Indonesian National Armed Forces

T N I
Tentara Nasional Indonesia
("Indonesian National Armed Forces")

Insignia of TNI (Indonesian National Armed Forces)
Founded 5 October 1945 as Tentara Keamanan Rakyat (People's Security Armed Forces)
Service branches

TNI-AD (Army)
TNI-AL (Navy)

TNI-AU (Air Force)
Headquarters Cilangkap, Jakarta
Leadership
Commander-in-Chief President Joko Widodo
Minister of Defence Ryamizard Ryacudu
Commander of the Armed Forces General Gatot Nurmantyo
Manpower
Military age 18
Available for
military service		 131,000,000, age 15–49 (131,000,000[1])
Fit for
military service		 108,000,000, age 15–49 (131,000,000[2])
Reaching military
age annually		 4,500,000 (131,000,000[3])
Active personnel 476,000
Deployed personnel 1,673[4]
Expenditures
Budget US$ 8.05 billion (2015)[5]
Percent of GDP 1.0% (2013)
Industry
Domestic suppliers
Related articles
History Military history of Indonesia
Engagements & Missions:
United Nations Peacekeeping
Indonesian National Revolution
Darul Islam (Indonesia)
Republic of South Maluku
PRRI
Permesta
Incorporation of West Papua into Indonesia
Operation Trikora
Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
Indonesian invasion of East Timor
Insurgency in Aceh
Free Papua Movement
2003–2004 Indonesian offensive in Aceh
Operation Tinombala
Ranks Indonesian military ranks

The Indonesian National Armed Forces (Indonesian: Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI); in 2016 comprises approximately 395,500[6] military personnel including the Army (TNI-AD), Navy (TNI-AL) including the Indonesian Marine Corps (Korps Marinir), and the Air Force (TNI-AU).

The Indonesian Armed Forces was formed during the Indonesian National Revolution, when it undertook a guerrilla war along with informal militia. As a result of this, and the need to maintain internal security, the Armed forces including the Army, Navy, and Air Force has been organised along territorial lines, aimed at defeating internal enemies of the state and potential external invaders.[7]

Under the 1945 Constitution, all citizens are legally entitled and obliged to defend the nation. Conscription is provided for by law, yet the Forces have been able to maintain mandated strength levels without resorting to a draft. Most enlisted personnel are recruited in their own home regions and generally train and serve most of their time in units nearby.

The Indonesian armed forces are voluntary. The available manpower fit for military service of males aged between 16 and 49 is 75,000,000, with a further 4,500,000 new suitable for service annually.[8]

Military spending in the national budget was widely estimated 3% of GDP in 2005,[8] but is supplemented by revenue from many military-run businesses and foundations. The Indonesian armed forces (Military) personnel does not include members of law enforcement and paramilitary personnel such as the Indonesian National Police (Polri) consisting of approximately 590,000+ personnel, Mobile Brigade Corps (Brimob) of around 42,000+ armed personnel, the Civil Service Police Unit (Municipal police) or Satpol PP, Indonesian College Students' Regiment or Resimen Mahasiswa (Menwa) which is a collegiate military service consisting 26,000 trained personnel, and civil defence personnel (Linmas or Public Protection Service Corps, which replaced the old Hansip in 2014).

History

Formation

Indonesian soldiers in front of Borobudur, March 1947

Before the formation of the Indonesian Republic, the military authority in the Dutch East Indies was held by the Royal Dutch East Indies Army (KNIL) and naval forces of the Royal Netherlands Navy (KM). Although both the KNIL and KM were not directly responsible for the formation of the future Indonesian armed forces, and mainly took the role of foe during Indonesian National Revolution in 1945 to 1949, the KNIL had also provided military training and infrastructure for some of the future TNI officers and other ranks. There were military training centres, military schools and academies in the Dutch East Indies. Next to Dutch volunteers and European mercenaries, the KNIL also recruited indigenous, especially Ambonese, Kai Islanders, Timorese, and Minahasan people. In 1940 with the Netherlands under German occupation and the Japanese pressing for access to Dutch East Indies oil supplies, the Dutch had opened up the KNIL to large intakes of previously excluded Javanese.[9] Some of the indigenous soldiers that had enjoyed Dutch KNIL military academy education would later become important TNI officers. For example: Suharto and Nasution.

Indonesian nationalism and militarism started to gain momentum and support in World War II during the Japanese occupation of Indonesia. To gain support from the Indonesian people in their war against the Western Allied force, Japan started to encourage and back Indonesian nationalistic movements by providing Indonesian youth with military training and weapons. On 3 October 1943, the Japanese military formed the Indonesian volunteer army called PETA (Pembela Tanah Air – Defenders of the Homeland). The Japanese intended PETA to assist their forces oppose a possible invasion by the Allies. The Japanese military training for Indonesian youth originally was meant to rally the local's support for the Japanese Empire, but later it became the significant resource for the Republic of Indonesia during the Indonesian National Revolution in 1945 to 1949. Many of these men who served in PETA, both officers and NCOs alike like Sudirman, formed majority of the personnel that would comprise the future armed forces.

