two seasons Iraklis played in the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, getting eliminated both times, by FK Vojvodina and Real Zaragoza respectively.[7] In the league, Iraklis secured the 6th position for the 1961–62 season, a club record at the time.[7][8] The rest of the 1960s, Iraklis secured mid-table positions repeating the club record in the 1969–70 season. In 1965, Kostas Aidiniou, a player that together with fellow Greek international Zacharias Chaliabalias would lead the club for the following decade, debuted for Iraklis.[9] During the 1968–69 season Iraklis matched its record win as it won AEL Limassol by a 4–0 margin.[8]

In the 1970–71 season Iraklis, under the guidance of Yugoslav manager Ljubiša Spajić, finished 5th in the league, the club's best positioning since the establishment of Alpha Ethniki.[10] In that season, Iraklis sold 45,634 tickets in a 1–0 home win against Panathinaikos, a club record since today and an Alpha Ethniki record at the time.[10] The following for seasons, Iraklis achieved safe mid-table positions.[8] In 1972, Iraklis signed Dimitris Gesios from Kozani, a player that would become the club's all-time league top-scorer.[11] In the 1973–74 season Iraklis broke its biggest win record in Alpha Ethniki, by beating AEL 6–1.[8] On 29 August 1974, Iraklis sold its star player Aidiniou to Olympiacos for 11,000,000 drachmas.[10] In the next season Iraklis beat Kalamata 5-0 at home to match its record win and finished 8th in the league.[8] The club also reached the semi-final of that season's Cup. Iraklis was eliminated 1-2 by Panathinaikos at home.[12] After the match, three players of Iraklis, Chaliabalias, Rokidis and Nikoloudis revealed that there was an attempt from Panathinaikos officials to bribe them for the semi-final.[10] The two first were driven out of the club while the latter was sent off the club for six months.[10]

The Absolute Star: Vassilis Hatzipanagis era (1975–1990)

Vasilis Hatzipanagis, the mythical virtuoso playmaker of Iraklis.

On 22 November 1975, the club acquired Vassilis Hatzipanagis, a USSR national of Greek descent, who was late voted a Greece's Golden player for UEFA Jubilee Awards.[13][14] In the 1975–76 Greek Cup competition Iraklis eliminated Veria, Pierikos, Trikala and Panetolikos to reach the semi-finals.[15] In the semi-finals Iraklis beat Panathinaikos 3-2, at home.[15] Panathinaikos appealed against the result claiming the Iraklis' winning goal came from an offside position.[15] Finally the courts turned down Panathinaikos' appeal and Iraklis qualified to the final to face Olympiacos.[15] On 9 June 1976 Iraklis won the Cup after a 6-5 penalty shootout.[15][16] In the final Hatzipanagis scored twice, Kousoulakis and Gesios scored once each, in a match that ended 2-2 in full-time and 4-4 in extra-time.[15][16] In the league Iraklis finished in the 8th position led by Gesios and Hatzipanagis, that scored 9 and 6 goals respectively.[17] In the next season Iraklis was eliminated from Cypriot club APOEL in the Cup Winners' Cup and struggled in the league finishing in the 12th position, gathering just one point more from relegated Panetolikos.[10][18] Iraklis improved slightly in the next season ending up ninth in the league with Gesios achieving a personal best scoring 13 goals.[10][19] The 1978-1979 season the club improved greatly under the guidance of Antoni Brzeżańczyk.[10] Iraklis finished sixth in the league, had a positive goal aggregate for the first time since the 1973-74 season and achieved the club's biggest victory in Alpha Ethniki by beating Rodos by an 8-1 margin.[8][10]

Greece
Fanaras
Greece
Sentelidis
Greece
Toumpoglou
Greece
Kalaitzidis
Greece
Kousoulakis
Greece
Christoforidis
Greece
Pantazis
1976 Greek Cup final starting lineup

The 1979-80 season was the first season of fully professional football in Greece.[20] Iraklis finished in the 8th position in the league having his best goal difference since the establishment of Alpha Ethniki with +11.[8] The highlight of the season was a 6–0 against title perennial contenders Panathinaikos, which is Panathinaikos' biggest league defeat to date.[21] In the Greek Cup competition of the season Iraklis eliminated Veria, Niki Volos, Almopos Aridaia and Panarkadikos to reach the semi-finals.[22] In the semi-finals Iraklis eliminated PAOK, but the club's chairman was accused for a bribe attempt by PAOK's player Filotas Pellios.[22][23] Iraklis proceeded to play in the Cup final, but as the players' morale was damaged the club was defeated by underdogs Kastoria by a 5–2 margin.[22] At the end of the season Iraklis was demoted to the Beta Ethniki, due to the alleged bribery scandal.[23] Iraklis appealed against that decision, and the club was, later on, declared not guilty, but the club already played in the Second Division.[23][24] In the 1980–81 season Iraklis had to compete in the Beta Ethniki without his star player Vasilis Hatzipanagis.[10] The club won the championship in the Northern Group with Ilias Chatzieleftheriou being the top scorer with 24 goals.[10] Iraklis scored a total of 99 goals, conceding 22, and achieved a club league record 12–0 win against Edessaikos.[25] Upon its return to the top tier Iraklis managed to finish in the 6th position in the league and achieved the club's best goal difference at the time with +14.[26] In 1983–84 Iraklis finished in third place overall, which remains to date the club's best positioning, since professional football was established in 1959.[8] The club, led by Chatzipanagis that scored 12 goals in the season, also had its best goal difference since the establishment of Alpha Ethniki with +27 goals and its best defence record, conceding only 20 goals.[27]

