List of India national cricket captains

The list includes all Indian captains of individual, women's and youth cricket. India became a full member of the Imperial Cricket Conference (now the International Cricket Council) on 31 May 1926. On 25 June 1932 it became the sixth Test nation after England, Australia, South Africa, the West Indies and New Zealand when they took on England at Lord's. They played only seven tests, which were all against England, before the Second World War, losing five matches and drawing twice. Their first game against other opposition came in 1947–48 when they played against Sir Donald Bradman's Invincibles (a name given to the Australia national cricket team of that time).

International cricket

Where a player has a dagger (†) next to a Test match series in which he captained at least one Test, it denotes that the player deputised for the appointed captain or was appointed for a minor proportion in a series.

Test match captains

This is the list of the 33 cricketers who have captained the Indian cricket team for at least one Test match. So far Mahendra Singh Dhoni is the most successful Indian test captain with 27 wins.

The table of results is complete as of 6 August 2017.

Indian Test match captains[1]
Number Name YearOppositionLocationPlayedWonLostDrawn
1
1932_Indian_Test_Cricket_team.jpg
CK Nayudu 1932 England England 1 0 1 0
1933/4 England India 3 0 2 1
Total 4 0 3 1
2 Maharajkumar of Vizianagram 1936 England England 3 0 2 1
Total 3 0 2 1
3 Iftikhar Ali Khan Pataudi 1946 England England 3 0 1 2
Total 3 0 1 2
4 Lala Amarnath 1947/8 Australia Australia 5 0 4 1
1948/9 West Indies India 5 0 1 4
1952/3 Pakistan India 5 2 1 2
Total 15 2 6 7
5 Vijay Hazare 1951/2 England India 5 1 1 3
1952 England England 4 0 3 1
1952/3 West Indies West Indies 5 0 1 4
Total 14 1 5 8
6
[[File:|400px|alt=]]
Vinoo Mankad 1954/5 Pakistan Pakistan 5 0 0 5
1958/9† West Indies India 1 0 1 0
Total 6 0 1 5
7 Ghulam Ahmed 1955/6† New Zealand India 1 0 0 1
1958/9 West Indies India 2 0 2 0
Total 3 0 2 1
8 Polly Umrigar 1955/6 New Zealand India 4 2 0 2
1956/7 Australia India 3 0 2 1
1958/9† West Indies India 1 0 0 1
Total 8 2 2 4
9 Hemu Adhikari 1958/9† West Indian India 1 0 0 1
Total 1 0 0 1
10 Datta Gaekwad 1959 England England 4 0 4 0
Total 4 0 4 0
11
[[File:|400px|alt=]]
Pankaj Roy 1959† England England 1 0 1 0
Total 1 0 1 0
12 Gulabrai Ramchand 1959/60 Australia India 5 1 2 2
Total 5 1 2 2
13 Nari Contractor 1960/1 Pakistan India 5 0 0 5
1961/2 England India 5 2 0 3
1961/2† West Indies West Indies 2 0 2 0
Total 12 2 2 8
14 Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi 1961/2 West Indies West Indies 3 0 3 0
1963/4 England India 5 0 0 5
1964/5 Australia India 3 1 1 1
1964/5 New Zealand India 4 1 0 3
1966/7 West Indies India 3 0 2 1
1967 England England 3 0 3 0
1967/8 Australia Australia 3 0 3 0
1967/8 New Zealand New Zealand 4 3 1 0
1969/70 New Zealand India 3 1 1 1