General Sudirman, first commander of the Indonesian Armed Forces

At first, Indonesian Armed Forces started out as the BKR (Badan Keamanan Rakyat – People's Security Agency), which was formed in the 3rd PPKI meeting, on August 29, 1945; this was an organisation of militias in a united nationwide force to ensure the security remained intact across the newly declared independent Indonesia; it was created more as a civil defence force than an armed forces. The decision to create a "security agency" and not an army, was taken to lessen the probability of the allied forces viewing it as an armed revolution and invading in full force. During their capitulation, one of the terms of surrender to Japan was to return the Asian domains they had conquered to the previous nation of the Allies, certainly not to liberate them independently.

When confrontations became sharp and hostile between Indonesia and the Allied forces, on October 5, 1945 the TKR (Tentara Keamanan Rakyat – People's Security Armed Forces) was formed on the basis of existing BKR units; this was a move taken to formalise, unite, and organise the splintered pockets of independent troopers ('laskar') across Indonesia, ensuing a more professional military approach, to contend with the Netherlands and the Allied force invaders.

The Indonesian armed forces have seen significant action since their establishment in 1945. Their first conflict was the 1945–1949 Indonesian National Revolution, in which the 1945 Battle of Surabaya was especially important.

In January 1946, TKR renamed onto Tentara Keselamatan Rakyat (People's Safety Armed Forces), then succeeded by TRI (Tentara Republik Indonesia – Republic of Indonesia Armed Forces), in a further step to professionalise the armed forces and increase its ability to engage systematically.

In June 1947, TRI, per a government decision, was renamed the TNI (Tentara Nasional Indonesia - Indonesian National Armed Forces) which is a merger between the TRI and the independent paramilitary organizations (laskar) across Indonesia, becoming by 1950 the APRIS or National Armed Forces of the United States of Indonesia (Angkatan Perang Republik Indonesia Serikat), by mid year the APRI or National Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia (Angkatan Perang Republik Indonesia), absolving also personnel from within both the former KNIL and KM within the expanded republic.

Independent Indonesia

General Nasution congratulating General Suharto on the his appointment as acting president, 12 March 1967

From the 1950s to 1960s the Republic of Indonesia struggled to maintain its unity against local insurgencies and separatist movements in some of its provinces. From 1948 to 1962, the TNI was involved in local warfare in West Java, Aceh, and South Sulawesi against Darul Islam/Tentara Islam Indonesia (DI/TII), a militant movement aimed at establishing an Islamic state in Indonesia. The TNI also helped bring the rebellion of Republic of South Maluku to a close in 1963. Meanwhile, the PRRI/Permesta rebellion holds an essential place in Indonesian military history because it was led by army officers in Sumatra and Sulawesi between 1955 and 1961.

From 1961 to 1963, the TNI was involved in the military campaign to incorporate Western New Guinea into Indonesia, which pitted the TNI against Netherlands New Guinea. From 1962 to 1965 TNI fought in the Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation. The Indonesian killings of 1965–1966 directly involved the armed forces under Lt. General Suharto fighting against the Communist Party of Indonesia.

Indonesia developed a good relationship with the Soviet Union in the period of 1961-65. The Soviet Union sold 17 ships to the Indonesian Navy, the largest of which was a Sverdlov class cruiser. The size was 16,640 tons, very big compared to the current Indonesian Sigma class corvette at only 1,600 tons. Indonesia procured 12 Whiskey class submarines plus 2 supporting ships. Indonesia had more than a hundred military aircraft, 20 supersonic MiG-21s, 10 supersonic Mig-19, 49 Mig-17 and 30 MiG-15. The Soviets also supplied Indonesia with 26 Tupolev Tu-16 strategic bombers, though it is not clear what the servicability rate was.[10]

Under the New Order

During the New Order-era, the Indonesian military enjoyed certain privileges and played a significant role in Indonesian politics. The military involvement in Indonesian politics was formulated in the Dwifungsi (Dual function) doctrine of the Indonesian National Armed Forces.

During the New Order-regime the "Tentara Nasional Indonesia" (Indonesian National Armed Forces/TNI) changed its name to "Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia" (Republic of Indonesia Armed Forces/ABRI) and incorporated the POLRI (Indonesian National Police).

In 1975, Indonesia invaded East Timor, followed a year afterward by the Insurgency in Aceh, flaring on-and-off from 1976 to 2005. From the 1970s to 1990s the Indonesian military worked hard to suppress these armed insurgency and separatist movements in the provinces of Aceh and East Timor. In 1991 the Santa Cruz Massacre occurred in East Timor, tarnishing the image of the Indonesian military internationally. This incident led the United States to sever its IMET funding, which supported training for the Indonesian military.

