Indian roller

Indian roller
C. b. indicus in Maharashtra, India
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Coraciiformes
Family: Coraciidae
Genus: Coracias
Species: C. benghalensis
Binomial name
Coracias benghalensis
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms
  • Corvus benghalensis

The Indian roller (Coracias benghalensis), is a member of the roller family of birds. They are found widely across tropical Asia from Iraq eastward across the Indian Subcontinent to Indochina and are best known for the aerobatic displays of the male during the breeding season. They are very commonly seen perched along roadside trees and wires and are commonly seen in open grassland and scrub forest habitats. It is not migratory, but undertakes some seasonal movements. The largest populations of the species are within India, and several states in India have chosen it as their state bird.

Taxonomy and systematics

The Indian roller was originally described as belonging to the genus Corvus.[2] Alternate names for the Indian roller include the Indian blue roller, northern roller and southern blue roller.

Subspecies

Three subspecies are recognized:[3]

Description

Indian roller in flight
A large hook-tipped bill, seen here in the nominate subspecies

The Indian roller is a stocky bird about 26–27 cm long and can only be confused within its range with the migratory European roller. The breast is brownish and not blue as in the European Roller. The crown and vent are blue. The primaries are deep purplish blue with a band of pale blue. The tail is sky blue with a terminal band of Prussian blue and the central feathers are dull green. The neck and throat are purplish lilac with white shaft streaks. The bare patch around the eye is ochre in colour. The three forward toes are united at the base.[4] Rollers have a long and compressed bill with a curved upper edge and a hooked tip. The nostril is long and exposed and there are long rictal bristles at the base of the bill.[5][6]

The three forward pointing toes appear to be joined at the base

Three subspecies are usually recognized. The nominate form is found from western Asia (Iraq, Arabia) east across the Indian Subcontinent, and within India north of the Vindhyas mountain ranges. The subspecies indicus is found in peninsular India and Sri Lanka. The southern form has a darker reddish collar on the hind neck which is missing in the nominate form. The race affinis of northeastern India and Southeast Asia (Thailand, Myanmar, Indochina) is sometimes considered a full species, but within the Indian region, it is seen to intergrade with benghalensis. The form affinis is darker, larger and has a purplish brown and unstreaked face and breast.[4] It has underwing coverts in a deeper shade of blue.[5][7]

Distribution and habitat

The Indian roller is distributed across Asia, from Iraq and United Arab Emirates in south-western Asia through the Indian Subcontinent, including Sri Lanka, Lakshadweep islands and Maldive Islands into Southeast Asia.[7] Its main habitat includes cultivated areas, thin forest and grassland.[4]

Ecology and behaviour

Subspecies affinis from Thailand

Indian rollers are often seen perched on prominent bare trees or wires. They descend to the ground to capture their prey which may include insects, arachnids, small reptiles, small snakes and amphibians.[8][9][10] Fires attract them[4] and they will also follow tractors for disturbed invertebrates. In agricultural habitats in southern India, they have been found at densities of about 50 birds per km2. They perch mainly on 3—10 metre high perches and feed mostly on ground insects. Nearly 50% of their prey are beetles and 25% made up by grasshoppers and crickets.[11][12][13] The feeding behaviour of this roller and habitat usage are very similar to that of the black drongo.[14] During summer, they may also feed late in the evening and make use of artificial lights and feed on insects attracted to them.[15] They are attracted to swarms of winged termites, and as many as 40 birds have been seen to perch on a 70-metre stretch of electric wires.[16]

Their habit of feeding near roadsides sometimes results in collisions with traffic.[17][18] A decline in the numbers of these birds seen along roadsides in northern India has been noted.[19]

The display of this bird is an aerobatic display, with the twists and turns that give this species its English name. The breeding season is March to June, slightly earlier in southern India. Displays when perched include bill-up displays, bowing, allopreening, wing drooping and tail fanning.[4] Holes created by woodpeckers or wood boring insects in palms are favoured for nesting in some areas.[12] Nest cavities may also be made by tearing open rotten tree trunks or in cavities in building.[5] The cavity is usually unlined and is made up mainly of debris from the wood. The normal clutch consists of about 3-5 eggs. The eggs are white and broad oval or nearly spherical.[6] Both sexes incubate the eggs for about 17 to 19 days.[7] The young fledge and leave the nest after about a month. Nearly 80% of the eggs hatch and fledge.[20]

The call of the Indian roller is a harsh crow-like chack sound. It also makes a variety of other sounds, including metallic boink calls. It is especially vociferous during the breeding season.

The bird bathes in open water by plunge-diving into it, a behaviour often interpreted as fishing.[21][22][23] But it may occasionally attempt fishing from water.[7]

Blood parasites Leucocytozoon of the family Plasmodiidae have been noted in the lung tissues.[24] Parasitic helminth worms Hadjelia truncata and Synhimantus spiralis were recorded as well.[25][26]

In culture

The Indian roller is very common in the populated plains of India and associated with legends. It is said to be sacred to Vishnu, and used to be caught and released during festivals such as Dussera and Durga Puja.[27] A local Hindi name is neelkanth,[28] meaning "blue throat", a name associated with the deity Shiva (who drank poison resulting in the blue throat).[29]

Another local name in Telugu is 'pala pitta', and in Kannada it is 'neelakanthi'.[30] Adding its chopped feathers to grass and feeding them to cows was believed to increase their milk yield.[31] The Indian roller has been chosen as the state bird by the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Karnataka and Telangana.[32][33]