In the 1984–85 season Iraklis finished in the 5th position setting the club's offensive record scoring 59 goals.[8] Major contributors to this record were Chatzipanagis, Lakis Papaioannou and Sigurður Grétarsson each contributing 10 goals throughout the campaign.[28] In the same season Iraklis won its only international competition, the Balkans Cup.[29][30] Iraklis had to eliminate Turkish giants Galatasaray by winning 5-2 on aggregate in the quarter-finals, and Ankaragücü through a penalty shoot-out in the semi-finals.[29][30] In the final's second leg Iraklis won Argeș Pitești 4–1, thus winning the trophy 5-4 on aggregate.[29][30] In the 1985–86 season Iraklis, lead by Lakis Papaioannou that finished the season with 8 goals, finished in the fourth position, having the best defensive record in the league, conceding 22 goals.[31] Two years later, 17,000 fans travelled to Athens to support Iraklis in the 1987 Greek Cup final, unfortunately to see their team lose 3–1 on penalties (1–1 regular time) to OFI Crete. On 9 November 1990, shortly after an UEFA Cup match against Valencia, Hatzipanagis announced his retirement from professional football.[32]

Reconstruction and change of ownership (1990–2007)

The 1990s were a period of reconstruction for the club, as aging players either left the club or retired. Hatzipanagis' retirement in 1990 had a major negative impact on the team's success. Fans began calling for a change in the club's management, as club president Petros Theodoridis began selling the team's most talented players (Christos Kostis, Giorgos Anatolakis, Savvas Kofidis etc.). Iraklis competed in 1990 against Valencia in the UEFA Cup, being eliminated in overtime at Mestalla.

Evangelos Mytilineos period (2000–2004)

Iraklis squad for the 1999–2000 season

The team was sold in 2000 to prominent Greek businessman Evangelos Mytilineos for almost €3,500,000 (1.18 billion drachmas[33][34]). Despite the acquisition of many promising players during the first summer, the 2000–2001 campaign didn't have the expected results, with the club finishing in 5th position, out of European qualification spots. However, Iraklis managed to progress to the 2nd round of UEFA Cup, where they achieved a memorable (although without any effect) win over 1. FC Kaiserslautern in Fritz-Walter-Stadion. Next summer, Mytilineos's first move was to sell the highly rated striker and fans' favorite Michalis Konstantinou to Panathinaikos, setting a new record for the highest fee received for a domestic transfer. That move worsened the relationship between the new owner and the fans, while it clearly weakened the club, since Konstantinou was not replaced. Manager Giannis Kyrastas, who was widely considered one of Greece's bests, was replaced by previous coach Angelos Anastasiadis who in his second tenure managed to qualified once again for the UEFA Cup on a very small budget. In 2004, Mytilineos announced his desire to leave the team and therefore sell it to Giorgos Spanoudakis (a friend of his from their school years, who used to be first vice-president of the club), for just €1, since the team was heavily in debt. Spanoudakis initiated a series of expensive but unsuccessful deals like Polish international Cezary Kucharski and Serie A veteran Giuseppe Signori, driving the team close to bankruptcy. He later tried to get rid of the team by selling it to yet another unknown businessman named Dimitris Houlis, who had been a president of Akratitos F.C..[33] After a 5-month period during which Houlis controlled the team, the Greek football commission finally annulled the transfer, raising questions in the media regarding its handling of the previous one between Mytilinaios and Spanoudakis, too.

Ivan Jovanović, player and later coach of the team

In January 2004, Savvas Kofidis, famous as a player of the team in the 1980s, became the team's manager. During the 2005–06, he led Iraklis to an acclaimed 4th-place finish, playing effective and attractive football, creating a club record for 13 consecutive wins at home. However, with considerable debts to players, coaches and the state, Spanoudakis started the 2006-07 season attempting to reconcile Iraklis finances by selling Joël Epalle and Panagiotis Lagos, who were instrumental in the previous year's success. Next year Kofidis resigned as manager of a considerably weakened team after Iraklis lost 7 and drew 2 of his first nine games in Greek Super League and additionally was eliminated from the UEFA Cup in extra time by Wisła Kraków. Eventually the 2006–07 season ended in a hard breaking fashion as the team gained its survival to Greek Super League only in the last matchday, after breaking a 39 matches unbeaten home run of Skoda Xanthi.

Financial collapse and relegations (2007–2011)

On 13 July 2007, Spanoudakis eventually resigned and the team passed to the hands of a consortium of local businessmen, with prominent Greek singer Antonis Remos (a lifelong fan of the team) as their leader. The new owners tried to stabilize the team financially having already paid the debts to Giuseppe Signori (almost 1,000,000 $) and to other players and lenders from the past.