Also in 1992, each service began to form small female units. These all-female Corps are the Women's Army Corps, the Women's Naval Service, the Air Force Women's Corps, and the Police Women's Service Corps. These were intended to "set to work at places and in functions conform[ing] to their feminine disposition." More specifically, women were assigned to administrative work, teaching English and working to improve health and social conditions of armed forces members and their families. The women police were said to "play an important role in solving problems [of] drug addicts and juvenile delinquents."[8]

After the Cold War ended the Indonesian Armed Forces began to take part in United Nations peacekeeping missions. These were usually known as 'Garuda' deployments. The first was to the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia, quickly followed by a deployment as part of the United Nations Protection Force in Bosnia Herzegovina. Indonesian troops deployed to both the United Nations Operation in Somalia I and the United Nations Operation in Somalia II.

Reformation

Indonesian armed forces work together with US Marines personnel on distributing humanitarian aid for victims of the 2009 Padang earthquake.

After the fall of Suharto in 1998, the democratic and civil movement grew against the acute military role and involvements in Indonesian politics. As the result, the post-Suharto Indonesian military has undergone certain reformations, such as the revocation of Dwifungsi doctrine and the terminations of military controlled business. The reformation also involved the law enforcement in common civil society, which questioned the position of Indonesian police under the military corps umbrella. These reforms led to the separation of the police force from the military. In 2000, the Indonesian National Police officially regained its independence and now is a separate entity from the military. The official name of the Indonesian military also changed from "Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia" (ABRI) back to "Tentara Nasional Indonesia" (TNI).

Indonesian military continue its involvement and contribution in United Nations peacekeeping missions. After 1999, Indonesian troops went to Africa as part of the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The TNI has also served with the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon, UNAMID, UNSMIS, MINUSTAH, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNMIL.[11]

Following the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, the United States government suspended a spare parts embargo which had been in place for non-lethal equipment and military vehicles, to support the humanitarian effort in the tsunami-devastated regions of Aceh and Nias. Since then, the Indonesian Air Force has signed deals to purchase more C-130 transport aircraft and upgrade the current C-130s in the inventory. On 22 November 2005, the US announced that military ties with Indonesia would be restored in full. The decision had ended the six-year US ban on arms sales.[12]

In 2009, all former Indonesian military businesses were to be surrendered to a specialist body. The Indonesian Military Business Management Body (BPBTNI) was established in effect of a stipulation in Law No. 34/2004 on the Indonesian Military (TNI) which was to take over ownership and operation of all businesses owned or run by the TNI by 2009. Unlike the former National Banking Restructuring Agency (BPPN) which burdened the Indonesian state with losses, the BPBTNI would bear all losses alone.[13]

From 2010 onwards, military spending in Indonesia was aligned to the Minimum Essential Force (MEF) strategic plan 2010 – 2014 requirements. Under MEF 2010 – 2014 funds of up to Rp150 trillion ($16.41 billion) to spend over five years to procure major weapons systems, Rp50 trillion $5.47 billion) will be used to accelerate achieving the Minimum Essential Force, Rp55 trillion ($6.02 billion) for procurement and Rp45 trillion ($4.92 billion) for maintenance and repair.[14] Subsequent funding would be made available to fund the strategic plans of MEF 2015 - 2019 and MEF 2020 - 2024 to achieve the strategic goal of Minimum Essential Force.

Political role of the military

During the Suharto era, the military had a "dual function" (dwifungsi in Indonesian) defined as: firstly preservation and enforcement of internal and external security and sovereignty of the State and secondly, as an overseer and arbiter of government policy. This was used to justify substantial military interference in politics. Long-time president Suharto was an army general and was strongly supported by most of the military establishment. Traditionally a significant number of cabinet members had military backgrounds, while active duty and retired military personnel occupied a large number of seats in the legislature. Commanders of the various territorial commands played influential roles in the affairs of their respective regions.

Indonesia has not had a substantial conflict with its neighbours since the 1963–1965 Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation, known in Indonesia as Konfrontasi with Malaysia. Possible future disputes relating to competing Malaysian-Indonesian South China Sea claims, where Indonesia has large natural gas reserves, concern the Indonesian government. As of 2007, some regional claims with neighbouring Malaysia have led to some minor sabre-rattling by both sides with a stalemate over the sovereignty of Unarang rock and the maritime boundary in the Ambalat oil block in the Celebes Sea.[8]

In the post-Suharto period since 1998, civilian and military leaders have been successfully removing the military influence from politics and advocated the structural reform in military body. For example, the military's representation in the House of Representatives was removed, the police forces was separated completely from armed force, and an active military officer can only serve his/her commission within the armed forces itself and thus is prohibited from being appointed to government positions (including as Minister of Defense). It sometimes comes to armed conflicts between the military and the police.[15]

Philosophy and Doctrine

Indonesian soldiers participate in a mass casualty training scenario as part of exercise Cooperation Afloat Readiness and Training (CARAT)

The Indonesian military philosophy over-riding defence of the archipelago is summarily civilian-military defence, called "Total People's Defence"- consisting of a three-stage war: a short initial period in which invader would defeat a conventional Indonesian military, a long period of territorial guerrilla war followed by a final stage of expulsion- with military acting as a rallying point for defence from grass-roots village level upwards. The doctrine relies on a close bond between villager and soldier to encourage the support of the entire population and enable the military to manage all war-related resources.