1969/70 Australia India 5 1 3 1
1974/5 West Indies India 4 2 2 0
Total 40 9 19 12
15 Chandu Borde 1967/8† Australia Australia 1 0 1 0
Total 1 0 1 0
16 Ajit Wadekar 1970/1 West Indies West Indies 5 1 0 4
1971 England England 3 1 0 2
1972/3 England India 5 2 1 2
1974 England England 3 0 3 0
Total 16 4 4 8
17 Srinivas Venkataraghavan 1974/5† West Indies India 1 0 1 0
1979 England England 4 0 1 3
Total 5 0 2 3
18 Sunil Gavaskar 1975/6† New Zealand New Zealand 1 1 0 0
1978/9 West Indies India 6 1 0 5
1979/80 Australia India 6 2 0 4
1979/80 Pakistan India 5 2 0 3
1980/1 Australia Australia 3 1 1 1
1980/1 New Zealand New Zealand 3 0 1 2
1981/2 England India 6 1 0 5
1982 England England 3 0 1 2
1982/3 Sri Lanka India 1 0 0 1
1982/3 Pakistan Pakistan 6 0 3 3
1984/5 Pakistan Pakistan 2 0 0 2
1984/5 England India 5 1 2 2
Total 47 9 8 30
19 Bishan Singh Bedi 1975/6 New Zealand New Zealand 2 0 1 1
1975/6 West Indies West Indies 4 1 2 1
1976/7 New Zealand India 3 2 0 1
1976/7 England India 5 1 3 1
1977/8 Australia Australia 5 2 3 0
1978/9 Pakistan Pakistan 3 0 2 1
Total 22 6 11 5
20 Gundappa Viswanath 1979/80† Pakistan India 1 0 0 1
1979/1980 England India 1 0 1 0
Total 2 0 1 1
21 Kapil Dev 1982/3 West Indies West Indies 5 0 2 3
1983/4 Pakistan India 3 0 0 3
1983/4 West Indies India 6 0 3 3
1985 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 3 0 1 2
1985/6 Australia Australia 3 0 0 3
1986 England England 3 2 0 1
1986/7 Australia India 3 0 0 2[2]
1986/7 Sri Lanka India 3 2 0 1
1986/7 Pakistan India 5 0 1 4
Total 34 4 7 23[2]
22 Dilip Vengsarkar 1987/8 West Indies India 3 0 1 2
1988/9 New Zealand India 3 2 1 0
1988/9 West Indies West Indies 4 0 3 1
Total 10 2 5 3
23 Ravi Shastri 1987/8† West Indies India 1 1 0 0
Total 1 1 0 0
24 Krishnamachari Srikkanth 1989/90 Pakistan Pakistan 4 0 0 4
Total 4 0 0 4
25
Mohammad Azharuddin Sangeeta Bijlani.jpg
Mohammad Azharuddin 1989/90 New Zealand New Zealand 3 012
1990 England England 3 012
1990/1 Sri Lanka India 1 1 0 0
1991/2 Australia Australia 5 041
1992/3 Zimbabwe Zimbabwe 1 0 0 1
1992/3 South Africa South Africa 4 0 1 3
1992/3 England India 3 3 0 0
1992/3 Zimbabwe India 1 1 0 0
1993 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 3 1 0 2
1993/4 Sri Lanka India 3 3 0 0
1993/4 New Zealand New Zealand 1 001
1994/5 West Indies India 3 111
1995/6 New Zealand India 3 1 0 2
1996 England England 3 0 1 2
1997/8 Australia India 3 2 1 0
1998/9 Zimbabwe Zimbabwe 1 0 1 0
1998/9 New Zealand New Zealand 2 0 1 1
1998/9 Pakistan India 2 1 1 0
1998/9[3] Pakistan India 1 0 1 0
1998/9[3] Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 1 0 0 1
Total 47 141419[4][5][6][7]
26 Sachin Tendulkar 1996/7 Australia India 1 1 0 0
1996/7 South Africa India 3 2 1 0
1996/7 South Africa South Africa 3 0 2 1
1996/7 West Indies West Indies 5 0 1 4
1997 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 2 0 0 2
1997/8 Sri Lanka India 3 0 0 3
1999/2000 New Zealand India 3 1 0 2