References

  1. ↑ BirdLife International (2016). "Coracias benghalensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016.3. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
  2. ↑ "Coracias benghalensis - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2017-03-02.
  3. ↑ "IOC World Bird List 7.1". IOC World Bird List Datasets. doi:10.14344/ioc.ml.7.1.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Rasmussen PC; JC Anderton (2005). Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. 2. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions. p. 270.
  5. 1 2 3 Baker, ECS (1927). The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds. Volume 4 (2nd ed.). Taylor & Francis, London. pp. 224–227.
  6. 1 2 Whistler, Hugh (1949). Popular handbook of Indian birds (4th ed.). Gurney and Jackson, London. pp. 293–295.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Ali, S; S D Ripley (1983). Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan. 4 (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 116–120.
  8. ↑ Sharga, U.S. (1936). "Indian Roller or Blue Jay (Coracias benghalensis Linn.) feeding on a scorpion". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 39 (1): 179.
  9. ↑ Evans, G.H. (1921). "The food of the Burmese Roller (C. affinis) and of the Ashy Drongo (D. nigrescens)". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 27 (4): 955–956.
  10. ↑ Biddulph, C.H. (1937). "The Southern Indian Roller or Blue Jay Coracias benghalensis indica (Linn.) killing a small snake". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 39 (4): 865.
  11. ↑ Sivakumaran, N; K. Thiyagesan (2003). "Population, diurnal activity patterns and feeding ecology of the Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis (Linnaeus, 1758)" (PDF). Zoos' Print Journal. 18 (5): 1091–1095. doi:10.11609/jott.zpj.18.5.1091-5.
  12. 1 2 Mathew, D.N.; Narendran, T.C.; Zacharias, V.J. (1978). "A comparative study of the feeding habits of certain species of Indian birds affecting agriculture". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 75 (4): 1178–1197.
  13. ↑ Burton, P. K. J. (1984). "Anatomy and evolution of the feeding apparatus in the avian orders Coraciiformes and Piciformes". Bulletin of the British Museum. Zoology series. 47 (6): 331–443.
  14. ↑ Asokan, S.; A.M.S. Ali. "Foraging behavior of selected insectivorous birds in Cauvery Delta region of Nagapattinam District, Tamil Nadu, India" (PDF). Journal of Threatened Taxa. 2 (2): 690–694. doi:10.11609/jott.o2201.690-4.
  15. ↑ Bharos, A.M.K. (1992). "Feeding by Common Nightjar Caprimulgus asiaticus and Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis in the light of mercury vapour lamps". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 89 (1): 124.
  16. ↑ Bharos, A.M.K. (1990). "Unusually large congregation and behaviour of Indian Rollers Coracias benghalensis". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 87 (2): 300.
  17. ↑ Goenka, D. (1986). "Lack of traffic sense amongst Indian Rollers". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 83 (3): 665.
  18. ↑ Sundar, K.S.G. (2004). "Mortality of herpetofauna, birds and mammals due to vehicular traffic in Etawah District, Uttar Pradesh, India". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 101 (3): 392–398.
  19. ↑ Saiduzzafar, H. (1984). "Some observations on the apparent decrease in numbers of the Northern Roller or Blue Jay Coracias benghalensis". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 24 (5&6): 4–5.
  20. ↑ Asokan S; AMS Ali; R Manikannan (2009). "Preliminary Investigations on Diet and Breeding Biology of the Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis in a Portion of Cauvery Delta, Tamil Nadu, India" (PDF). World Journal of Zoology. 4 (4): 263–269.
  21. ↑ Tiwari, N.K. (1930). "Bathing habit of the Indian Roller (Coracias benghalensis)". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 34 (2): 578–579.
  22. ↑ Dalgliesh, G. (1911). "Roller catching its prey in the water". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 20 (3): 853.
  23. ↑ Radcliffe, H. D. (1910). "Roller catching its prey in the water". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 20 (1): 225–226.
  24. ↑ De Mello, I. F.; Emidio, A. (1935). "Blood parasites of Coracias b. benghalensis with special remarks on its two types of Leucocytozoon" (PDF). Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences (B). 2: 67–73.
  25. ↑ Junker, K.; Boomker, J. (2007). "A check list of the helminths of guineafowls (Numididae) and a host list of these parasites" (PDF). Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research. 74 (4): 315–337. PMID 18453241. doi:10.4102/ojvr.v74i4.118.
  26. ↑ Bhatia, B.L. (1938). The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Protozoa. Volume 1. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 240–241.
  27. ↑ Kipling, J. L. (1904). Beast and man in India. London: Macmillan and Co. p. 33.
  28. ↑ Blanford, W. T. (1889). The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds Volume 3. Taylor & Francis, London. pp. 103–105.
  29. ↑ Mitra, Sarat CHandra (1898). "Bengali and Behari Folk-lore about Birds. Part I.". Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. 67 (2): 67–74.
  30. ↑ Anonymous (1998). "Vernacular Names of the Birds of the Indian Subcontinent". Buceros. 3 (1): 53–109.
  31. ↑ Thurston, E. (1912). Omens and superstitions of southern India. New York: McBride, Nast and Company. p. 88.
  32. ↑ "States and Union Territories Symbols". knowindia.gov.in. National Informatics Centre (NIC), DeitY, MoCIT, Government of India. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
  33. ↑ "State Symbols". Telangana State Portal. Government of Telangana. Retrieved 26 June 2016.

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