The civilian population would provide logistical support, intelligence, and upkeep with some trained to join the guerrilla struggle. The armed forces regularly engage in large-scale community and rural development. The "Armed Forces Enters the Village" (AMD) program, begun in 1983 is held three times annually to organise and assist construction and development of civilian village projects.

The current developments in Indonesia's defence policies are framed within the concept of achieving "Minimum Essential Force" or MEF by 2024. This concept of MEF was first articulated in Presidential Decree No. 7/2008 on General Policy Guidelines on State Defence Policy (Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia No. 7 Tahun 2008 Tentang Kebijakan Umum Pertahanan Negara)[16] which came into effect on 26 January 2008. MEF is defined as a capability based defence and force level that can guarantee the attainment of immediate strategic defence interests, where the procurement priority is given to the improvement of minimum defence strength and/or the replacement of outdated main weapon systems/equipments. To achieve this aim, MEF had been restructured into a series of 3 strategic programmes with timeframes from 2010 to 2014, 2015 to 2019 and 2020 to 2024 as well as spending of up the 1.5 - 2% of the GDP.

The identity of the Indonesian National Armed forces is (Article 2 of the TNI Law) is becoming the:

  1. People's Military Forces, the armed forces whose members come from Indonesian citizens from all walks of life;
  2. Military of Warriors, which are soldiers who fought to establish the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia and do not recognize surrender in carrying out and completing its duties;
  3. National Armed Forces, the Indonesian national armed forces who served in the interest of the state over the interests of the regions, tribe, races, and religious groups;
  4. Professional Armed Forces, a military force that is well-trained, well-educated, well-equipped, non-practicable, probihited to do business and guaranteed welfare, and following the country's political policies that embrace democratic principles, civil supremacy, human rights, the provisions of national law and international law, as ratified and approved in the 1999-2003 amendments to the Constitution.

Organisation

The Indonesian armed forces have long been organised around territorial commands.[17] Following independence, seven were established by 1958. No central reserve formation was formed until 1961 (when the 1st Army Corps of the Army General Reserve, "CADUAD", the precursor of today's Kostrad was established). It was only after the attempted coup d'état of 1 October 1965 and General Suharto's rise to the presidency that it became possible to integrate the armed forces and begin to develop a joint operations structure.

Following a decision in 1985, major reorganization separated the Ministry of Defense and Security ("HANKAM") from the "ABRI" (Indonesian Armed Forces name during Soeharto's presidential era) headquarters and staff.[18] "HANKAM" was made responsible for planning, acquisition, and management tasks but had no command or control of troop units. The "ABRI" commander in chief retained command and control of all armed forces and continued by tradition to be the senior military officer in the country. Since the separation of the ministry from the armed forces headquarters in 1985, the "HANKAM" staff has been composed largely of retired military personnel. The split provided positions of responsibility for highly qualified but relatively young retired officers of the Generation of 1945 while also opening up high level billets in "ABRI" to younger active-duty officers who had been frustrated by slow rates of promotion.

The administrative structure of "HANKAM" consisted of a minister, secretary general, inspector general, three directorates-general and a number of functional centers and institutes. The minister, inspector general, and three directors general were retired senior military officers; the secretary general (who acted as deputy minister) and most functional center chiefs were active-duty military officers.

The 1985 reorganisation also made significant changes in the armed forces chain of command. The four multi-service Regional Defense Commands ("Kowilhans") and the National Strategic Command ("Kostranas") were eliminated from the defense structure, establishing the Military Regional Command ("Kodam"), or area command, as the key organisation for strategic, tactical, and territorial operations for all services. The chain of command flowed directly from the "ABRI" commander in chief to the ten "Kodam" commanders, and then to subordinate army territorial commands. The former territorial commands of the air force and navy were eliminated from the structure altogether, with each of those services represented on the "Kodam" staff by a senior liaison officer. The navy and air force territorial commands were replaced by operational commands. The air force formed two Operations Commands ("Ko-Ops") while the navy had its Eastern Fleet and Western Fleet—Armadas. The air force's National Air Defense Command ("Kohanudnas") remained under the "ABRI" commander in chief. It had an essentially defensive function that included responsibility for the early warning system.

