Inedia

1669 report that claims a woman fasted for 12 months

Inedia (Latin for "fasting") or breatharianism /brɛθˈɛəriənɪzəm/ is the belief that it is possible for a person to live without consuming food. Breatharians claim that food, and in some cases water, are not necessary for survival, and that humans can be sustained solely by prana, the vital life force in Hinduism. According to Ayurveda, sunlight is one of the main sources of prana, and some practitioners believe that it is possible for a person to survive on sunlight alone. The terms breatharianism or inedia may also refer to this philosophy when it is practiced as a lifestyle in place of the usual diet.

Breatharianism is considered a lethal pseudoscience by scientists and medical professionals, and several adherents of these practices have died from starvation and dehydration. Though it is common knowledge that biological entities require sustenance to survive, breatharianism continues.[1][2][3]

Scientific assessment

Nutritional science proves that fasting for extended periods leads to starvation, dehydration, and eventual death. In the absence of food intake, the body normally burns its own reserves of glycogen, body fat, and muscle. Breatharians claim that their bodies do not consume these reserves while fasting.[4]

Some breatharians have submitted themselves to medical testing, including a hospital's observation of Indian mystic Prahlad Jani appearing to survive without food or water for 15 days,[5][6] and an Israeli breatharian appearing to survive for eight days on a television documentary.[7][8][9] In a handful of documented cases, individuals attempting breatharian fasting have died.[1][2][3] Among the claims in support of Inedia investigated by the Indian Rationalist Association, all were found to be fraudulent.[10] In other cases, people have attempted to survive on sunlight alone, only to abandon the effort after losing a large percentage of their body weight.[11]

Practitioners

Rosicrucianism

The 1670 Rosicrucian text Comte de Gabalis attributed the practice to the physician and occultist Paracelsus (1493–1541) who was described as having lived "several years by taking only one half scrupule of Solar Quintessence". In this book, it is also stated that, "Paracelsus affirms that He has seen many of the Sages fast twenty years without eating anything whatsoever."[12]

Ram Bahadur Bomjon

Ram Bahadur Bomjon is a young Nepalese Buddhist monk who lives as an ascetic in a remote area of Nepal. Bomjon appears to go for periods of time without ingesting either food or water.[13][14] One such period was chronicled in a 2006 Discovery Channel documentary titled The Boy With Divine Powers, which reported that Bomjon neither moved, ate, nor drank anything during 96 hours of filming.[15]

Prahlad Jani ("Mataji")

Prahlad Jani is an Indian sadhu who says he has lived without food and water for more than 70 years. His claims were investigated by doctors at Sterling Hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat in 2003 and 2010.[16] The study concluded that Prahlad Jani was able to survive under observation for two weeks without either food or water, and had passed no urine or stool,[17] with no need for dialysis.[18] Interviews with the researchers speak of strict observation and relate that round-the-clock observation was ensured by multiple CCTV cameras. Jani was subjected to multiple medical tests,[19] and his only contact with any form of fluid was during bathing and gargling, with the fluid spat out measured by the doctors.[10] The research team could not comment on his claim of having been able to survive in this way for decades.

The case has attracted criticism, both after the 2003 tests and the 2010 tests. Sanal Edamaruku, president of the Indian Rationalist Association, criticized the 2010 experiment for allowing Jani to move out of a certain CCTV camera's field of view, meet devotees and leave the sealed test room to sunbathe. Edamaruku stated that the regular gargling and bathing activities were not sufficiently monitored, and accused Jani of having had some "influential protectors" who denied Edamaruku permission to inspect the project during its operation.[20]

Jasmuheen

Jasmuheen (born Ellen Greve) was a prominent advocate of breatharianism in the 1990s. She said "I can go for months and months without having anything at all other than a cup of tea. My body runs on a different kind of nourishment."[21] Interviewers found her house stocked with food; Jasmuheen claimed the food was for her husband and daughter. In 1999, she volunteered to be monitored closely by the Australian television program 60 Minutes for one week without eating to demonstrate her methods.[22][23] Jasmuheen stated that she found it difficult on the third day of the test because the hotel room in which she was confined was located near a busy road, causing stress and pollution that prevented absorption of required nutrients from the air. "I asked for fresh air. Seventy percent of my nutrients come from fresh air. I couldn’t even breathe," she said. The third day the test was moved to a mountainside retreat where her condition continued to deteriorate. After Jasmuheen had fasted for four days, Dr. Berris Wink, president of the Queensland branch of the Australian Medical Association, urged her to stop the test.[24]