1999/2000 Australia Australia 3 0 3 0
1999/2000 South Africa India 2 0 2 0
Total 25 4 9 12
27 Sourav Ganguly 2000/1 Bangladesh Bangladesh 1 1 0 0
2000/1 Zimbabwe India 2 1 0 1
2000/1 Australia India 3 2 1 0
2001 Zimbabwe Zimbabwe 2 1 1 0
2001 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 3 1 2 0
2001/2 South Africa South Africa 2 0 1 1
2001/2 England India 3 1 0 2
2001/2 Zimbabwe India 2 2 0 0
2001/2 West Indies West Indies 5 1 2 2
2002 England England 4 1 1 2
2002/3 West Indies India 3 2 0 1
2002/3 New Zealand New Zealand 2 0 2 0
2003/4 New Zealand India 1 0 0 1
2003/4 Australia Australia 4 1 1 2
2003/4 Pakistan Pakistan 1 1 0 0
2004/5 Australia India 2 0 1 1
2004/5 South Africa India 2 1 0 1
2004/5 Bangladesh Bangladesh 2 2 0 0
2004/5 Pakistan India 3 1 1 1
2005/6 Zimbabwe Zimbabwe 2 2 0 0
Total 49 21 13 15
28 Rahul Dravid 2003/4† New Zealand India 1 0 0 1
2003/4† Pakistan Pakistan 2 1 1 0
2004/5† Australia India 2 1 1 0
2005/6 Sri Lanka India 2 1 0 1
2005/6 Pakistan Pakistan 3 0 1 2
2005/6 England India 3 1 1 1
2005/6 West Indies West Indies 4 1 0 3
2006/7 South Africa South Africa 3 1 2 0
2007 Bangladesh Bangladesh 2 1 0 1
2007 England England 3 1 0 2
Total 25 8 6 11
29 Virender Sehwag 2005/6† Sri Lanka India 1 1 0 0
2009† New Zealand New Zealand 1 0 0 1
2010† Bangladesh Bangladesh 1 1 0 0
2012† Australia Australia 1 0 1 0
Total 4 2 1 1
30 Anil Kumble 2007 Pakistan India 3 1 0 2
2007/8 Australia Australia 4 1 2 1
2008 South Africa India 2 0 1 1
2008 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 3 1 2 0
2008 Australia India 2 0 0 2
Total 14 3 5 6
31 MS Dhoni 2008† South Africa India 1 1 0 0
2008† Australia India 2 2 0 0
2008 England India 2 1 0 1
2009 New Zealand New Zealand 2 1 0 1
2009 Sri Lanka India 3 2 0 1
2010 Bangladesh Bangladesh 1 1 0 0
2010 South Africa India 2 1 1 0
2010 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 3 1 1 1
2010 Australia India 2 2 0 0
2010 New Zealand India 3 1 0 2
2010 South Africa South Africa 3 1 1 1
2011 West Indies West Indies 3 1 0 2
2011 England England 4 0 4 0
2011 West Indies India 3 2 0 1
2011/12 Australia Australia3 0 3 0
2012 New Zealand India 2 2 0 0
2012/13 England India 4 1 2 1
2012/13 Australia India 4 4 0 0
2013/14 West Indies India 2 2 0 0
2013/14 South Africa South Africa 2 0 1 1
2013/14 New Zealand New Zealand 2 0 1 1
2014 England England 5 1 3 1
2014/15 Australia Australia 2 0 1 1
Total 60 27 18 15
32 Virat Kohli
2014/15† Australia Australia 2 0 1 1
2015 Bangladesh Bangladesh 1 0 0 1
2015 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 3 2 1 0
2015/16 South Africa India 4 3 0 1
2016 West Indies West Indies 4 2 0 2
2016/17 New Zealand India 3 3 0 0
2016/17 England India 5 4 0 1
2017 Bangladesh India 1 1 0 0
2017 Australia India 3 1 1 1
2017 Srilanka Srilanka 2 2 0 0
Total 28 18 3 7
33 Ajinkya Rahane
2017† Australia India 1 1 0 0
Total 1 1 0 0
Grand Total(1932-2017) 514141 158 215[2]