The officer corps of the armed forces was estimated at 53,000 in 1992.[19] Less than 1 percent of these were of general officer ranks. The Armed Forces Academy of the Republic of Indonesia ("AKABRI"), the national military academy at Magelang, Jawa Tengah Province trains most military officer corps. Other military academies are the Naval Academy ("A.A.L") in Surabaya and the Air Force Academy ("A.A.U") in Jogjakarta. Mandatory retirement exists for officers at the age of fifty-eight and routine periodic reassignments are enforced.[20]

After Soeharto's presidential era collapsed which was in 1998, the Indonesian Police Force was separated from the Armed Forces making the Indonesian Armed Forces under the direct auspices command of the Ministry of Defense and the Police Force under the direct auspices of the President of Indonesia. Before 1998, the Armed Forces of Indonesia (the then name "ABRI") was composed of four joint services which were the Indonesian Army, Indonesian Navy, Indonesian Air Force, and the Indonesian National Police. Then after 1998 (After reformation from Soeharto), the Armed Forces' name changed to TNI (Tentara Nasional Indonesia) literally meaning: "The National Military of Indonesia" and the independent Indonesian Police Force changed its name to POLRI (Polisi Republik Indonesia) literally meaning: "The National Police Force of Indonesia". Now specifically, although the Armed Forces of Indonesia and the National Police of Indonesia has been separated, they still cooperate and conduct special duties and tasks together for the sake of the national security and integrity of Indonesia.

Leadership Elements

TNI Commander Gatot Nurmantyo (right) and Army Chief of Staff Mulyono (left)

The highest position in the Indonesian National Armed forces is the Commander of the Indonesian National armed forces (Panglima TNI), usually held by the four-star General.

Auxiliary elements of leadership

  1. TNI General Staff;
  2. TNI Inspectorate General;
  3. TNI commander expert staff;
  4. TNI Staff of Strategic Policy and General Planning;
  5. TNI Intelligence staff;
  6. TNI Operational staff;
  7. TNI Personnel staff;
  8. TNI Logistics staff;
  9. TNI Territorial staff ;
  10. TNI Communication and Electronics staff;

Service Elements

  1. Communications and Electronics Unit of Indonesian National Armed forces (Satkomlek TNI)
  2. Indonesian National Armed forces Operational Control Center (Puskodalops TNI)
  3. Office of the Secretariat General of the Indonesian National Armed Forces (Sentum TNI)
  4. General Headquarters and HQ Services Command of the Indonesian National Armed forces (Denma Mabes TNI)

Central Implementing Agency

Military Academy of Indonesia
Indonesian Military Academy cadets
  1. Indonesian National Armed Forces War Colleges (Sesko TNI)
  1. Armed Forces Education, Training and Doctrine Command (Kodiklat TNI)
  2. The Indonesian National Armed Forces Academy (Akademi TNI)
  1. Strategic Intelligence Agency of the Indonesian National Armed forces (BAIS TNI)
  2. Presidential Security Force of the Indonesian National Armed forces (Paspampres)
  3. The Indonesian National Armed forces Information Center (Puspen TNI)
  4. Indonesian Armed Forces Health and Medical Center (Puskes TNI)
  5. Military Police Command of the Indonesian National Armed forces (Puspom TNI)
  6. The Indonesian National armed forces logistics (Babek TNI)
  7. Indonesian armed forces law counseling (Babinkum TNI)
  8. Center for Mental Development of the Indonesian National Armed forces (Pusbintal TNI)
  9. Center for Finance of the Indonesian National Armed forces (Puskeu TNI)
  10. Historical Center of the Indonesian National Armed forces (Pusjarah TNI)
  11. Indonesian Armed Forces Data Processing Information Center (Pusinfolahta TNI)
  12. Indonesian Armed Forces Peace Maintenance Mission Center (PMPP TNI)
  13. International Cooperation Center of the Indonesian National Armed forces (Puskersin TNI)
  14. Center for Strategic Assessment of the Indonesian National Armed forces (Pusjianstra TNI)
  15. The Basic Center for Military and Military Regulation of the Armed Forces of Indonesia (Pusjaspermildas TNI)
  16. The Rapid Response Team for Disaster Response (PRCPB TNI)
  17. Quick-hit reaction troops (PPRC TNI)
  18. General Headquarters Garrison and HQ Services Command of the Indonesian National Armed forces (Gartap)
  19. Cyber unit of The Indonesian National Armed Forces (Satsiber TNI)

Central Combatant Commands

  1. Indonesian National Air Defense Command (Kohanudnas)
  2. Joint Regional Command of Defense (Kogabwilhan)
  3. Army Strategic Command (Kostrad)
  4. Army Special Forces (Kopassus)
  5. Military Region Commands (Kodam)
  6. Fleet Forces Commands (Koarmada)
  7. Military Sealift Command (Kolinlamil)
  8. Operational Command of the Air Force (Koopsau)

Military Special Forces of Indonesia

Indonesian Military Special Forces

Branches

Indonesian Army soldiers

Strength

In the Beginning of 2010, the Indonesian government seeks to strengthen the TNI to achieve minimum standards of minimum strength (Minimum Essential Force (MEF)). The MEF is divided into three strategic plan stages until 2024. Initially the government budgeted Rp156 trillion for the provision of TNI's main weapon system equipment (alutsista) in the MEF period 2010-2014.[23][24][25]