According to Dr. Wink, Jasmuheen’s pupils were dilated, her speech was slow, and she was "quite dehydrated, probably over 10%, getting up to 11%". Towards the end of the test, she said, "Her pulse is about double what it was when she started. The risks if she goes any further are kidney failure. 60 Minutes would be culpable if they encouraged her to continue. She should stop now." The test was stopped. Dr. Wink said, "Unfortunately there are a few people who may believe what she says, and I'm sure it's only a few, but I think it's quite irresponsible for somebody to be trying to encourage others to do something that is so detrimental to their health."[24] Jasmuheen challenged the results of the program, saying, "Look, 6,000 people have done this around the world without any problem."[25][26][27]

Jasmuheen was awarded the Bent Spoon Award by Australian Skeptics in 2000 ("presented to the perpetrator of the most preposterous piece of paranormal or pseudoscientific piffle").[28] She also won the 2000 Ig Nobel Prize for Literature for Living on Light. Jasmuheen claims that their beliefs are based on the writings and "more recent channelled material" from St. Germain.[29] She stated that some people's DNA has expanded from 2 to 12 strands, to "absorb more hydrogen". When offered $30,000 to prove her claim with a blood test, she said that she didn't understand the relevance as she was not referring to herself.[30]

In the documentary No Way to Heaven the Swiss chemist Michael Werner claims to have followed the directions appearing on Jasmuheen's books, living for several years without food. The documentary also describes two attempts at scientific verification of his claims. As of 2017, five deaths had been directly linked to breatharianism as a result of Jasmuheen's publications.[31][32][33][34] Jasmuheen has denied any responsibility for the deaths.

Wiley Brooks

Wiley Brooks is the founder of the Breatharian Institute of America. He was first introduced to the public in 1980 when he appeared on the TV show That's Incredible!.[35] Brooks stopped teaching recently to "devote 100% of his time on solving the problem as to why he needed to eat some type of food to keep his physical body alive and allow his light body to manifest completely."[36] Brooks claims to have found "four major deterrents" which prevented him from living without food: "people pollution", "food pollution", "air pollution" and "electro pollution".[36]

In 1983 he was reportedly observed leaving a Santa Cruz 7-Eleven with a Slurpee, a hot dog, and Twinkies.[37] He told Colors magazine in 2003 that he periodically breaks his fasting with a cheeseburger and a cola, explaining that when he's surrounded by junk culture and junk food, consuming them adds balance.[38]

Wiley Brooks later claimed that Diet Coke and McDonald's cheeseburgers have special "5D" properties. The idea of separate but interconnected 5D and 3D worlds is a major part of Wiley Brooks' ideology, and Wiley Brooks encourages his followers to only eat these special 5D foods, as well as meditate on a set of magical 5D words.[39]

Brooks's institute has charged varying fees to prospective clients who wished to learn how to live without food, which have ranged from US$100,000 with an initial deposit of $10,000[40] to one billion dollars, to be paid via bank wire transfer with a preliminary deposit of $100,000, for a session called "Immortality workshop".[41] A payment plan was also offered.[42] These charges have typically been presented as limited time offers exclusively for billionaires.[43][44]

Hira Ratan Manek

Hira Ratan Manek (born 12 September 1937) claims that since 18 June 1995 he has lived on water and occasionally tea, coffee, and buttermilk. Manek states that Sungazing is the key to his health[45] citing yogis, ancient Egyptians, Aztecs, Mayans and Native Americans as practitioners of the art.[46] While he and his proponents state that medical experts have confirmed his ability to draw sustenance by gazing at the sun,[47] he was caught on camera eating a big meal in a San Francisco restaurant in the 2011 documentary Eat the Sun.[48][49]