However, on 4 May 2011 Iraklis was relegated back to Football League (Greece) after failing to obtain a license to participate in 2011-12 Superleague. On 19 May 2011, the Disciplinary Committee of the competition found Iraklis guilty of forgery during the winter transfer window. Therefore, the club was automatically placed in the last position.[35] That is a unique case as Iraklis has never finished in a relegation spot but has been relegated twice. Moreover, on 26 September the Professional Sports Committee stripped Iraklis from its professional licence and demoted it to Delta Ethniki. This situation spurred reactions from Iraklis fans, with demonstrations in Thessaloniki and Athens.[36][37]

Resurgence through Pontioi Katerini (2011–2014)

The team finally competed in the 2011–12 Delta Ethniki, which started late due to Koriopolis, without much success.[38] Meanwhile, the club's board was discussing a possible merger with another club.[39] There were discussions with local teams Agrotikos Asteras and Anagennisi Epanomi,[38] but only the ones with Pontioi were successful, and a pre-agreement contract was signed between Iraklis and Pontioi on 3 January 2012.[40] The resulting team was named AEP Iraklis F.C., but virtually Iraklis replaced Pontioi Katerinis, who ceased to exist. On 20 January 2012, the merger was approved by amateur Iraklis, and their football team was disbanded and withdrawn from the Delta Ethniki.[41]

The merged club

On 3 January 2012, the two teams reached an agreement regarding the running of the new club, with further negotiations planned after six months.[42] Pontioi Katerinis would change their name to AEP Iraklis, take the badge and colors of Iraklis, and move to Kaftanzoglio Stadium.[41] The squad would consist of players from both teams and be trained in Katerini.

On 23 January 2012, the team played their first game at home against Tilikratis, while pending approval of the merger by the Greek Professional Sports Committee.[43]

Ιn August 2012, AEP Iraklis was incorporated as AEP Iraklis 1908 FC.[44] The new merged club has no legal connection to the original Iraklis Thessaloniki F.C., but is essentially considered as a direct continuation of it, as it uses the crest of Iraklis Thessaloniki FC, its colours, and incorporates players and people associated with the former Iraklis FC. Therefore, G.S. Iraklis Thessaloniki has no shares of the new company, but instead still holds the 10% of the bankrupt original Iraklis FC company, which remains to be dissolved.

On 24 September 2012, the merged club was accepted in Greek Football League, as an acknowledgement of injustice against the old PAE Iraklis. In 2014 the company was renamed in PAE Iraklis 1908.

In the summer of 2014, and after several months of negotiations, Spyros Papathanasakis became the new major shareholder of the club. Iraklis for the season 2014–15 promoted easily from the second division to the Superleague.

Crest and colours

Older crest of the club
Shirt of Iraklis of 1987–88 season

Iraklis's crest has changed through times. The original club logo was a capital Η (Eta), the first letter of the word Iraklis (Ηρακλής) in Greek, surrounded by a circle. After the 2000 takeover of the club by Evangelos Mytilinaios, the logo was changed once again to a more "modern" looking one. During the 2008–2009 season the club used a special logo, created especially for its centenary. The crest that is now used depicts the demigod Heracles resting upon his club, a scene inspired by Farnese Hercules statue, itself a copy of a statue crafted by Lysippos in the fourth century BC.[45]

Throughout the entire club's history its colours were blue or cyan and white, to resemble the colours of the Greek flag, given the fact that Iraklis was established while Thessaloniki was a part of the Ottoman Empire. The team is so known in Greece as Kianolefkoi (Greek: "Κυανόλευκοι"), meaning the Cyan-Whites. Iraklis' away colours were usually either white or orange. Traditionally, the Iraklis shirt was blue and white stripes, but through the years this was changed often to all blue, all white, chess-like, and hooped, among others.

Kit evolution

First

1930
1983–84[46]
1984–85[47]
2012–13
2014–15
2015–16

Alternative

1984–85
2012–13
2015–16

Facilities

Stadium

Commemorative plaque for Iraklis' first ground near the White Tower of Thessaloniki
Kaftanzoglio Stadium

The first ground of the team was placed in the centre of Thessaloniki, nearby the White Tower.[48] Its construction was funded by the members of G.S. Iraklis, but, after Thessaloniki became a part of Greece, the club was ousted from its owned ground, so a park could be created in its place.[48] In 1915, Iraklis rented an area in the centre of Thessaloniki for a ten years period, but the club was unable to use its facilities until 1919, due to World War I.[48] In 1927 the club renewed the contract for the use of the area, but in 1930, the newly founded Aristotle University of Thessaloniki tried to take the ownership of the field.[48] For almost two decades the ground was used by both the athletes of Iraklis and the students of the university, until in the 1950s the university managed to get the ownership of the ground, so it could demolish it to construct a square, that is nowadays known as Platia Chimiou.[48]