The table below is the data on the strength of the Indonesian armed forces in 2006 with some updated data in accordance with current conditions:

Number of personnel: 369,389[26] personnel
Indonesian Army Indonesian Navy Indonesian Air Force
Number of personnel: 273,693[26]Number of personnel: 68,180[26]Number of personnel: 27,590[26]
Centralized power

Regional strengths

  • Regional military command: 15
  • Military area command: 44
  • District military command: 291
  • Battalions: 97

Central Implementing Body

  • Constructional Engineers Regiment: 1
  • Army Aviation Squadrons: 5
  • Five other battalions
Integrated Fleet Weapon System
  • List of active Indonesian Navy ships: 136
  • Navy ships: 71
  • Marine forces: 2
  • Marine brigades: 3
  • Training command: 1

Area strength

 Air Squadrons
  • Number of Fighter aircraft: 180 (target 2024)[27]
  • Combat Squadrons: 8
  • Transport Squadrons: 5
  • Reconnaissance Squadrons: 1
  • Helicopter squadrons: 3
  • Training squadrons: 3

Regional Strengths

  • 1st Air Force Operational Command
  • 2nd Air Force Operational Command

Air Force basses

  • Airbases: 41
  • Air Force detachments: 8
  • Air Force posts: 80

Paskhas

  • 3 operational wings, 1 counter-terrorist unit (Satbravo 90), and 1 Paskhas Educational and training center

Radar units

  • 17 air defense radar units

(Other sources: Harian Koran Tempo 14 Februari 2006)

Budget

Beeson and Bellamy wrote in 2002 that: '..By some estimates 60–65% of the military's actual operating expenses come from 'off-budget sources' rather than the government (Cochrane 2002). This is a euphemism for a host of legal and illegal practices that include legitimate involvement in state-owned and private businesses, as well as a range of activities in the 'black economy.' An estimated 30% of government funding of the military 'is lost through corruption in the process of buying military equipment and supplies.'(International Crisis Group 2001: 13)'[28]

In addition, the territorial commands (KODAM) are responsible for 'the bulk of their operational fund-raising.'[29]

Fiscal Year Budget (IDR) Budget (USD)
2005 Rp 21.97 trillion USD 2.5 billion
2006 Rp 23.6 trillion USD 2.6 billion
2007 Rp 32.6 trillion USD 3.4 billion
2008 Rp 36.39 trillion USD 3.8 billion
2009 Rp 33.6 trillion USD 3.3 billion
2010 Rp 42.3 trillion USD 4.47 billion
2011 Rp 47.5 trillion USD 5.2 billion
2012 Rp 64.4 trillion[30] USD 7.5 billion
2013 Rp 81.8 trillion[31][32] USD 8.44 billion[33]
2014 Rp 83.4 trillion[34] USD 7.91 billion[35]
2015 Rp 95.5 trillion[5] USD 8.05 billion
2016 Rp 99.5 trillion[36] USD 7.3 billion
2017 Rp 109.3 trillion[37] USD 8.17 billion

List of TNI commanders (Panglima)

Name Years Notes
Lt. Gen. Urip Sumohardjo 17 August 1945 – 12 November 1945 Position held on an interim basis[38]
Gen. Sudirman 12 November 1945 – 29 January 1950 Position known as Grand Commander of the People's Security Army (Panglima Besar Tentara Keamanan Rakyat)[38]
Maj. Gen. TB Simatupang 29 January 1950 – 1952 Position known as Chief of Staff of the War Forces (Kepala Staf Angkatan Perang)[38]
Vacant 1952–1955 Position abolished by President Sukarno after the 17 October 1952 incident[38]
Gen. A.H. Nasution December 1955 – July 1959 Position known as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (Ketua Gabungan Kepala-Kepala Staf)/Also Chief of Staff of the Army
ACM Soerjadi Soerjadharma July 1959 – 1962 Position known as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (Ketua Gabungan Kepala-Kepala Staf)/Also Chief of Staff of the Air Force
Gen. A.H. Nasution 1962 – March 1966 Position known as Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces (Kepala Staf Angkatan Bersenjata)[38]
Vacant 1966–68 Position abolished by President Sukarno after the G30S/PKI incident[38]
Gen. Suharto June 1968 – March 1973 Position known as Commander of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia (Panglima ABRI) as well as Minister of Defence and Security; Note that Suharto was concurrently serving as the President.
Gen. Maraden Panggabean March 1973 – April 1978 idem
Gen. Mohammad Jusuf April 1978 – 28 March 1983 idem
Gen. Benny Moerdani 28 March 1983 – 27 February 1988 Also Commander of the Operational Command for the Restoration of Security and Order (Kopkamtib)
Gen. Try Sutrisno 27 February 1988 – 19 February 1993
Gen. Edi Sudrajat 19 February 1993 – 21 May 1993 Also Minister of Defence and Security and Chief of Staff of the Army
Gen. Feisal Tanjung 21 May 1993 – 12 February 1998
Gen. Wiranto 16 February 1998 – 26 October 1999 Position known as Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces (Panglima Tentara Nasional Indonesia) in 1999 as long as Minister of Defence and Security
Adm. Widodo Adi Sutjipto 26 October 1999 – 7 June 2002 First Navy and non-Army officer appointed
Gen. Endriartono Sutarto 7 June 2002 – 13 February 2006
ACM Djoko Suyanto 13 February 2006 – 28 December 2007 First Air Force officer appointed
Gen. Djoko Santoso 28 December 2007 – 28 September 2010
Adm. Agus Suhartono Since 28 September 2010 – 30 August 2013 Second Navy officer appointed.
Gen. Moeldoko Since 30 August 2013[39] - 8 July 2015
Gen. Gatot Nurmantyo 8 July 2015 – present

