Indian Railways

Indian Railways
Native name
 Bhāratīya Rail
Public sector
Industry Railways
Founded 16 April 1853 (1853-04-16)[1]
Headquarters New Delhi, India
Area served
 India
Key people
Services Passenger railways
Freight services
Parcel carrier
Catering and Tourism Services
Parking lot operations
Other related services
Revenue Increase ₹1.683 trillion (US$26 billion)[2] (2015–16)
Increase ₹105.05 billion (US$1.6 billion)[2] (2015–16)
Owner Government of India
Number of employees
 1.331 million[3] (March 2016)
Parent Ministry of Railways through Railway Board
Divisions 17 Railways Zones
Subsidiaries
Website www.indianrail.gov.in
indianrailways.gov.in
Indian Railways

Schematic network map of the Indian Railways

Map of Indian Railways network with population density
Reporting mark IR
Locale India
Dates of operation 16 April 1853 (1853-04-16)–Present
Track gauge 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in)
1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in)
762 mm (2 ft 6 in)
610 mm (2 ft)
Length 66,687 kilometres (41,437 mi) (route)[2]
92,081 kilometres (57,216 mi) (running track)[2]
119,630 kilometres (74,330 mi) (total track)[4]

Indian Railways (reporting mark IR) is a State owned national transporter, responsible for rail transport in India. It is owned and operated by the Government of India through the Ministry of Railways. It is the fourth largest railway network in the world comprising 119,630 kilometres (74,330 mi) of total track[4] and 92,081 km (57,216 mi) of running track over a route of 66,687 km (41,437 mi) with 7,216 stations at the end of 2015-16.[2] In 2015-16, IR carried 8.107 billion passengers annually or more than 22 million passengers a day and 1.101 billion tons of freight annually.[2] As of the end of 2015-16, of the total 68,525 km (42,579 mi) route length, 28,327 km (17,602 mi) or 45% were electrified and 28,371 km (17,629 mi) or 37% were double or multiple line routes.[5] The railway network is predominantly a broad gauge network. Small stretches of the network use metre and narrow gauges. All the electrified lines use 25 kV AC electric traction.[2]

IR operates both long distance and suburban rail systems. Indian Railways ran on average 13,313 passenger trains daily in 2015-16. The trains have a five-digit numbering system. Mail or express trains, the most common types, run at an average speed of 50.9 km/hr.[6] As of the end of 2015-16, IR's rolling stock comprised over 251,256 freight wagons, 70,241 passenger coaches and 11,122 locomotives (39 powered by steam, 5,869 by diesel fuel and 5214 by electricity).[2] It also owns locomotive and coach production facilities at several places in India.

Indian Railways is the world's eighth biggest employer and had 1.331 million employees at the end of 2015-16.[3] In 2015–2016 Indian Railways had revenues of ₹1.683 trillion (US$26 billion), consisting of ₹1.069 trillion (US$17 billion) freight earnings and ₹442.83 billion (US$6.9 billion) passengers earnings.[2] It had an operating ratio of 90.5% in 2015-16.[2]

History

The history of rail transport in India began in the early nineteenth century.

1832–1852: Industrial railways

The first proposals for railways in India were made in Madras in 1832.[7] The first train in India ran from Red Hills to Chintadripet bridge in Madras in 1837. It was called Red Hill Railway. It was hauled by a rotary steam engine locomotive manufactured by William Avery. It was built by Sir Arthur Cotton. It was mainly used for transporting granite stones for road building work in Madras.[7] In 1845, a railway was built at Dowleswaram in Rajahmundry. It was called Godavari Dam Construction Railway. It was also built by Arthur Cotton. It was used to supply stones for construction of a dam over Godavari.[7] On May 8, 1945, Madras Railway was incorporated. In the same year East India Railway company was incorporated. On 1 August 1849, Great Indian Peninsular Railway was incorporated by an Act of Parliament. "Guarantee System" providing free land and guaranteed rates of return (5%) to the private English companies willing to work on building railways was finalized on August 17, 1849. In 1851, a railway was built in Roorkee. It was called Solani Aqueduct Railway. It was hauled by steam locomotive Thomason, named after a British officer in-charge of same name. It was used for transporting construction materials for building of aqueduct over Solani river.[7] In 1852, the "Madras Guaranteed Railway Company" was incorporated.

1853–1924: Passenger railways and expansion

India's first passenger train between Bombay and Thane in 1853

The first passenger train in India ran between Bombay (Bori Bunder) and Thane on April 16, 1853. The 14-carriage train was hauled by three steam locomotives: Sahib, Sindh and Sultan. It ran for about 34 kilometers between these two cities carrying 400 people. The line was built and operated by GIPR.[8][9] This railway line was built in 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge, which became the standard for the railways in the country. In the same year, Madras Railway was re-incorporated. The first passenger railway train in eastern India ran from from Howrah to Hoogly, for distance of 24 miles, on August 15, 1854. The line was built and operated by EIR.[10] In May 1854, the Bombay-Thane line was extended to Kalyan by building bridge over "Dapoorie viaduct" over Ulhas river.[11] This was also the first railway bridge in India. In the same year GIPR started its first workshops in Byculla. In 1855, BB&CI Railway was incorporated.[12] In August 1855, EIR 'Express' and Fairy Queen steam locomotives start hauling trains.[13] The first passenger train in South India ran from Royapuram / Veyasarapady (Madras) to Wallajah Road (Arcot) on Jul 1, 1856, for a distance of 60 miles. It was built and operated by Madras Railway.[14] In the same year, first workshop was set up by the Madras Railway at Perambur, near Madras. The Bombay-Thane line was extended to Khopoli in same year. In 1858, Eastern Bengal Railway was incorporated.[15] On Feb 24, 1873, the first tramway (a horse-drawn tramway) opens in Calcutta between Sealdah and Armenian Ghat Street, a distance of 3.8 km.[16] GSIR and Carnatic Rly. merge to form the South Indian Railway. On May 9, 1874, horse-drawn tramway begin operations in Bombay between Colaba and Parel. In 1880, Calcutta Tramways Company incorporated is incorporated.[17] In 1890 East Coast State Railway is incorporated. In 1897, Lighting in passenger coaches was introduced by many railway companies. The Jodhpur Railway became the first to introduce electric lights as standard fixtures.