One Day International captains

This is a list of cricketers who have captained the Indian cricket team for at least one One Day International.

NumberNameYearPlayedWonLostTiedNo resultWin %[8]
1Ajit Wadekar1974202000.00
2Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan1975–19797160014.28
3Bishen Singh Bedi1975/6-1978/94130025.00
4Sunil Gavaskar1980/1-1985/63714210240.00
5Gundappa Viswanath1980/1101000.00
6Kapil Dev1982/3-1992/19937439330254.16
7Syed Kirmani1983/4101000.00
8Mohinder Amarnath1984/198510001NA
9Ravi Shastri1986/7-1991/211470036.36
10Dilip Vengsarkar1987/8-1988/9188100044.44
11Krishnamachari Srikkanth1989/9013480133.33
12Mohammad Azharuddin1989/90-199917490728451.72
13Sachin Tendulkar1996-1999/20007323431635.07
14Ajay Jadeja1997/8-1999/200013850061.53
15Sourav Ganguly1999–2005146[9]7665[9]0553.90
16Rahul Dravid2000/1 - 20077942330456.00
17Anil Kumble2001/211000100.00
18Virender Sehwag2003 - 201112750058.33
19Mahendra Singh Dhoni2007 – 20161991107441159.57
20Suresh Raina2010 – 201412650154.54
21Gautam Gambhir2010 - 201166000100.00
22Virat Kohli2013 - present302270175.86
23 Ajinkya Rahane 2017 3 3 0 0 0 100.00
Grand Total(1974-2017)91746540574053.42

Source:Cricinfo. Last updated: 30 June 2017.

Twenty-20 International captains

This is a list of cricketers who have captained the Indian cricket team for at least one Twenty 20 International.

NumberNameYearPlayedWonLostTiedNo resultWin %[8]
1Virender Sehwag200611000100.00
2Mahendra Singh Dhoni2007–20167241281256.94
3Suresh Raina2010–201133000100.00
4Ajinkya Rahane20152110050.00
5Virat Kohli 2017-present4220050.00
Total(2006-2017)8248311258.53

Women's cricket

Where a player has a dagger (†) next to a Test match series in which she captained at least one Test, it denotes that the player deputised for the appointed captain or was appointed for a minor proportion in a series.

Test match captains

This is a list of cricketers who have captained the Indian women's cricket team for at least one women's Test match.

The table of results is updated as 11 September 2014.

Indian women's Test match captains
NumberNameYearOppositionLocationPlayedWonLostDrawn
1 Shantha Rangaswamy 1976/7 West Indies India 6 1 1 4
1976/7 New Zealand New Zealand 1 0 0 1
1976/7 Australia Australia 1 0 1 0
1983/4 Australia India 4 0 0 4
Total 12 1 2 9
2 Nilima Jogalekar 1984/1985† New Zealand India 1 0 0 1
Total 1 0 0 1
3 Diana Edulji 1984/5 New Zealand India 2 0 0 2
1986 England England 2 0 0 2
Total 4 0 0 4
4 Shubhangi Kulkarni 1986† England England 1 0 0 1
1990/1 Australia Australia 2 0 1 1
Total 3 0 1 2
5 Sandhya Agarwal 1990/1† Australia Australia 1 0 1 0
Total 1 0 1 0
6 Purnima Rau 1994/5 New Zealand New Zealand 1 0 0 1
1995/6 England India 2 0 1 1
Total 3 0 1 2
7 Pramila Bhatt 1995/6† England India 1 0 0 1
Total 1 0 0 1
8 Chanderkanta Kaul 1999 England England 1 0 0 1
Total 1 0 0 1
9 Anjum Chopra 2001/2 England India 1 0 0 1
2001/2 South Africa South Africa 1 1 0 0
2002 England England 1 0 0 1
Total 3 1 0 2
10 Mamatha Maben 2003/4 New Zealand India 1 0 0 1
Total 1 0 0 1
11 Mithali Raj 2005/6 England India 1 0 0 1
2005/6 Australia Australia 1 0 1 0
2006 England England 2 1 0 1
2014 England England 1 1 0 0
Total 5 2 1 2
Total 35 4 6 25

Women's One-Day International captains

This is a list of cricketers who have captained the Indian women's cricket team for at least one women's one-day international. The World Cup Final appearance against Australia in 2004/5 represents India's best performance in a Women's World Cup.