Rank Structures

In the army, navy, and air force, as well as in other armed forces branches in Indonesia such as the Police force, the rank consists of officer known as in Indonesian: "Perwira", NCO "Bintara" and enlisted "Tamtama".

Army

Ranks and Insignias - Indonesian Army
NATO code[n 1]
OF-10
OF-9
OF-8
OF-7
OF-6
OF-5
OF-4
OF-3
OF-2
OF-1
 Indonesia
Indonesian Jenderal Besar Jenderal Letnan Jenderal Mayor Jenderal Brigadir Jenderal Kolonel Letnan Kolonel Mayor Kapten Letnan Satu Letnan Dua
English General of the Army General Lieutenant General Major General Brigadier General Colonel Lieutenant Colonel Major Captain Lieutenant Second Lieutenant
NATO code[n 1] OR-9OR-8OR-7OR-6OR-5OR-4OR-3OR-2OR-1
 Indonesia
Indonesian Pembantu Letnan Satu Pembantu Letnan Dua Sersan Mayor Sersan Kepala Sersan Satu Sersan Dua Kopral Kepala Kopral Satu Kopral Dua Prajurit KepalaPrajurit SatuPrajurit Dua
English Chief Warrant OfficerWarrant Officer Sergeant Major Master Sergeant First Sergeant Second Sergeant Master Corporal Corporal Lance Corporal Master PrivatePrivate First ClassPrivate Second Class
Ranks and Insignias - Indonesian Navy
NATO code[n 1]
OF-10
OF-9
OF-8
OF-7
OF-6
OF-5
OF-4
OF-3
OF-2
OF-1
 Indonesia
Indonesian Laksamana Besar Laksamana Laksamana Madya Laksamana Muda Laksamana Pertama Kolonel Letnan Kolonel Mayor Kapten Letnan Satu Letnan Dua
English Admiral of the Fleet Admiral Vice Admiral Rear Admiral Commodore Colonel Lieutenant Colonel Major Captain Lieutenant Second Lieutenant
NATO code[n 1] OR-9OR-8OR-7OR-6OR-5OR-4OR-3OR-2OR-1
 Indonesia
Indonesian Pembantu Letnan Satu Pembantu Letnan Dua Sersan Mayor Sersan Kepala Sersan Satu Sersan Dua Kopral Kepala Kopral Satu Kopral Dua Kelasi KepalaKelasi SatuKelasi Dua
English Chief Warrant OfficerWarrant Officer Sergeant Major Master Sergeant First Sergeant Second Sergeant Master Corporal Corporal Lance Corporal SeamanSeaman ApprenticeSeaman recruit

Air Force

Ranks and Insignias - Indonesian Air Force
NATO code[n 1]
OF-10
OF-9
OF-8
OF-7
OF-6
OF-5
OF-4
OF-3
OF-2
OF-1
 Indonesia
Indonesian Marsekal Besar Marsekal Marsekal Madya Marsekal Muda Marsekal Pertama Kolonel Letnan Kolonel Mayor Kapten Letnan Satu Letnan Dua
English Marshal of the Air Force Air Chief Marshal Air Marshal Air Vice Marshal Air Commodore Colonel Lieutenant Colonel Major Captain Lieutenant Second Lieutenant
NATO code[n 1] OR-9OR-8OR-7OR-6OR-5OR-4OR-3OR-2OR-1
 Indonesia
Indonesian Pembantu Letnan Satu Pembantu Letnan Dua Sersan Mayor Sersan Kepala Sersan Satu Sersan Dua Kopral Kepala Kopral Satu Kopral Dua Prajurit KepalaPrajurit SatuPrajurit Dua
English Chief Warrant OfficerWarrant Officer Sergeant Major Master Sergeant First Sergeant Second Sergeant Master Corporal Corporal Lance Corporal Master AirmanAirman First ClassAirman

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Indonesia is not a member of NATO, so there is not an official equivalence between the Indonesian military ranks and those defined by NATO. The displayed parallel is approximate and for illustration purposes only.