1925–1950: Electrification and further expansion

On Feb 3, 1925, first electric passenger train ran between Victoria terminus and Kurla. It ran on 1500V DC overhead traction.[18] Cammell Laird and Uerdingenwagonfabrik companies provided the locomotives for the same. In the same year VT-Bandra section is also electrified and electric services begin there too, with an elevated platform at Sandhurst Road.[18] Oudh and Rohilkhund Railway is merged with EIR. First railway budget was presented.[19] East Indian Railway Company taken over by the state on January 1; Great Indian Peninsular Railway taken over on June 30. Wagon pooling was made a practice for all railways.[20] In 1926, Kurla-Kalyan section is electrified 1500 V DC. Electrification to Poona and Igatpuri (both 100V DC) over the Bhore and Thal Ghats was also completed in the same year.[18] Charbagh railway station is built. On Jan 1928 Bandra-Virar section was electrified with 1500V DC. The Frontier Mail made its inaugural run between Bombay VT and Peshawar.[21] First automatic colour-light signals became operational in India, on GIPR's lines between Bombay VT and Byculla.[22] Kanpur Central and Lucknow stations were inaugurated. The Grand Trunk Express begins running between Peshawar and Mangalore.[23] Punjab Limited Express begins to run between Mumbai and Lahore. Automatic colour-light signalling was extended to the Byculla-Kurla section. On June 1, 1930, the Deccan Queen begins running, hauled by a WCP-1 (No. 20024, old number EA/1 4006) and with 7 coaches, on the GIPR's electrified route from Bombay VT to Poona (Pune).[24] Hyderabad Godavary Valley Rly. was merged into Nizam's State Rly. In the same year, the route of the Grand Trunk Exp. is changed to Delhi - Madras.

1951–1980: Zonal re-organisation and further developments

The re-organisation of railways in India into regional zones began in 1951.[25] On 14 April, Southern Railway is created. On 5 November, Central Railway and Western Railway are created.[26] The post of Chief Commissioner of Railways is abolished; the Railway Board now adopts the practice of making the seniormost member Chairman of the board.[26] The government of West Bengal enters into an agreement with the Calcutta Tramways Co. to take over many of its administrative functions. On April 14, 1952, Northern Railway, Eastern Railway and North-Eastern Railway are created.[26] In the same year, fans and lights mandated for all compartments in all classes of passenger accommodation. In the same year, sleeping accommodation is introduced in coaches. On August 1, Eastern Railway was split to form a new South-Eastern Railway. In 1956, divisional system of administration is set up or planned for the various regional zones. The first fully air-conditioned train is introduced between Howrah and Delhi.[27] In 1957, after successful trials in France, SNCF propes 25kV AC electrification for Indian railways. Indian railways adopts a decision to adopt 25kV AC electrification and chooses SNCF as technical consultant.[28] An organisation, Main Line Electrification Project (which later became the Railway Electrification Project and still later the Central Organization for Railway Electrification) is established.[29] The North-Eastern Railway splits to form a new Northeast Frontier Railway.[26] The Raj Kharswan - Dongoposi section became the first section to be electrified with 25kV AC traction.[28] The first scheduled train using 25kV AC traction ran on Raj Kharswan - Dongoposi section on August 11, 1960.[28] In 1966, first containerized freight services started, between Bombay and Ahmedabad. In the same year, electrification of many suburban tracks around Delhi, Madras and Calcutta was completed with the 25 kV AC system. In 1979, Main Line Electrification Project was reconstituted into Central Organization for Railway Electrification (CORE).

1984–present: Later developments

Gatiman Express, India's fastest train

In 1986, computerized ticketing and reservation is introduced in India, for the first time, at New Delhi.[30] In 1988, The first Shatabdi Express is introduced in the country between New Delhi and Jhansi (later extended to Bhopal), and also became the fastest train at the time.[31] On January 16, 1995, first regularly scheduled services on trains hauled by locos using the 2*25kV 'dual' system of traction started on Bina-Katni. In September 1996, CONCERT system of computerized reservations fully deployed at New Delhi, Mumbai and Chennai. The complete networked nationwide system became operational on April 18. Coupon Validating Machines (CVMs) introduced at Mumbai CST. South East Central is constituted. Credit cards started being accepted for booking tickets and reservations in some stations. In February 2000, Indian Railways web site was deployed.[32] In 1990, first Self-Printing Ticket Machine (SPTM) was introduced, at New Delhi. In 1993, AC 3-tier coaches were introduced for the first time in India. Sleeper Class was introduced on IR for the first time, separate from Second Class. On July 6, the East Coast, South Western, South East Central, North Central, and West Central zones were created.[33] On August 3, IR began online train reservations and ticketing over the Internet. On Dec. 1, Internet ticket booking extended to many cities.[34] On Feb. 5, 2012, WR switches to 25kV AC traction for Mumbai area, ending its use of 1.5kV DC traction.[35] On Sep. 26, 2013, Tatkal system of ticketing extended to ordinary trains. On April 5, 2016, Gatiman Express, India's fastest train with the maximum speed of 160 km/h, made its maiden journey from Delhi to Agra.[36] On April 11, 2016, CR completely switched to 25 kV AC traction, ending the use of DC traction completely in Mumbai area.[37] On March 31, 2017, IR announced that the entire rail network in the country will be electrified by 2022.[38]

Organisational structure

The apex management organisation is the Railway Board, also called the Ministry of Railways. The board is headed by a Chairman who reports to the Minister of Railways. The board has five other members in addition to the chairman. The General Managers of the Zonal Railways and the production units report to the board.