Ray Maor

In a television documentary produced by the Israeli television investigative show The Real Face (פנים אמיתיות) hosted by Amnon Levy, Israeli practitioner of Inedia, Ray Maor (ריי מאור), appeared to survive without food or water for eight days and eight nights. According to the documentary, he was restricted to a small villa and placed under constant video surveillance, with medical supervision that included daily blood testing. The documentary claimed Maor was in good spirits throughout the experiment, lost 17 lb after eight days, blood tests showed no change before, during or after the experiment, and Cardiologist Ilan Kitsis from Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center was "baffled."[7][8][9]

Religious traditions

Buddhism

Hinduism

Hindu religious texts contain account of saints and hermits practicing what would be called inedia, breatharianism or Sustenance through Light in modern terms. In Valmiki's Ramayana, Book III, Canto VI, an account of anchorites and holy men is given, who flocked around Rama when he came to Śarabhanga's hermitage. These included, among others, the "...saints who live on rays which moon and daystar give" and "those ... whose food the wave of air supplies". In Canto XI of the same book a hermit named Māṇḍakarṇi is mentioned: "For he, great votarist, intent – On strictest rule his stern life spent – ... – Ten thousand years on air he fed..." (English quotations are from Ralph T. H. Griffith's translation).

Paramahansa Yogananda's Autobiography of a Yogi details two alleged historical examples of breatharianism, Hari Giri Baba and Therese Neumann.

There are claims that Devraha Baba lived without food.