On 6 November 1960 Iraklis played its first match in Kaftanzoglio Stadium, to record a 2-1 win against M.G.S.S. Thermaikos Thessalonikis.[49] Kaftanzoglio has been the home ground of Iraklis ever since, including the 2011-12 season, when both the G.S. Iraklis and the A.E.P. Iraklis team used it as their home ground. In the 2002–03 and 2003–04 seasons Iraklis used Makedonikos Stadium as its home ground.[50] That decision was made due to the renovation of Kaftanzoglio for the 2004 Summer Olympics.[50] Iraklis also owns a football ground and training facilities in the, adjacent to Kaftanzoglio Stadium, Chortatzides area, where the juveniles of the club train.[51] There were plans for Iraklis to construct a new 22,000 seat stadium, in a club owned area in the eastern extremities of the city, in Mikra.[52]

Training facility

Iraklis Sports Center locates in the area of Mikra and is the club-owned training ground of the team. The training facilities include three football fields, gym, sauna, water pool, such as the administration building of Iraklis FC. In the area, the club's new stadium also was planned to be built.[53]

Supporters

Iraklis supporters during an away match.
Iraklis supporters in Gate 10 of Kaftanzoglio.

Iraklis was well supported right from the start of its establishment. Even though the football section wasn't the most popular among club loyals in the very first years, it soon became the "flagship" of the sports club, as football became more and more popular. In the '70s and '80s, the club attracted crowds of around 10.000 people, to reach a peak in the 1983–84 season with an average attendance of 16,559.[54] In the '90s, following Hatzipanagis' retirement and the general fall in attendances in Greek football, crowds in Kaftanzoglio deteriorated to a modest average of 3,000.[55] A record low attendance was recorded during the '90s, as in a match against Paniliakos there were only 384 tickets sold.[56] A brief increase in attendance was recorded after the purchase of the club by Evangelos Mytilineos, reaching a peak in the 2001–2002 season with an average of 6,790.[57] On 24 January 1971 Iraklis set the highest attendance record for any football match in Alpha Ethniki, with 45,634 tickets sold in the club's contest against Panathinaikos.[58] In the 1987 Greek Cup final a crowd of 17,000 Iraklis fans travelled to Athens, to watch Iraklis lose in penalties against OFI.[59] In two recent opinion polls Iraklis was ranked as the 6th most popular football club in Greece, gathering 2,8%–3,7% of the participating football supporters.[60][61]

The most prominent supporters' club of the team is Aftonomi Thira 10 (meaning Autonomous Gate 10), a fan club with a total of 15 branches in Northern Greece.[62] The fan club is known for holding an antiracist stance, as it participates in the Ultras Antiracist Festival.[63] Other activities of the fan club include the publication of a magazine and the conduct of an annual festival.[64][65] Other minor supporters' clubs are SFISE, Blue Boys, A.P.A.T.S.I. and Iraklis Fan Club of Athens.[66]

Iraklis' supporters hold ties with the supporters of FSV Mainz, Rayo Vallecano and FK Buducnost Podgorica as those have shown their support during Iraklis' supporters rallies against Superleague's refusal to grant Iraklis a license to participate in the 2010–2011 Superleague season.[67]

Also, the fans have sympathy for all the clubs named "Heracles" worldwide, most notably the Spanish Hércules CF. Since 2003, fans of both teams formed a friendship through the internet. There is even a Hércules CF supporters club that bears the name "Iraklis", in honor of their friendship.[68]

Ownership and financing

Professional era

Until 1979 Greek football was semi-professional and each football club was run by a board and a president appointed by its respective multi-sport club, of which it was considered a branch.[69] In the 1979-80 season the football branch of Iraklis became an S.A. owned by local businessmen Tertilinis and Pertsinidis.[10] In the 1983–84 season Iraklis was bought by Petros Theodorides who remained at the helm of the club for almost 18 years.[10] From the beginning of the 1999–2000 season there were demonstrations by the supporters of Iraklis, asking for the resignation of Theodoridis from his presidential seat and the sale of his stocks.[70] On 11 February 2000 Greek business magnate Evangelos Mytilineos bought the stocks of Theodoridis for a reported 1.18 billion Greek drachmas.[71] On 27 January 2003, two days after a 3-1 away defeat of Iraklis against OFI, Mytilineos gave a press conference in which he announced his withdrawal from Iraklis' affairs, due to his disgust with the establishment of Greek football.[71] Shortly afterwards the ownership of the club was passed to businessman Giorgos Spanoudakis for 1 euro and until 2006 the club had accumulated a debt of 8 million euros, partly because Mytilineos did not pay the taxes for the players' contracts and partly due to Spanoudakis handling of the club's affairs.[71] After a takeover of the club, in 2005, by businessman Dimitris Khoulis failed, Spanoudakis continued having the ownership of Iraklis.[71] In 2007 Spanoudakis declared the club's inability to repay its debts to the players and tried to hand Iraklis' stocks to Cypriot businessman Pheevos Morides.[72][73] After the latter failed to fulfill his promises the deal was cancelled.[74][75] Greek singer Antonis Remos, a prominent supporter of Iraklis, expressed his interest to undertake the club's fortunes, but he moved back when Spanoudakis asked 500,000 € to pass the club's ownership.[76] On 10 July 2007 Iraklis' administration building was set on fire by supporters in an attempt to express their discontent for the cancellation of the club's takeover from Antonis Remos.[77] A few days later a deal was reached and Remos took over Iraklis.[78] In the summer of 2010, Ioannis Takis took charge as the new chairman.