Railway zones

Indian Railways is divided into 17 zones,[39][40] which are further sub-divided into divisions. The number of zones in Indian Railways increased from six to eight in 1951, nine in 1966 and sixteen in 2003.[41][42] Each zonal railway is made up of a certain number of divisions, each having a divisional headquarters. There are a total of sixty-eight divisions.[43][44]

Each zone is headed by a general manager, who reports directly to the Railway Board. The zones are further divided into divisions, under the control of divisional railway managers (DRM). The divisional officers, of engineering, mechanical, electrical, signal and telecommunication, accounts, personnel, operating, commercial, security and safety branches, report to the respective Divisional Railway Manager and are in charge of operation and maintenance of assets. Further down the hierarchy tree are the station masters, who control individual stations and train movements through the track territory under their stations' administration.

Rolling stock

Locomotives

A WAP 7 class broad gauge AC electric locomotive.
A WDM-3D broad gauge diesel locomotive.
The Nilgiri Mountain Railway, one of the only few running steam locomotives, in India

Locomotives in India consist of electric and diesel locomotives. The world's first CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) locomotives are also being used.[45] Steam locomotives are no longer used, except in heritage trains. In India, locomotives are classified according to their gauge, motive power, the work they are suited for and their power or model number. The class name includes this information about the locomotive. It comprises 4 or 5 letters. The first letter denotes the track gauge. The second letter denotes their motive power, Diesel or Alternating current (Electric), and the third letter denotes the kind of traffic for which they are suited (goods, passenger, Multi or shunting). The fourth letter used to denote locomotives' chronological model number. However, from 2002 a new classification scheme has been adopted. Under this system, for newer diesel locomotives, the fourth letter will denote their horsepower range. Electric locomotives don't come under this scheme, and even all diesel locos are not covered. For them, this letter denotes their model number as usual.

A locomotive may sometimes have the fifth letter in its name which denotes a technical variant or subclass or subtype. This fifth letter indicates some smaller variation in the basic model or series, perhaps different motors, or a different manufacturer. With the new scheme for classifying diesel locomotives (as mentioned above) the fifth item is a letter that further refines the horsepower indication in 100 hp increments: 'A' for 100 hp, 'B' for 200 hp, 'C' for 300 hp, etc. So in this scheme, a WDM-3A refers to a 3100 hp loco, while a WDM-3D would be a 3400 hp loco and WDM-3F would be 3600 hp loco.

Note: This classification system does not apply to steam locomotives in India as they have become non-functional now. They retained their original class names such as M class or WP class.

Diesel Locomotives are now fitted with Auxiliary Power Units which saves nearly 88% of Fuel during the idle time when train is not running.[46]

Goods wagons

The number of goods wagons was 205,596 on 31 March 1951 and reached the maximum number 405,183 on 31 March 1980 after which it started declining and was 239,321 on 31 March 2012. The number is far less than the requirement, and the Indian Railways keeps losing freight traffic to road. Indian Railways carried 93 million tonnes of goods in 1950–51, and it increased to 1010 million tonnes in 2012–13.[47]

However, its share in goods traffic is much lower than road traffic. In 1951, its share was 65%, and the share of the road was 35%. Now the shares have been reversed, and the proportion of railways has declined to 30% and the share of road has increased to 70%.

Since the 1990s, Indian Railways has stopped single-wagon consignments and provides only full rake freight trains.

Wagon types include:[48]

Passenger coaches

Indian Railways has several types of passenger coaches.

The coaches used in Indian Railways are produced at Integral Coach Factory, Rail Coach Factory, Modern Coach Factory, Raebareli; including the new LHB coaches.

Electric Multiple Unit (EMU) coaches are used for suburban traffic in large cities – mainly Mumbai, Chennai, Delhi, Kolkata, Pune, Hyderabad and Bangalore. These coaches numbered 7,793 on 31 March 2012. They have second class and first class seating accommodation.

Passenger coaches numbered 46,722 on 31 March 2012. Other coaches (luggage coach, parcel van, guard's coach, mail coach, etc.) numbered 6,560 on 31 March 2012.

Manufacturing

The Chittaranjan Locomotive Works in Chittaranjan makes electric locomotives. The Diesel Locomotive Works in Varanasi makes diesel locomotives. The Integral Coach Factory in Perambur, Chennai makes integral coaches. These have a monocoque construction, and the floor is an integral unit with the undercarriage. The Rail Coach Factory in Kapurthala also makes coaches. The Rail Wheel Factory at Yelahanka, Bangalore and Rail Wheel Plant, Bela, Chhapra, Bihar manufactures wheels and axles, Diesel-Loco Modernisation Works, Patiala upgrade the WDM-2 Diesel loco from 2600 hp to 3100 hp. Some electric locomotives have been supplied by BHEL, Jhansi and Palakkad, and locomotive components are manufactured in several other plants around the country.[49]

Network

Tracks

Comparison of different gauges common in India with the standard gauge, which is not common in India

The total track length of network is 119,640 km (74,340 mi) while the total route length of the network is 66,687 km (41,437 mi). Track sections are rated for speeds ranging from 80 to 220 km/h (50 to 137 mph), though trains don't really clock speeds of 200 km/h. Maximum speed attained by passenger trains is 177 km/h-180 km/h (110 mph).