Taoism

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "UK: Scotland Woman 'starved herself to death'". BBC. 21 September 1999. Retrieved 10 March 2008.
  2. 1 2 Tom Walker, Judith O'Reilly (26 September 1999). "Three deaths linked to 'living on air' cult". Sunday Times (London).
  3. 1 2 "Swiss woman dies after attempting to live on sunlight; Woman gave up food and water on spiritual journey". Associated Press. 25 April 2012. Archived from the original on 2012-04-28.
  4. ↑ Lambert, Katie. "Can humans survive on air alone?". HowStuffWorks, Inc. Archived from the original on 2013-02-26. Retrieved 2009-07-30.
  5. ↑ "Rationalists doubt claims made for 'Mataji' Prahalad Jani". DNA India. Diligent Media Corporation Ltd. 2010-05-16. Archived from the original on 2010-05-20. Retrieved 2012-09-19.
  6. ↑ "Hermit Claims 70 Years Survival Without Food". WUSA 9. 2010-04-29. Archived from the original on 2010-05-05.
  7. 1 2 "הפנים האמיתיות של משחקי הרעב – חלק א' [The true face of The Hunger Games – Part I" (Flash required). Real Faces – Full Episodes (in Hebrew). Nana10 Ltd. 2013-10-11.
  8. 1 2 "הפנים האמיתיות של משחקי הרעב – חלק א' [The true face of The Hunger Games – Part II" (Flash required). Real Faces – Full Episodes (in Hebrew). Nana10 Ltd. 2013-10-11.
  9. 1 2 "האדם שלא אכל ולא שתה במשך 8 ימים [Man did not eat or drink for 8 days]". IDF Radio (in Hebrew). Israel Defense Forces. 2013-10-20.
  10. 1 2 Rawstorne, Tom (2010-05-08). "The man who says he hasn't eaten or drunk for 70 years: Why are eminent doctors taking him seriously?". Daily Mail. Archived from the original on 2011-05-11. Retrieved 2010-10-14.
  11. ↑ Lacitis, Erik (2013-06-17). "Fasting woman to end attempt to 'live on light'". Seattle Times.
  12. ↑ abbé de Nicolas-Pierre-Henri, Villars. Comte de Gabalis (1914 ed.). The Brothers. pp. 63–64.
  13. ↑ "Nepalese Buddha Boy 'reappears'". BBC News. 20 March 2006.
  14. ↑ "paldendorje.com". Archived from the original on 2014-09-17.
  15. ↑ "The Boy With Divine Powers".
  16. ↑ Manas Dasgupta (9 May 2010). "The Hindu – DIPAS concludes observational study on ‘Mataji'". Archived from the original on 2015-12-31. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
  17. ↑ Rajeev Khanna (25 November 2003). "Fasting fakir flummoxes physicians". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2016-03-28. Retrieved 7 June 2008.
  18. ↑ "Scientists Baffled by Prahlad Jani, Man Who Doesn't Eat or Drink". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03.
  19. ↑ "Experts baffled as Mataji's medical reports are normal". Archived from the original on 2013-01-28.
  20. ↑ Edamaruku, Sanal (18 May 2010). "Prahlad Jani and his powerful protectors". Rationalistinternational.net. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 14 June 2010.
  21. ↑ Keith, L. (2009). The Vegetarian Myth: Food, Justice, and Sustainability,. PM Press. ISBN 9781604861822.
  22. ↑ "Living on air: Breatharian put to the test". Archived from the original on 2 November 2005.
  23. ↑ "Jasmuheen". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 7 June 2008.
  24. 1 2 "Fresh-air dietician fails TV show's challenge". Yahoo News. 25 October 1999. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  25. ↑ Bergman, Gregory (2006). Isms: From Autoeroticism to Zoroastrianism – an Irreverent Reference. Adams Media. p. 32. ISBN 1-4405-1788-6.
  26. ↑ Harris, Gillian (6 April 2000). "Starvation guru given hostile reception". The Times.
  27. ↑ "Mysticism". Archived from the original on 2012-02-09. Retrieved 7 June 2008.
  28. ↑ "Bent Spoon 2000 – Winner (Jasmuheen)". Archived from the original on 2005-06-16. Retrieved 7 June 2008.
  29. ↑ "All they need is the air". BBC News. 22 September 1999. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 11 January 2010.
  30. ↑ "Correx Archives – Jasmuheen". Corex. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 1997. Archived from the original on 1998-04-23. Retrieved 7 June 2008.
  31. ↑ Walker, Tom; Judith O'Reilly (26 September 1999). "Three deaths linked to 'living on air' cult". The Sunday Times. (London).
  32. ↑ "Swiss woman starves to death on daylight diet". Herald Sun. 26 April 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2012. "This was the fourth known death linked to breatharianism and Jasmuheen's books since the practice emerged in the early 90s."
  33. ↑ "Contact & Muziek: Lichtvoeding". Archived from the original on 12 June 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
  34. ↑ van der Veen, Casper (12 June 2017). "OM onderzoekt sterfgeval in woongroep die voeding afzweert". NRC Handelsblad. Amsterdam. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
  35. ↑ Broom, Jack (5 October 1993). "Living On Light, Air – 'Breatharian' Says Food Is Poison But Pops An Occasional Twinkie". Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 12 February 2009.
  36. 1 2 "Wiley Brooks website through Internet Archive". Web.archive.org. 11 February 2006. Archived from the original on 11 February 2006. Retrieved 30 July 2009.
  37. ↑ John Yewell (ed.). "A Year of Nüz". MetroActive News & Issues. Archived from the original on 2000-10-03. Retrieved 7 June 2008.
  38. ↑ "sonoma papers". Metroactive.com. Archived from the original on 2003-03-06. Retrieved 30 July 2009.
  39. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20140522195834/http://www.breatharian.com/5wordsqa.html
  40. ↑ "Wiley Brooks website: Initiation workshops". Breatharian.com. Archived from the original on 2015-11-07. Retrieved 30 July 2009.
  41. ↑ "Immortality workshop". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 21 November 2010
  42. ↑ "Initiation workshops from the Internet Archive". Web.archive.org. 13 February 2008. Archived from the original on 13 February 2008. Retrieved 30 July 2009.
  43. ↑ "Fees via Internet archive". Web.archive.org. Archived from the original on 18 July 2006. Retrieved 30 July 2009.
  44. ↑ "Initiation workshops through Internet Archive". Archived from the original on 2008-02-13.. Retrieved January 2008.
  45. ↑ "Solar Healing Center". Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 6 February 2012.
  46. ↑ Timoshik, Alexander (28 Aug 2006). "Man lives for 11 years eating only sunlight". Retrieved 24 February 2015.
  47. ↑ K., Santhosh. "Sharing their love for food, water, sunlight". Retrieved 24 February 2015.
  48. ↑ "Eat the Sun". IMDb. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
  49. ↑ Storr, Will (6 May 2013). "The man who lives without food". Retrieved 24 February 2015.
  50. ↑ 無名比丘尼隨訪錄(救世師父)
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