NumberNameYearPlayedWonLostTiedNo resultWin %[8]
1Diana Edulji1977/8, 1984/5 – 19931871100[10]38.88
2Shantha Rangaswamy1981/2-1983/4164120025.00
3Shubhangi Kulkarni1986101000.00
4Purnima Rau1994/5-1995/685300[11]62.50
5Pramila Bhatt1995/6-1997/87511[12]0[13]78.57
6Chanderkanta Kaul19994310075.00
7Anju Jain2000/18530062.50
8Anjum Chopra2001/2[14]-2002/3-2011/201228101701[15]37.03
9Mamatha Maben2003/4-2004/5191450073.68
10Mithali Raj2003 – present8145330355.55
11Jhulan Goswami2008-20112512130048.00
12Rumeli Dhar2008-2008101000.00
13Harmanpreet Kaur2013–201333000100.00
Total2191131011451.59

Women's Twenty-20 International captains

This is a list of cricketers who have captained the Indian women's cricket team for at least one Twenty 20 International.[16]

NumberNameYearPlayedWonLostTiedNo resultWin %[8]
1Mithali Raj2006–present32171500 53.12
2Jhulan Goswami2008-2011188100041.17
3Anjum Chopra2012-201210370030.00
4Harmanpreet Kaur2012-201613940069.23
Total6633330050.00

Youth cricket

Test match captains

This is a list of cricketers who have captained the Indian Under-19 cricket team for at least one under-19 Test match. The very nature of Under-19 cricket means that in practice no youth captains the side for more than one year. Four men, Srikkanth, Shastri, Dravid and Virat have gone on to captain the senior side.

The table of results is complete as of August 2014.
* mark has been added after the names of players who went on to represent India in at least one men's international match (Test match or ODI match).

NumberNameYearOppositionLocationPlayedWonLostDrawn
1 Krishnamachari Srikkanth* 1978/9† Pakistan India 2 0 0 2
2 Vedraj Chauhan 1978/9 Pakistan India 3 0 0 3
3 Ravi Shastri* 1981 England England 3 0 0 3
4 Saba Karim* 1984/5 Australia India 2 0 1 1
5 Anju Mudkavi 1984/5† Australia India 1 0 0 1
6 Amikar Dayal 1986/7 Australia Australia 3 0 2 1
7 Myluahanan Senthilnathan 1987/8 New Zealand New Zealand 1 0 1 0
8 Janardhanan Ramdas 1988/9 Pakistan Pakistan 4 1 0 3
9 Ranjib Biswal 1989/90 Pakistan India 4 1 0 3
10 Rahul Dravid* 1991/2 New Zealand India 2 1 0 1
11 Manoj Joglekar 1992/3 England India 3 1 1 1
12 Sridharan Sriram* 1993/4 Australia India 3 1 1 1
13 Amit Sharma 1994 England England 3 1 0 2
14 Kiran Powar 1994/5 Australia Australia 3 0 2 1
15 Sanjay Raul 1995/6 South Africa India 3 1 1 1
16 Ajit Agarkar* 1996/7† Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 1 1 0 0
17 Jyoti Yadav 1996/7 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 2 1 0 1
18 Reetinder Sodhi* 1998/9 Sri Lanka India 1 0 0 1
19 Ajay Ratra* 2003/4 England India 3 1 0 2
20 Manvinder Bisla 2002† England England 1 0 0 1
21 Yaleeka Gnaneswara Rao 2002 England England 2 0 1 1
22 Ambati Rayudu* 2004/5 England India 3 3 0 0
23 Tanmay Srivastava 2006 England England 3 1 0 2
2007 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 2 1 0 1
Total 5 2 0 3
24 Piyush Chawla* 2006 Pakistan India 2 2 0 0
2007 New Zealand India 3 1 1 1
Total 5 3 1 1
25 Virat Kohli* 2008 South Africa South Africa 2 1 0 1
26 Ashok Menaria 2009 Australia Australia 2 1 1 0
27 Vijay Zol 2014 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 2 0 0 2
Total 69 20 12 37

Youth One-Day International captains

This is a list of cricketers who have captained the Indian U-19 cricket team for at least one Under-19 One Day International. India's first great success in Under-19 ODI cricket was in 1999/2000, when they won the Under-19 World Cup under the captaincy of Mohammad Kaif. The feat was repeated in 2008/9 and 2012 under the captaincy of Virat Kohli and Unmukt Chand.

The table of results is complete as of 16 August 2014.
* mark has been added after the names of players who went on to represent India in at least one men's international match (Test match, ODI or T20 match).