Indian gauge 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) (a broad gauge) is the predominant gauge used by Indian Railways with 108,500 km (67,400 mi) of track length (94% of entire track length of all the gauges) and 59,400 km (36,900 mi) of route-kilometre (91% of entire route-kilometre of all the gauges). It is the widest gauge in passenger use in the world. The first railway line in India from Mumbai (Bori Bunder) to Thane in 1853 was built in broad gauge.

Urban rail transit lines which serve the urban areas are in 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge (except suburban rail which is in Indian gauge). These encompass metro, monorail and trams. As of 2016, lines in operation are Kolkata (Calcutta) tram system, Delhi Metro, Rapid MetroRail Gurgaon, the Bangalore Metro and the Mumbai Metro. These lines are not operated by Indian Railways.[50]

On decreasing routes, the 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in) metre gauge and 762 mm (2 ft 6 in) and 610 mm (2 ft) narrow gauges are present. These were initially introduced in hilly regions for cost considerations and simpler engineering. The metre gauge has about 5,000 km (3,100 mi) of track length (4% of entire track length of all the gauges) and 4,100 km (2,500 mi) of route-kilometre (6% of entire route-kilometre of all the gauges), while narrow gauges have 1,500 km (930 mi) route-kilometre (2% of entire route-kilometre of all the gauges), as of 31 March 2016.

Sleepers (ties) are mostly made up of prestressed concrete. Metal and teak sleepers are still in use on a few lines. This are under conversion to concrete sleepers.

Electrification

Around 23,555 km (14,636 mi) of the route-kilometre or 43,357 km (26,941 mi) of running track was electrified, as of 31 March 2016. India uses 25 kV AC traction on all of its electrified tracks.[51]

Electrification started in India with the inauguration of the first electric train between Victoria Terminus now Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus and Kurla on 3 February 1925 on the then existing Great Indian Peninsula Railway (GIP) at 1500 V DC. The electric traction on the Central Railway was extended up to Igatpuri on the North East line and to Pune on the South East line. 1500 volt DC traction was introduced on the Western Railway between Colaba and Borivili on 5 January 1928 and between Madras Beach and Tambaram of the Southern Railway on 11 May 1931. This was primarily to meet the growing traffic on these metros. Till Independence, India had 388 km of electrification on DC traction.

In the post independence era, electrification of the Howrah-Burdwan section of the Eastern Railway was done at 3000 volt DC during the First Five Year Plan period and completed in 1958. The electric multiple unit (EMU) services were inaugurated in Howrah-Sheoraphuli section on 14 December 1957.

Indian Railways decided in 1957 to adopt the 25 kV AC system of electrification as a standard, with SNCF as their consultant in the initial stages. 25 kV AC traction is the most widely used electric traction in the world. The first section electrified on the 25 kV AC system was Raj Kharswan – Dongoaposi on the South Eastern Railway in 1960. The Howrah – Burdwan section of the Eastern Railway and Madras Beach – Tambaram section of the Southern Railway were converted to the 25 kV AC system by 1968. Considering the limitations in the existing 1500 volt DC, a decision was taken to convert to 25 kV AC traction during 1996-97. Conversion from DC traction to AC traction completed in mid 2010s.

Signaling systems

The Indian Railways mostly use colour signal lights. Earlier the older semaphores and discs-based signalling (depending on the position or colour) were used, but these were replaced by colour signals.[52] Except for some high-traffic sections around large cities and junctions, the network does not use automatic block systems. However, the signals at stations are almost invariably interlocked with the setting of points (routes) and so safety does not depend on the skill of the station masters. With the planned introduction of Cab signalling/Anti collision devices the element of risk on account of drivers overshooting signals will also be eliminated.

Coloured signalling uses multi-coloured lighting, and in many places is automatically controlled. There are three modes:[52]

Multiple aspect signals, by providing several intermediate speed stages between 'clear' and 'on', allow high-speed trains sufficient time to brake safely if required. This becomes very important as train speeds rise. Without multiple-aspect signals, the stop signals must be placed far apart to allow sufficient braking distance and this reduces track utilisation. At the same time, slower trains can also be run closer together on track with multiple aspect signals.

Existing rail links:

Under construction / Proposed links:

Services

Passenger services

Accommodation classes

Interior of a First Class(1A) compartment in the Rajdhani Express
Interior of a 3-tier AC(3AC) compartment of the Dakshin Express
Interior of an air-conditioned Chair Car (CC) coach in an Jan Shatabdi Express.

Indian Railways has several classes of travel with or without air conditioning. A train may have just one or many classes of travel. Slow passenger trains have only unreserved seating class whereas Rajdhani, Shatabdi, Garib Rath,Duronto,Double Decker, tejas,humsafar and Yuva trains have only air-conditioned classes. The fares for all classes are different with unreserved seating class being the cheapest. The fare of Rajdhani, Duronto and Shatabdi trains includes food served in the train, but the fare for other trains does not include food that has to be bought separately. From September 2016, the Indian Railways have introduced dynamic fares for all accommodation classes for Rajdhani, Duronto and Shatabdi trains(except 1AC and EC classes) to shore up revenue.[57] In long-distance trains a pantry car is usually included and the food is served at the berth or seat itself. Luxury trains such as Palace on Wheels have separate dining cars, but these trains cost as much as or more than a five-star hotel room.

A standard passenger rake has four unreserved (also called "general") compartments, two at the front and two at the end, of which one may be exclusively for ladies. The exact number of other coaches varies according to the demand and the route. A luggage compartment can also exist at the front or the back. In some mail trains, a separate mail coach is attached. Lavatories are communal and feature both the Indian style as well as the Western style.

The following table lists the classes in operation. A train may not have all these classes.