Summers 2010 and 2011 authorisation issues and reactions

On 1 June 2010, the club was denied a license to compete in next season's Greek Superleague. That summer, Iraklis's fans rallied in Thessaloniki for more than 10 days. Also there were 2 rallies in Athens and other important places in Greece like Malgara and Tempi.[37] Finally, on 25 June, Iraklis received permission to play in Greek Superleague for the 2010–11 season.

On 4 May 2011, Iraklis were relegated to Football League (Greece) after failing to obtain a license to participate in 2011-12 Superleague. On 19 May 2011, the Disciplinary Committee of the competition found Iraklis guilty of forgery during the winter transfer window. Therefore, the club was automatically placed in the last position.[35] That is a unique case as Iraklis have never finished in a relegation spot but have been relegated twice. On 26 September, however, the Professional Sports Committee stripped Iraklis from its professional licence and demoted it to Delta Ethniki. The team competed in Delta Ethniki under the ownership of G.S. Iraklis Thessaloniki, until the G.S. Irakli's General Assembly decided to disband it in favour of a merging deal with Pontioi Katerini to form AEP Iraklis F.C. in 2012.

The Club is named AEP Iraklis 2012

Ιn August 2012, AEP Iraklis was incorporated as AEP Iraklis 2012 FC. The new merged club has no legal connection to the original Iraklis Thessaloniki F.C., but is essentially considered as a direct continuation of it. Therefore, G.S. Iraklis Thessaloniki has no shares of the new company, but instead still holds the 10% of the bankrupt original Iraklis FC company, which remains to be dissolved. Currently, MAE Pontioi Katerini own 10% of the new merged club, as required by the Greek sports law, the club's chairman Theodoros Papadopoulos and team fans own the rest, with the chairman possessing a relative majority.[79]

In the summer of 2014 and after several months of negotiations Spyros Papathanasakis became the new major shareholder of the club holds the 90% of shares. The same year the company was renamed in PAE Iraklis 1908.

Current sponsorships:

Achievements

Regional

National[6][7]

a. ^ Iraklis was deducted 1 point losing the chance to finish first.

International

Players

Current squad

As of 1 July 2017

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No. Position Player
1 Brazil GK Huanderson
2 Greece DF Vasilios Karagounis
13 Greece GK Trifon Gioudas
16 Greece DF Albert Roussos
19 Greece MF Antonis Iliadis
20 Canada MF Emmanuel Zambazis
23 Greece MF Vasilis Amarantidis
No. Position Player
25 Greece FW Giannis Loukinas
27 Greece FW Konstantinos Doumtsios
40 Greece GK Serafeim Giannikoglou
42 Greece DF Dimitrios Vosnakidis
69 Greece MF Nikos Bikiaris
94 Greece FW Argyris Barettas

Out on loan

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No. Position Player

Iraklis U20 squad

Iraklis U20 is the youth team of Iraklis. They participate in the Superleague U20 championship. They play their home games at the Iraklis Sports Center in Mikra, Thessaloniki.

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No. Position Player
Greece GK Filippos Zachariadis
Greece GK Ioannis Topalidis
Greece GK Nikolaos Delichatzis
No. Position Player

Managerial history

Friedel Rausch (1983-85)
Agne Simonsson (1988-90)
 
Name Nat. Years
Savvas Pantelidis Greece 2016–
Ioannis Amanatidis Greece 2016
Nikos Papadopoulos Greece 2014–2016
Guillermo Ángel Hoyos Argentina 2013–2014
Siniša Gogić Serbia 2013
Giannis Chatzinikolaou Greece 2013
Giorgos Strantzalis Greece 2012–13
Soulis Papadopoulos Greece 2011–12
Vasilis Spirogiannis Greece 2011
Giorgos Paraschos Greece 2011
Marinos Ouzounidis Greece 2010–11
Jozef Bubenko Slovakia 2010
Savvas Kofidis Greece 2009–10
Oleh Protasov Ukraine 2009
Makis Katsavakis Greece 2008–09
Ángel Pedraza Spain 2008
Ivan Jovanović Serbia 2007
Jozef Bubenko Slovakia 2007
Savvas Kofidis Greece 2005–07
Sergio Markarian Uruguay 2004–05
Mats Jingblad Sweden 2004
Eugène Gerards Netherlands 2003–04
  
Name Nat. Years
Ivan Jovanović Serbia 2002
Angelos Anastasiadis Greece 2001–02
Ioannis Kyrastas Greece 2000
Angelos Anastasiadis Greece 1999–00
Mats Jingblad Sweden 1999
Kiril Dojčinovski Republic of Macedonia 1998
Giorgos Paraschos Greece 1997–98
Alketas Panagoulias Greece 1997
Vasilis Antoniadis Greece 1996–97
Dusan Mitosevic Serbia 1994–96
Thijs Libregts Netherlands 1991–94
Telis Batakis Greece 1990–91
Agne Simonsson Sweden 1988–90
Nikos Alefantos Greece 1987–88
Kostas Aidiniou
Giorgos Koudas		 Greece 1987
Christos Archontidis Greece 1987
Diethelm Ferner Germany 1986–87
Nikos Alefantos Greece 1986
Telis Batakis Greece 1985–86
Friedel Rausch Germany 1983–85
  