References

  1. ↑ "Indikator Pembangungan Dunia - Penjelajah Google Data Publik". www.google.co.id. line feed character in |title= at position 29 (help)
  2. ↑ "Indikator Pembangungan Dunia - Penjelajah Google Data Publik". www.google.co.id. line feed character in |title= at position 29 (help)
  3. ↑ "Indikator Pembangungan Dunia - Penjelajah Google Data Publik". www.google.co.id. line feed character in |title= at position 29 (help)
  4. ↑ "Ongoing Operations". www.pkc-indonesia.mil.id. Pusat Misi Pemeliharaan Perdamaian Tentara Nasional Indonesia. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  5. 1 2 "SBY maintains status quo in 2015 budget". 18 August 2014.
  6. ↑ International Institute for Strategic Studies (3 Feb 2014). The Military Balance 2014. London: Routledge. pp. 246–250. ISBN 9781857437225.
  7. 1 2 http://www.tni.mil.id
  8. 1 2 3 4 http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+id0171
  9. ↑ McDonald (1980), pages 13
  10. ↑ "Kejayaan Angkatan Perang Indonesia Pada Masa Bung Karno". Berdikari Online. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  11. ↑ Garuda Militer. "15 Prajurit TNI Ikuti Farewell Ceremony di Haiti". garudamiliter.blogspot.com. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  12. ↑ National, World and Business News|Reuters.co.uk
  13. ↑
    • Antara News, "TNI Businesses To Be Taken Over by Special Body", . Retrieved 29 March 2009
  14. ↑ "http://www.embassyofindonesia.org/news/2012/01/news113.htm". 31 January 2012. External link in |title= (help)
  15. ↑ "Indonesia's elite soldiers kill prisoners". Al Jazeera. 5 April 2013. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
  16. ↑ "PERATURAN PRESIDEN REPUBLIK INDONESIA NOMOR 7 TAHUN 2008". www.sjdih.depkeu.go.id.
  17. ↑ Lowry, Bob (1993). Indonesian Defence Policy and the Indonesian Armed Forces, Canberra Papers on Strategy and Defence No.99, Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University, 1993, p.36-40
  18. ↑ Library of Congress Country Study, Indonesia, November 1992, Organization and Equipment of the Armed Forces
  19. ↑ Library of Congress Country Study, Indonesia, 1992, link verified December 2009.
  20. ↑ Colonel Sulistiyanto, M.Sc. "Strategic position in TNI". Indonesian Navy. Retrieved 30 April 2014.
  21. ↑ Indonesia, PUSPEN TNI, Teamworks. "WEBSITE TENTARA NASIONAL INDONESIA". www.tni.mil.id.
  22. ↑ "Scramble Magazine: Indonesian Air Arms Overview". Scramble.nl. Retrieved 25 November 2011.
  23. ↑ "Anggaran Alutsista 2010-2014 Capai Rp156 Triliun". Investor Daily Indonesia. 30 January 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
  24. ↑ "Minimum Essential Force TNI Tahap 2 (2015-2019)". JakartaGreater.com. 11 September 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
  25. ↑ "MEF : Modernisasi Militer Indonesia". analisismiliter.com.
  26. 1 2 3 4 Rahakundini Bakrie, Connie (2007). Pertahanan Negara dan Postur TNI ideal. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia. p. 102. ISBN 978-979-461-665-9.
  27. ↑ "180 Pesawat Tempur Canggih AU". Tribunnews.com. 27 January 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  28. ↑ Mark Beeson and Alex J. Bellamy, 'Securing Southeast Asia: The politics of security sector reform,' Routledge, 2008, ISBN 0-415-41619-1, 134-5.
  29. ↑ Beeson and Bellamy, 2008, 138.
  30. ↑ http://www.setneg.go.id/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=5727
  31. ↑ http://www.asianewsnet.net/home/news.php?sec=1&id=33629 Margareth S. Aritonang, While education and healthcare suffer, Indonesian army budget soars, The Jakarta Post, 18 July 2012
  32. ↑ IDB. "Rp. 81.8 Triliun Anggaran Militer 2013 Indonesia". indo-defense.blogspot.com. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  33. ↑ NurW. "DEFENSE STUDIES". defense-studies.blogspot.com. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  34. ↑ "Komisi I Dukung Tambahan Anggaran Kemenhan Dan TNI". 21 October 2013.
  35. ↑ http://www.janes.com/article/25916/indonesian-defence-budget-increases-9
  36. ↑ "Kementerian PU Dapat Anggaran Terbanyak dari APBN 2016". finansial.bisnis.com.
  37. ↑ "Revised Indonesian budget brings modest increase - Jane's 360". www.janes.com.
  38. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Archived 9 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
  39. ↑ Rinaldo (30 August 2013). "Presiden SBY Lantik Panglima TNI dan KSAD Pagi Ini". liputan6dotcom. Retrieved 30 August 2013.

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