Class[58] Description[59][60]
1A AC first class: This is the most expensive class, where the fares are almost at par with air fare. There are eight cabins (including two coupes) in the full AC First Class coach and three cabins (including one coupe) in the half AC First Class coach. The coach has an attendant to help the passengers. Bedding is included with the fare. This air conditioned coach is present only on popular routes and can carry 18 passengers (full coach) or 10 passengers (half coach). The sleeper berths are extremely wide and spacious. The coaches are carpeted, have sleeping accommodation and have privacy features like personal coupes.
2A AC two tier: These air-conditioned coaches have sleeping berths across eight bays. Berths are usually arranged in two tiers in bays of six, four across the width of the coach and two berths longways on the other side of the corridor, with curtains along the gangway or corridor. Bedding is included with the fare. A coach can carry 48 passengers (full coach) or 20 passengers (half coach).
FC First class: Similar as 1AC, but without air conditioning. No bedding is available in this class. The berths are not as wide and spacious as in 1AC . There is a coach attendant to help the passengers. This class has been phased out completely. However heritage trains still have this class.
3A AC three tier: Air conditioned coaches with 64 sleeping berths. Berths are usually arranged as in 2AC but with three tiers across the width and two longways as before giving eight bays of eight. They are slightly less well-appointed, usually no reading lights or curtained off gangways. Bedding is included with fare. It carries 64 passengers per coach.
3E AC three tier (economy): Air conditioned coaches with sleeping berths, present in Garib Rath Express trains. Berths are usually arranged as in 3A but with three tiers across the width and three longways. They are slightly less well-appointed, usually no reading lights or curtained off gangways. Bedding is not included with fare.
EC Executive chair car: An air-conditioned coach with large spacious seats and legroom. It has a total of four seats in a row used for day travel between cities. This class of travel is available on Tejas Express and Shatabdi Express trains.
CC AC chair car: An air-conditioned seater coach with a total of five seats in a row used for day travel between cities. AC Double Deck sitter coaches are used in Double Decker Express.
SL Sleeper class: The sleeper class is the most common coach on the Indian Railways, and usually ten or more coaches of SL could be attached to a train rake. These are regular sleeping coaches with three berths across the width and two longways, without air conditioning. It carries 72 passengers per coach.
2S Second seater: similar as CC, without the air-conditioning. Non-AC Double Deck sitter were introduced to few Mumbai-Pune trains and the Flying Ranee. However Flying Ranee is the only train that uses Non-AC Double Decker sitter coaches.
UR/GEN Unreserved/General: This is the cheapest accommodation. These coaches are usually over-crowded and a seat is not guaranteed. Tickets issued are valid on any train on the same route if boarded within 24 hours of buying the ticket.

At the rear of the train is a special compartment known as the guard's cabin. It is fitted with a transceiver and is where the guard usually gives the all clear signal before the train departs.

Types of passenger trains

Gatiman Express. A semi high speed train
Mumbai Rajdhani Express. Rajdhanis are long-distance high-speed and high-priority trains connecting major state capitals with New Delhi
Secunderabad Yeshwanthpur Garib-Rath Express. Garib-Raths are low cost A/C trains

Trains are sorted into various categories that dictate the number of stops along their route, the priority they enjoy on the network, and the fare structure. Each express train is identified by a five-digit number, the first digit as 1 and 2 for long-distance Express trains. If the first digit is 0, then the train is a Special. The first digit as 5 denotes a passenger train. The second digit indicates the zone that operates the train, the third the division within the zone that controls the train and is responsible for its regular maintenance and cleanliness, and the last two digits are the train's serial number.[61] The system was changed from four digits from 20 December 2010,[62] to accommodate an increasing number of trains.

For super-fast trains, the second digit is always 2 (the first remains 1 or 2),[61] the third digit is the zone, the fourth is the division and only the last digit is the serial number within the division. Trains travelling in opposite directions along the same route are usually labelled with consecutive numbers.[61] However, there is considerable variation in train numbers and some zones, such as Central Railway, has a less systematic method for numbering trains.[61] Most express trains also have a unique name that is usually exotic and taken from landmarks, famous people, rivers and so on.[63][64]

Trains are classified by their average speed.[65] A faster train has fewer stops ("halts") than a slower one and usually caters to long-distance travel.