Name Nat. Years
Telis Batakis Greece 1983
Apostol Chachevski Bulgaria 1981–83
Telis Batakis Greece 1980–81
Kostas Karapatis Greece 1980
Antoni Brzeżańczyk Poland 1978–79
Kostas Karapatis Greece 1978
Michalis Bellis Greece 1977–78
Milan Ribar Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 1976–77
Les Shannon England 1975–76
Ljubiša Spajić Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 1974–75
Ilias Zahariadis Greece 1972–73
Lakis Petropoulos Greece 1971–72
Ljubiša Spajić Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 1969–72
Kostas Karapatis Greece 1967–69
Milošević Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 1965–66
Ratomir Čabrić Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 1964–65
Takács Hungary 1963–64
Theodor Brinek, Sr. Austria 1962–63
Aleksandar Tomašević Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 1961–62
Panos Markovic[80] Greece 1959–61

Notable former players

League top scorers

Player Nationality Goals
Dimitris GesiosGreece 74
Daniil PapadopoulosGreece64
Michalis KonstantinouCyprus63
Fanis ToutziarisGreece 62
Vassilis HatzipanagisGreeceSoviet Union62

Most league appearances

Player Nationality Matches
Daniil PapadopoulosGreece419
Makis SentelidisGreece312
Babis XanthopoulosGreece 283
Vassilis HatzipanagisGreeceSoviet Union 281
Zacharias ChaliabaliasGreece280

Greek Golden Player - UEFA Jubilee Awards

Records and statistics

Records

League statistics

Positioning in Greek league

1960s Position 1970s Position 1980s Position 1990s Position 2000s Position 2010s Position
1959–60 9th 1969–70 6th 1979–80 8th 1 1989–905th 1999-00 6th 2009–10 10th
1960–61 8th 1970–71 5th 1980–81 Beta Ethniki: 1st 1990–91 5th 2000–015th 2010–11 11th 2
1961–62 9th 1971–72 9th 1981–82 6th 1991–92 9th 2001–02 6th 2011–12 Delta Ethniki (as G.S. Iraklis Thessaloniki)
Football League 2 (as A.E.P. Iraklis): 5th
1962–63 6th 1972–73 8th 1982–83 8th 1992–93 6th 2002–03 7th 2012–13 Football League: 5th
1963–64 12th 1973–74 7th 1983–84 3rd 1993–94 6th 2003–04 8th 2013–14 Football League (North Group): 4th
1964–65 11th 1974–75 8th 1984–85 5th 1994–95 6th 2004–05 7th 2014–15 Football League (North Group): 1st
1965–66 12th 1975–76 8th 1985–86 4th 1995–96 4th 2005–06 4th 2015–16
1966–67 9th 1976–77 12th 1986–876th 1996–97 13th 2006–07 13th 2016–17
1967–68 13th 1977–78 9th 1987–88 6th1997–98 6th 2007–08 10th 2017–18
1968–69 11th 1978–79 6th 1988–89 4th 1998–99 9th 2008–09 10th 2018–19

1 Demoted to second division due to a match fixing scandal in a cup game against P.A.O.K. F.C..
2 Demoted to fourth division (amateur division) because the Professional Sports Committee stripped Iraklis from its professional licence.

Best positioning
Demoted to second division
Demoted to fourth division (amateur division)
Worst positioning
Promoted to first division

Total league record

As of 10 June 2015
League Seasons GP W D L GF GA GD
Alpha Ethniki/Superleague50159660243356120191911+108
Beta Ethniki4158893633244103+141

GP:games played; W:games won; D:gamed drawn; GF:goals for; GA:goals against; GD:goal difference

Head to head record against city rivals

As of 16 May 2015

Competition Played Iraklis Draw PAOK
Greek League 102 23 41 38
Competition Played Iraklis Draw Aris
Greek League 99 30 39 30

Highest attendances

Opponent Stadium Date Attendance
Panathinaikos Kaftanzoglio Stadium 24 January 1971 45,634
Panathinaikos Kaftanzoglio Stadium 12 February 1984 41,700
PAOK Kaftanzoglio Stadium 13 February 1972 38,752
Panathinaikos Kaftanzoglio Stadium 23 May 1982 37,297
Panathinaikos Kaftanzoglio Stadium 23 September 1973 37,169