NumberNameYearPlayedWonLostTiedNo resultWin %[8]
1Ravi Shastri1981101000.00
2Saba Karim1985303000.00
3Anju Mudkavi1985101000.00
4Amikar Dayal19863120033.33
5M. Senthilnathan19888530062.50
6Arjan Kripal Singh1988101000.00
7Ranjib Biswal1989/905410080.00
8Rahul Dravid19923210066.66
9Manoj Joglekar199333000100.00
10Amit Sharma19945230040.00
11Kiran Powar19953120033.33
12Sanjay Raul199633000100.00
13Jyoti Yadav1997/83120033.33
14Amit Pagnis19976420066.66
15Reetinder Sodhi199933000100.00
16Mohammad Kaif1999/0099000100.00
17Ajay Ratra20013210066.66
18Parthiv Patel20027430057.14
19Yaleeka Gnaneswara Rao200233000100.00
20Ambati Rayudu2003/0410820080.00
21Dinesh Karthik2004101000.00
22Manoj Tiwary20055410080.00
23Ravikant Shukla2005/06171520088.23
24Tanmay Srivastava2006/0777000100.00
25Piyush Chawla2006/07121110091.66
26Ravindra Jadeja200711000100.00
27Virat Kohli20081111000100.00
28Ashok Menaria2009/1012840066.66
29Unmukt Chand2011/12211551073.80
30Vijay Zol2013/14221830185.71
31Sanju Samson201411000100.00
32Ricky Bhui201544000100.00
33Virat Singh201511000100.00
34Rishabh Pant201511000100.00
35Ishan Kishan20158710087.50
36Abhishek Sharma2016550000100.00
Total193145451276.17

Bibliography

References

  1. "India – Tests". Cricinfo. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
  2. 1 2 3 Includes one Tied Test Match
  3. 1 2 Asian Test Championship
  4. "Results | Global | ESPN Cricinfo". Cricinfo. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
  5. "Results | Global | ESPN Cricinfo". Cricinfo. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
  6. "Results | Global | ESPN Cricinfo". Cricinfo. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
  7. "Mohammed Azharuddin vs Sourav Ganguly vs MS Dhoni - Who is India's best captain in recent times?". 2014-08-12. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Win% = (matches won+0.5*matches tied)/(matches played-matches abandoned) and is rounded to the nearest number as percentage
  9. 1 2 Sourav Ganguly also captained the ACC Asian XI in the ODI against the ICC World XI held on 10 January 2005 for the World Cricket Tsunami Appeal. The ACC Asian XI lost that ODI
  10. Match against Australia Women's team during 1990/1 season in Manuka Oval (Canberra) was abandoned.(Source: "Australia Women v India Women – India Women in Australia 1990/91(Only ODI)". Cricketarchive.com. Retrieved 25 May 2007.) However the match is not recorded in the game books.
  11. Match against Australia Women's team during 1994/5 season in Smallbone Park (Rotorua) abandoned. (Source: "Australia Women v India Women – New Zealand Women's Centenary Tournament 1994/95". Cricketarchive.com. Retrieved 25 May 2007.) However the match is not recorded in the game books.</
  12. The match between Indian women's team and New Zealand women's team in the 1997/98 Hero Honda Women's Cricket World Cup at Nehru Stadium, Indore ended in a tie when India were dismissed for 176. This is the only tied ODI game in Indian Women's cricket. (Source:"India Women v New Zealand Women, Group B – Hero Honda Women's World Cup, 1997/98, 21st Match". Cricinfo. Retrieved 25 May 2007.)
  13. Match against Sri Lankan Women's team during 1997/98 Hero Honda Women's World Cup in Feroz Shah Kotla(New Delhi) abandoned."India Women v Sri Lanka Women – Hero Honda Women's World Cup 1997/98 (Group B)". Cricketarchive.com. Retrieved 25 May 2007. However the match is not recorded in the game books.
  14. New Zealand Women's tour of India was cancelled. The tour was scheduled to have 5 ODI matches
  15. Two of India's matches in the 2002 Women's Tri-Series involving England Women's team and Ireland Women's team were abandoned. The game at Riverside Ground (Chester-le-Street) is reflected in the rule books while another game at Fox Lodge Cricket Club (Strabane) is not reflected in the official records.
  16. "Indian women's cricket team - Twenty 20 International". Cricinfo. Retrieved 11 Sep 2012.
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