S.no Train Description
1 Gatimaan Express It is a semi high speed train that runs between Delhi and Agra in India. It operates at a speed of 160 km/h (99 mph) and is the fastest train in India. The train takes a travel time of 100 minutes to cover 188 km (117 mi) journey from Hazrat Nizamuddin to Agra Cantonment railway stations.
2 Shatabdi Express The Shatabdi trains are air-conditioned, intercity trains for travel during daytime. Unlike the Rajdhani or Duronto Expresses, all Shatabdi expresses, it makes a round trip on same day. The Bhopal Shatabdi Express (Train no: 12001/12002) is one of the fastest train in India, between New Delhi and Agra cantonment, this train travels at an average speed of 90 km/h (56 mph) and touches top speed of 150 kilometres per hour (93 mph). They have seats and executive class seats, Some also have 3-tier AC berth. They have limited stops. It has on board Wi-fi facility.[66]
3 Rajdhani Express These are air-conditioned trains linking major cities to New Delhi. They have high priority and are one of the fastest trains in India, travelling at a maximum speed of around 130–140 km/h (81–87 mph). They have limited stops. In the Railway budget of 2014, it was proposed that the speed of Rajdhani express, and Shatabdi Expresses would be increased up 180 km/h (110 mph).
4 Duronto Express These are the non-stop (except for technical halts) point to point rail services introduced for the first time in 2009. They connect the metros and major state capitals of India and were introduced to travel as fast or faster than the Rajdhani Express. They provide first AC, two-tier AC and three-tier AC accommodation. Some of them provide non air-conditioned Sleeper Class accommodation.
5 AC Express These are fully air-conditioned trains linking major cities in the country. They have high priority and are one of the fastest trains in India, travelling at about 130 km/h (81 mph). They have limited stops.
6 Tejas Express Same as Shatabdi Express, these are fully air-conditioned single floor express trains. They have high priority and have limited stops.These trains are more comfortable chair car trains used for long distance hauling.
7 Double Decker Express Same as Shatabdi Express, these are fully air-conditioned two floor express trains. They have high priority and are among fast trains in India. They have limited stops. These trains are used for daytime travel.
8 Uday Express Same as Double Decker Express, these are fully air-conditioned two floor express trains. They have high priority and have limited stops. These trains have berth facility and are used for night travel.
9 Jan Shatabdi Express Jan Shatabdi Express are more affordable variety of the Shatabdi Express, which have both AC and non-AC classes. The maximum speed is 110 km/h (68 mph). They have fewer stops.
10 Garib Rath Air-conditioned no-frills trains with seats and 3-tier Economy AC berths. The maximum speed is 130 km/h (81 mph). Some of them have AC Chair cars also.
11 Humsafar Express These are fully AC 3 tier coaches trains. It is also called semi-luxury train. These train provide so many facilities like LED screen display to show information about stations and train speed, Speakers for announcement system, Vending machines for tea and coffee, Charging ports for charging electronic devices such as mobiles and laptops, Bio toilets in compartments, Safety measures in compartments such as introduction of smoke alarms and CCTV cameras, Heating chamber as well as a refrigerating box for keeping food, curtains to maintain privacy, Providing with new khadi bed rolls etc.
12 Sampark Kranti Express These are a series of trains which provide super fast Express-like connectivity to the national capital Delhi. These trains have higher priority than Super Express / Mail.
13 Yuva Express These trains were started along with Duronto Express trains to provide air conditioned travel to youth of the country. Sixty percent of the seats of these trains were reserved for passengers between 18 – 45 years of age. These trains did not enjoy much success. Today these trains only operate on the Delhi - Howrah and Delhi - Mumbai routes.
14 Kavi Guru Express These trains were introduced in honor of Rabindranath Tagore. Currently four pairs of these trains operate on the Indian Railways network.
15 Vivek Express These trains were introduced to commemorate the 150th birth Anniversary of Swami Vivekananda in 2013. Currently four pairs of Vivek Express run in the country.
16 Superfast Express/Mail These trains travel at a speed greater than 100–110 km/h (62–68 mph). Tickets for these trains have an additional superfast surcharge.
17 Intercity Express These trains were introduced to connect important cities for short routes. These appear in both Superfast Express speed and Express speed category. Some of the famous legendary Intercity Express are Deccan Queen and Flying Ranee.
18 Rajya Rani Express These trains were introduced to connect state capitals to important cities in that state.
19 Express/Mails These are the most common kind of trains in India. They have more stops than their super-fast counterparts, but they stop only at relatively important intermediate stations.
20 Fast Passenger and Passenger These are slow trains that stop at most or every station along the route and are the cheapest trains. The trains generally have unreserved seating accommodation but some night trains have sleeper and 3-tier AC compartments. These trains travel at about 40–80 km/h (25–50 mph).
21 Suburban trains These trains operate in the urban areas of Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Pune and between Kanpur and Lucknow, usually stop at every stations and have unreserved seating accommodation.
22 Metro These trains are designed for city transport. Indian Railway constructed the first Kolkata Metro for the city of Kolkata. Now metro railway services are found in New Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Bangalore, Jaipur and Gurgaon also.
23 Antyodaya Express These are fully non reserved SUPERFAST TRAINS. Antyodaya Express operates on peak routes. These trains are run to reduce the pressure on other trains on that route.
24 Mahamana Express It is the new version of coaches of Indian Railways with modern benefits and facilities. The livery of the train is also different from other train. It is a tri-weekly superfast train service which runs between the city of Varanasi and New Delhi via Jaunpur, Sultanpur, Lucknow and Moradabad.
25 Jan Sadharan Express These are fully non reserved EXPRESS TRAINS. Jan Sadharan Express operates on peak routes. These trains are run to reduce the pressure on other trains on that route.
26 Luxury Trains Indian Railways also operate luxurious trains like Palace on Wheels, Maharaja Express, The Golden Chariot, Royal Rajasthan on Wheels etc. Fairy Queen has also gained tourist attraction because it is the oldest steam engine in operation hauling a luxurious train from Delhi to Alwar.
27 Mountain Railways of India These are narrow gauge railways that run in hilly regions in India. These lines were combined declared a World Heritage site as Mountain Railways of India by UNESCO.[67]

Luxury trains

Ticketing

An Indian Railway Ticket from Salem to Vijayawada by Howrah Mail.

India has some of the lowest train fares in the world, and passenger traffic is heavily subsidised by more expensive higher class fares.[75] Until the late 1980s, Indian Railway ticket reservations were done manually. In late 1987, the Railways started using a computerised ticketing system. The entire ticketing system went online in 1995 to provide up to date information on status and availability. Today the ticketing network is computerised to a large extent, with the exception of some remote places. Computerized tickets can be booked for any two points in the country. Tickets can also be booked through the internet and via mobile phones, though this method carries an additional surcharge.

Discounted tickets are available for senior citizens (above sixty years) and some other categories of passengers including the disabled, students, sports persons, persons affected by serious diseases, or persons appearing for competitive examinations. One compartment of the lowest class of accommodation is earmarked for ladies in every passenger carrying train. Some berths or seats in sleeper class and second class are also earmarked for ladies.[76] Season tickets permitting unlimited travel on specific sections or specific trains for a specific time period may also be available. Foreign tourists can buy an Indrail Pass,[77] which is modelled on the Eurail Pass, permitting unlimited travel in India for a specific time period.