Statistics in Europe

Iraklis' matches in Europe

Season Competition Round Club Home Away Source
1961–62 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 1st Round Bye [84]
2nd Round Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Novi Sad 2–1 1–9 [7][84]
1963–64 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 1st Round Spain Real Zaragoza 0–3 1–6 [7]
1976–77 Cup Winners' Cup 1st Round Cyprus APOEL 0–0 0–2 [85]
1989–90 UEFA Cup 1st Round Switzerland FC Sion 1–0 0–2 [86]
1990–91 UEFA Cup 1st Round Spain Valencia 0–0 0–2 (aet) [87]
1993 Intertoto Cup Group Stage
(Group 8)		 Germany Dynamo Dresden 1–1 [88]
Austria Wiener 2–4 [88]
Switzerland Aarau 0–1 [88]
Israel Beitar Jerusalem 2–1 [88]
1995 Intertoto Cup Group Stage
(Group 12)		 Austria Vorwärts 0–3 [89]
Bulgaria Spartak Plovdiv 0–0 [89]
Germany Eintracht Frankfurt 1–5 [89]
Lithuania Panerys Vilnius 3–1 [89]
1996–97 UEFA Cup 2nd Qual. Round Cyprus APOEL 0–1 1–2 [90]
1997 Intertoto Cup Group Stage
(Group 12)		 Austria Ried 1–3 [91]
Georgia (country) FC Merani Tbilisi 2–0 [91]
Russia Torpedo Moscow 1–4 [91]
Malta Floriana 1–0 [91]
1998 Intertoto Cup 2nd Round Romania Naţional Bucureşti 3–1 0–3 [92]
2000–01 UEFA Cup 1st Round France Gueugnon 1–0 0–0 [93][94]
2nd Round Germany Kaiserslautern 1–3 3–2 [95]
2002–03 UEFA Cup 1st Round Cyprus Anorthosis 4–2 (a) 1–3 [96][97]
2006–07 UEFA Cup 1st Round Poland Wisła Kraków 0–2 (aet) 1–0 [98][99]

UEFA club competitions' record

As of 22 February 2008
Competition Pld W D L GF GA
UEFA Champions League000000
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup201102
UEFA Cup145271319
Inter-Cities Fairs Cup4103419
UEFA Intertoto Cup124261423
Total32105173163

Personnel

Management

Position Staff
Owner CanadaGreece Spyros Papathanasakis
President and CEO CanadaGreece Spyros Papathanasakis
Vice–President Greece Theodoros Papadopoulos
Head of Department GreeceGermany Nikos Kagioulis
Board Member CanadaGreece Emmanuel Papathanasakis
Board Member Greece Ioannis Kakagiannis
Board Member Greece Christos Antonelis
Advisor Greece Giorgos Katakalidis
Marketing Director Greece Nikos Gramenos
Press Greece Giannis Roumeliotis
Team Manager Greece Giorgos Keramidas

Technical staff

Position Name
Head coach Vacant
Assistant coach Vacant
Physical fitness coach Greece Nikos Amanatidis
Goalkeeping coach Greece Fotis Giselis
Team doctor Greece Manolis Papakostas
Team doctor Greece Makis Papasoulis
Physiotherapist Greece Kostas Tsiolakidis
Physiotherapist Greece Giorgos Roditis

Academies staff

Position Name
Academies DirectorGreece Makis Sentelidis
Technical Director Greece Savvas Kofidis
U20 Coach Greece Thanos Chatziathanasiou
Fitness coach Greece Pagonis Vakalopoulos

Iraklis FC Presidential history

Years Name
1983–00 Greece Petros Theodorides
2000–03 Greece Evangelos Mytilineos
2003–06 Greece Giorgos Spanoudakis
2006–07 Greece Dimitrios Choulis
2007–10 Greece Antonis Remos
2010–11 Greece Giannis Takis
2011–12 Greece Amateur club
2014– CanadaGreece Spyros Papathanasakis