For long-distance travel, reservation of a berth can be done for comfortable travel up to 120 days before the date of intended travel.[76] Details such as the name, age and concession (if eligible) are required and are recorded on the ticket. The ticket price usually includes the base fare, which depends on the classification of the train (example: super-fast surcharge if the train is classified as a super-fast), the class in which one wishes to travel and the reservation charge for overnight journeys.

If a seat is not available, then the ticket is given a wait listed number; else the ticket is confirmed, and a berth number is printed on the ticket. A person receiving a wait listed ticket must wait until there are enough cancellations to enable him to move up the list and obtain a confirmed ticket.[76][77] If his ticket is not confirmed on the day of departure, he may not board the train. Some of the tickets are assigned to the RAC or Reservation against Cancellation, which is between the waiting list and the confirmed list.[76][77] These allow the ticket holder to board the train and obtain an allotted seat decided by a ticket collector, after the ticket collector has ascertained that there is a vacant (absentee) seat.

Reserved Railway Tickets can be booked through the website of Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation Ltd.[78] and also through mobile Phones and SMS. Tickets booked through this site are categorised into iTickets and eTickets. iTickets are booked by a passenger and then printed and delivered to the passenger for carrying during journey. eTickets are printed by the passenger and carried while travelling. While travelling on an eTicket, one must carry one of the authorised valid Photo Identity Cards. Cancellation of eTickets are also done online, without the requirement for the passenger to go to any counter. Unreserved tickets are available for purchase on the platform at any time before departure. An unreserved ticket holder may only board the general compartment class. All suburban networks issue unreserved tickets valid for a limited time period. For frequent commuters, a season pass (monthly or quarterly) guarantees unlimited travel between two stops.

Freight services

In 1999, the Konkan Railway Corporation introduced the Roll on Roll off (RORO) service, a unique road-rail synergy system, on the section between Kolad in Maharashtra and Verna in Goa,[79] which was extended up to Surathkal in Karnataka in 2004.[80][81] The RORO service, the first of its kind in India, allowed trucks to be transported on flatbed trailers. It was highly popular,[82] carrying about 110,000 trucks and bringing in about ₹ 740 million worth of earnings to the corporation till 2007.[83]

Recruitment and training

Staff are classified into gazetted (Group 'A' and 'B') and non-gazetted (Group 'C' and 'D') employees.[84] The recruitment of Group 'A' gazetted employees is carried out by the Union Public Service Commission through exams conducted by it.[85] The Recruitment of Group 'B' for the following post Section Officers, Junior Engineers, Depot Material Superintendent posts is conducted by Railway Recruitment Board. The recruitment to Group 'C' and 'D' employees on the Indian Railways is done through 21 Railway Recruitment Boards and Railway Recruitment Cells which are controlled by the Railway Recruitment Control Board (RRCB).[86] The training of all cadres is entrusted and shared between six centralised training institutes.

Indian Railways recruits for lower level positions like ASM, Goods Guard, Clerk, TA, CA, JE, Staff Nurse, Group D etc. through it RRB NTPC (Railway Recruitment Board Non-Technical ) Examination. For the year 2016, the examination was conducted to recruit around 18,000 positions however later Indian railways reduced the vacancies by 4000.[87]

Issues

Indian Railways is cash strapped and reported a loss of ₹300 billion (US$4.7 billion) in the passenger segment for the year ending March 2014. Operating ratio, a key metric used by Indian railways to gauge financial health, is 109% for the period April - Dec in 2016.[88] Railways carry a social obligation of over ₹200 billion (US$3.1 billion). The loss per passenger-km increased to 23 paise (0.36¢ US) by the end of March 2014. Indian Railways is left with a surplus cash of just ₹6.9 billion (US$110 million) by the end of March 2014.[89]

It was estimated in 2014 that over ₹5 trillion (US$78 billion) is required to complete the ongoing projects alone. The railway is consistently losing market share to other modes of transport both in freight and passengers.[90]

New rail line projects are often announced during the Railway Budget annually without securing additional funding for them. Between 2004 and 2014, 99 New Line projects worth ₹600 billion (US$9.4 billion) were sanctioned out of which only one project is complete till date, and there are four projects that are as old as 30 years but are still not complete for one reason or another.[89]

UNESCO world heritage sites

There are two UNESCO World Heritage Sites on Indian Railways, the Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus[91] and the Mountain Railways of India.[92] The latter consists of three separate railway lines located in different parts of India, the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, a 610 mm (2 ft) narrow gauge railway in Lesser Himalayas in West Bengal, the Nilgiri Mountain Railway, a 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in) metre gauge rack railway in the Nilgiri Hills in Tamil Nadu and the Kalka-Shimla Railway, a 762 mm (2 ft 6 in) narrow gauge railway in the Siwalik Hills in Himachal Pradesh.[93]

Future

Indian Railways has a full-fledged organisation known as Research Designs and Standards Organisation (RDSO), located at Lucknow for all research, designs and standardisation tasks.

[94]

In August 2013, Indian Railways entered into a partnership with Indian Institute of Technology (Madras) to develop technology to trap solar energy for lighting and air-conditioning in the coaches. This would significantly reduce the fossil fuel dependency for Indian Railways.[95]

Recently it developed and tested the Improved Automated Fire Alarm System in Rajdhani Express Trains. It is intended that the system be applied to AC coaches of all regular trains.[96]

In recent years, Indian Railways has undertaken several initiatives to upgrade its ageing infrastructure and enhance its quality of service. The Indian government plans to invest ₹9.05 trillion (US$140 billion) to upgrade the railways by 2020.[97] Indian Railways is refurbishing 12-15 year old coaches at Carriage Rehabilitation Workshop in Bhopal to enhance passenger amenities and fire safety measures.[98][99] Selected passengers with confirmed tickets will now be allowed to transfer them to someone else, but only once.IRCTC is now offering a pay-on-delivery option for train tickets on its website and app, where the customers can book the tickets and pay when it is delivered.