References

  1. ↑ epo.gr (in Greek)
  2. ↑ uefa.com Profile
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Η Γέννηση του Συλλόγου (in Greek). Γ.Σ. Ηρακλής official site. 22 March 2010. Retrieved 3 February 2011.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Η ιστορία του τμήματος μέρος Α' (in Greek). Γ.Σ. Ηρακλής official site. 24 February 2010. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
  5. ↑ "History". Iraklis FC Official site. Retrieved 3 February 2011.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 "Greece - Final Tables 1906-1959". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 2 September 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Η ιστορία του τμήματος μέρος Β' (in Greek). Γ.Σ. Ηρακλής official site. 9 March 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "Greece - Final Tables 1959-1999". RSSSF. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
  9. ↑ Κώστας Αϊδινίου (in Greek). balleto.gr. 17 October 2010. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
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  11. ↑ ΔΗΜΗΤΡΗΣ ΓΚΕΣΙΟΣ Κορυφαίος γκολτζής του "Γηραιού" (in Greek). ΕΛΕΥΘΕΡΟΤΥΠΙΑ. 3 August 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
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  13. ↑ Όταν ήρθε ο Βάσια (in Greek). BlueArena.gr. 22 November 2009. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  14. ↑ Οταν ο Βάσια ψηφίστηκε ο κορυφαίος... (in Greek). BlueArena.gr. 15 October 2010. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
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  18. ↑ "Greece 1976/77". Retrieved 30 November 2013.
  19. ↑ "Greece 1977/78". Retrieved 30 November 2013.
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  21. ↑ Το ιστορικό 6-0 του Ηρακλή επί του Παναθηναϊκού (in Greek). sport24.gr. 30 December 2013. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
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  26. ↑ "Greece 1981/82". RSSSF. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  27. ↑ "Greece 1983/84". RSSSF. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
  28. ↑ "Greece 1984/85". RSSSF. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
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  37. 1 2 "Tempi closed by Iraklis fans". Ta Nea (in Greek). 6 June 2011.
  38. 1 2 "Iraklis win-less in Delta Ethniki". Eleftherotypia (in Greek). 14 December 2011.
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  40. ↑ Papafillipakis, Babis (3 January 2012). "Iraklis found marticule number" (in Greek). Zougla online.
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  42. ↑ "And it became... AEP Iraklis" (in Greek). NOVA–Sport FM 94,6. January 20, 2012.
  43. ↑ "New Iraklis started... on the wrong foot" (in Greek). Contra.gr. 23 January 2012.
  44. ↑ Κωνσταντίνος Κατωπόδης. "Το Φ.Ε.Κ. για τη νέα ΠΑΕ". zalizomai.gr. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
  45. ↑ Bieber 1961; Robertson 1975.
  46. ↑ 1983–84 season
  47. ↑ Chatzipanagis shirt
  48. 1 2 3 4 5 Το γήπεδο του Ηρακλή. Ένα όνειρο 100 ετών. (in Greek). Γυμναστικός Σύλλογος Ηρακλής official site. 17 March 2010. Retrieved 28 January 2011.
  49. ↑ "Σημαντικές στιγμές στο Καυτανζόγλειο σταδιο". kaftanzoglio stadium official site. Retrieved 28 January 2011.
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  53. ↑ "Facilities". Iraklis FC Official site. Retrieved 28 January 2011.
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  55. ↑ "EFS Attendances Greece 1992 - 1999". european-football-statistics.co.uk. Retrieved 25 January 2011.
  56. ↑ ΠΟΔΟΣΦΑΙΡΟ: ΤΟ ΘΑΥΜΑ ΤΟΥ ΗΡΑΚΛΗ (in Greek). ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΙΑ. 4 June 1996. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
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  68. ↑ El Hércules proyecta su imagen en otros tres equipos europeos. Noticia de 2005 de La Verdad.
  69. ↑ ΑΡΧΕΙΟ (ΕΠΑΓΓΕΛΜΑΤΙΚΟ) (in Greek). Ελληνική Ποδοσφαρική Ομοσπονδία (Hellenic Football Federation). Retrieved 14 February 2011.
  70. ↑ Η ιστορία του τμήματος μέρος Δ' (in Greek). Gymnastikos Syllogos Iraklis. 10 March 2010. Retrieved 14 February 2011.
  71. 1 2 3 4 Ο Ηρακλής έχασε το ρόπαλο (in Greek). Ελευθεροτυπία. 13 November 2005. Retrieved 14 February 2011.
  72. ↑ Ο Σπανουδάκης ξεκαθάρισε στους παίκτες του Ηρακλή ότι το ταμείο είναι μείον (in Greek). in.gr. 5 April 2007. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
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  74. ↑ Υποσχέσεις αντί χρημάτων μοίρασε ο Μορίδης (in Greek). Ελευθεροτυπία. 27 June 2007. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
  75. ↑ Ηρακλής: Τους είχε "στο περίμενε" ο Μορίδης (in Greek). Ελευθεροτυπία. 30 June 2007. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
  76. ↑ "Ηρα" χωρίς ρόπαλο (in Greek). Ελευθεροτυπία. 9 July 2007. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
  77. ↑ Σκόνη και θρύψαλα... (in Greek). Ελευθεροτυπία. 10 July 2007. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
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  79. ↑ Κωνσταντίνος Κατωπόδης. "Ολοκληρώνεται η μετατροπή σε ΠΑΕ". zalizomai.gr. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
  80. ↑ "Οι προπονητές του Ηρακλή… - Iraklis news – Νέα του Ηρακλή". Iraklis news - Νέα του Ηρακλή. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
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  83. ↑ "Greece 1978/79". RSSSF. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  84. 1 2 "Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 1961-62". RSSSF. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
  85. ↑ "Cup Winners' Cup 1976-77". RSSSF. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
  86. ↑ "UEFA Cup 1989-90". RSSSF. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
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  91. 1 2 3 4 "UEFA Intertoto Cup 1997 Group 12". RSSSF. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
  92. ↑ "UEFA Intertoto Cup 1998 Round 2". RSSSF. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
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  94. ↑ "Καθάρισε" ο Κωνσταντίνου (in Greek). ΡΙΖΟΣΠΑΣΤΗΣ. 29 September 2000. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
  95. ↑ Νίκη δώρο του Ηρακλή στην Ελλάδα (in Greek). in.gr. 9 November 2000. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
  96. ↑ Ξεσπάσματα πρόκρισης (in Greek). ΡΙΖΟΣΠΑΣΤΗΣ. 20 September 2002. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
  97. ↑ Πανηγυρική πρόκριση για την Ανόρθωση (in Greek). Ο Φιλελεύθερος. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
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  99. ↑ Ηρακλής-Βίσλα Κρακοβίας 0-2 (in Greek). contra.gr. 28 September 2006. Retrieved 8 September 2013.

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