In July 2017 Indian Railways rolled out its first DEMU train with rooftop solar panels that power the lights, fans, and information display systems inside passenger coaches.[100]

High-speed rail

India does not have any railways classified as high-speed rail (HSR), which have operational speeds in excess of 200 km/h (120 mph).[101] The fastest train in India is the Gatimaan Express with a top speed of 160 km/h (99 mph),[102][103] which runs between Delhi and Agra.[104]

Prior to the 2014 general election, the two major national parties (Bharatiya Janata Party and Indian National Congress(INC)) pledged to introduce high-speed rail. The INC pledged to connect all of India's million-plus cities by high-speed rail,[105] whereas BJP, which won the election, promised to build the Diamond Quadrilateral project, which would connect the cities of Chennai, Delhi, Kolkata, and Mumbai via high-speed rail.[106] This project was approved as a priority for the new government in the incoming president's speech.[107] Construction of one kilometer of high speed railway track will cost ₹100 crore (US$16 million) - ₹140 crore (US$22 million) which is 10-14 times higher than the construction of standard railway.[108]

India's prime minister Narendra Modi approved the choice of Japan to build India's first high-speed railway. The planned rail would run some 500 km (310 mi) between Mumbai and the western city of Ahmedabad, at a top speed of 320 km/h (200 mph).[109][110] Under the proposal, construction is expected to begin in 2017 and be completed in 2023. It would cost about ₹980 billion (US$15 billion) and be financed by a low-interest loan from Japan.[111] India will use the wheel-based 300 km/hr HSR technology, instead of new maglev 600 km/hr technology of the Japan used in Chuo Shinkansen. India is expected to have its HSR line operational from 2025 onwards, once the safety checks are completed.

Bio-toilets on railways

The bio-toilets, which have been developed by the railways and the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), have a colony of anaerobic bacteria, kept in a container under the lavatories that convert human waste into water and small amounts of gases. The gases are released into the atmosphere and the water is discharged after chlorination on to the track. The railways currently uses flush toilets in trains, in which human waste is dumped directly on the track. This makes the environment unhygienic and railway stations an eyesore, apart from the fact that the faecal matter corrodes the tracks.

Southern Railways officials say that except for the first- and two-tier AC coaches of Uzhavan Express, the remaining 34 coaches have been fitted with bio-toilets. "These toilets aim at zero defecation on the ground," says Vinay Srivastava, former director-in-charge of the bio-toilet project who is currently working as Director, Ministry of Environment and Forests.

More bio-toilets have been fitted into coaches this yearmore than the total bio-toilets fitted in the last three years. According to an IR source, the number of bio-toilets fitted in passenger train coaches from April to July this year this year was 2,285, against 1,337 bio-toilets fitted during 2012-13, 169 during 2011-12, and 57 during 2010-11.

Mahamana Express is one of the train which uses Bio-Toilet in all of its coaches.

Locomotive factories

In 2015, plans were disclosed for building two locomotive factories in the state of Bihar, at Madhepura (electric locomotive) and at Marhaura (Diesel Locomotive).[112] Both factories involve foreign partnerships. The diesel locomotive works will be jointly operated in a partnership with General Electric, which has invested ₹20.52 billion (US$320 million) for its construction, and the electric locomotive works with Alstom, which has invested ₹12.935 billion (US$200 million). The factories will provide Indian Railways with 800 electric locomotives of 12,000 horse power each, and a mix of 1,000 diesel locomotives of 4,500 and 6,000 horsepower each.[113] In November 2015, further details of the ₹146.56 billion (US$2.3 billion) partnership with GE were announced: Indian Railways and GE would engage in an 11-year joint venture in which GE would hold a majority stake of 74%. Under the terms of the joint venture, Indian Railways would purchase 100 goods locomotives a year for 10 years beginning in 2017; the locomotives would be modified versions of the GE Evolution series.[114] The diesel locomotive works will be built by 2018; GE will import the first 100 locomotives and manufacture the remaining 900 in India from 2019, also assuming responsibility for their maintenance over a 13-year period.[115] In the same month, a ₹200 billion (US$3.1 billion) partnership with Alstom to supply 800 electric locomotives from 2018 to 2028 was announced.[97]

See also

References

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  97. 1 2 "GE, Alstom land $5.6-billion deals to supply locomotives for railways". Economic Times. 10 November 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
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  102. ↑ http://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/gatimaan-express-12049-agc-to-nzm/28625/450/748
  103. ↑ India's fastest train completes final test run in record time - Times of India
  104. ↑ http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/passenger/single-view/view/india-launches-first-160-kmh-semi-high-speed-train.html
  105. ↑ INC Manifesto - infrastructure Archived 2014-04-02 at the Wayback Machine.
  106. ↑ BJP Manifesto 2014
  107. ↑ Diamond quadrilateral of high-speed trains - A Dastidar, Indian Express, 10 June 2014
  108. ↑ Lok Sabha 16 March 2015
  109. ↑ India to sign deal with Japan to get first bullet train - The Hindu
  110. ↑ Japan's High-Speed Rail Breakthrough | The Diplomat
  111. ↑ India Said to Pick Japan for High-Speed Rail Project - WSJ
  112. ↑ kumar, prabhat (1 October 2016). "wrongly mentioned loco type". Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  113. ↑ "Locomotive Factories in Bihar: In cold storage for years, two Railway projects to start soon". Indian Express. 30 October 2015. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
  114. ↑ "GE Gets $2.6 Billion Indian Railways Contract". Wall Street Journal. 9 November 2015. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
  115. ↑ "Rail ministry awards Rs 14,656-cr Marhowra locomotive project to GE". Business Standard. 9 November 2015. Retrieved 9 November 2015.

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