Ibotenic acid

Ibotenic acid
Names
IUPAC name
(S)-2-Amino-2-(3-hydroxyisoxazol-5-yl)acetic acid
Other names
Ibotenic acid
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.151.170
Properties
C5H6N2O4
Molar mass 158.11 g·mol−1
Melting point 151-152° (anhydrous); 144-146° (monohydrate)
Solubility in Methanol Soluble
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references

Ibotenic acid or (S)-2-amino-2-(3-hydroxyisoxazol-5-yl)acetic acid, also referred to as ibotenate, is a chemical compound and psychoactive drug which occurs naturally in Amanita muscaria and related species of mushrooms typically found in the temperate and boreal regions of the northern hemisphere. It is a conformationally-restricted analogue of the neurotransmitter glutamate, and due to its structural similarity to this neurotransmitter, acts as a non-selective glutamate receptor agonist.[1] Because of this, ibotenic acid can be a powerful neurotoxin, and is employed as a "brain-lesioning agent" in scientific research.[2][3]

Pharmacology

Amanita muscaria, which contains ibotenic acid

Ibotenic acid acts as a potent agonist of the NMDA and group I (mGluR1 and mGluR5) and II (mGluR2 and mGluR3) metabotropic glutamate receptors.[1][4] It is inactive at group III mGluRs.[5] Ibotenic acid also acts as a weak agonist of the AMPA and kainate receptors.[1][4] In addition, due to in vivo decarboxylation into muscimol, it acts indirectly as a potent GABAA and GABAA-ρ receptor agonist.[4] Unlike muscimol, the principal psychoactive constituent of Amanita muscaria that is understood to cause sedation and dissociation, ibotenic acid's psychoactive effects are not known independent of it serving as a prodrug to muscimol.[6][7]

Biological properties

Mechanism of action

Ibotenic acid is an agonist of glutamate, specifically at both the N-methyl-D-aspartate, or NMDA and trans-ACPD receptor sites in a multiple of systems in the central nervous system. Ibotenic neurotoxicity can be enhanced by glycine and blocked by dizocilpine. Dizocilpine acts as an uncompetitive antagonist at NMDA receptors.[8]

Ibotenic acid toxicity comes from activation of the NMDA receptors. NMDA receptors are related to synaptic plasticity and work with metabotropic glutamate receptors to establish long term potentiation or LTP. The process of long term potentiation is believed to be related to the acquisition of information. The NMDA receptor functions properly by allowing Ca2+ ions to pass through after activation at the receptor site.

Activated NMDAR

The binding of ibotenic acid allows excess Ca2+ into the system which results in neuronal cell death or apoptosis. Ca2+ also activates CaM-KII or Ca2+/Calmodulin Kinase which phosphorylates multiple enzymes. The activated enzymes then begin producing reactive oxygen species which damages surrounding tissue. The excess Ca2+ results in the enhancement of the mitochondrial electron transport system which will further increase the number of reactive oxygen species.[9]

Biological effects

Ibotenic acid typically affects NMDA and trans-ACPD receptors in the central nervous system.[8] Due to their targeting of these systems the symptoms associated with Ibotenic acid poisoning are often related to perception and control.

Symptoms associated with the compound are usually onset within 30–60 minutes and include a range of nervous system effects. The most common symptoms include, nausea, vomiting, and drowsiness. However, after the first hour symptoms begin to include confusion, euphoria, visual and auditory distortions, sensations of floating, and retrograde amnesia.

Symptoms are slightly different for children, typically beginning after 30–180 minutes. Dominant symptoms in children include ataxia, obtundation, and lethargy. Seizures are occasionally reported, however, more commonly with children.[10]

Treatment

Lorazepam, a benzodiazepine
Atropine

Treatment of ibotenic acid poisoning is limited and varies as the toxic dose of the compound varies from person to person. Patients admitted to the hospital for ibotenic acid poisoning are typically given charcoal in order to stop the absorption of the compound and prevent further intoxication. Upon receiving charcoal treatment the patient’s vital signs are monitored and toxicity usually lasts between 6 and 8 hours; however, some symptoms may take up to a few days to subside. Occasionally, to reduce the discomfort associated with symptoms, benzodiazepines will be administered to control panic attacks and hallucinations.

Special attention should be given to monitoring breathing, airway control, and circulation. If treatment occurs within the first hour of ingestion gastric lavage may be effective. If vomiting becomes too intense intravenous fluids are administered, psychiatric care may also be provided.

In rare cases anticholinergic drugs, such as atropine, may be needed.[11]

Use in research

Ibotenic acid used for the lesioning of rat's brains is kept frozen in a phosphate-buffered saline solution at a pH of 7.4 and can be kept for up to a year with no loss in toxicity. Injection of .05-.1 microliters of Ibotenic acid into the hippocampus at a rate of .1 microliter/min resulted in semi-selective lesioning. Hippocampal lesioning led to a considerable loss of cells in pyramidal cells (CA1-CA3) as well as granule cells in the dentate gyrus. Ibotenic acid lesioning also causes some damage to axons along the perforant pathway.

Typically when lesioning is done with other chemicals the subject can not relearn a task. However, due to Ibotenic acid's reactivity with glutamate receptors such as the NMDA receptor, Ibotenic acid lesioning does allow the subject to relearn tasks. Due to this, Ibotenic acid lesioning is preferred in studies where re-learning a task after lesioning is essential. When compared to other lesioning agents, Ibotenic acid is one of the most site-specific, however, on going research is searching for less-damaging alternatives.[12]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Tommy Liljefors; Povl Krogsgaard-Larsen; Ulf Madsen (25 July 2002). Textbook of Drug Design and Discovery, Third Edition. CRC Press. pp. 263–. ISBN 978-0-415-28288-8.
  2. ↑ Becker, A; Grecksch, G; Bernstein, HG; Höllt, V; Bogerts, B (1999). "Social behaviour in rats lesioned with ibotenic acid in the hippocampus: quantitative and qualitative analysis". Psychopharmacology. 144 (4): 333–8. PMID 10435405. doi:10.1007/s002130051015.
  3. ↑ Isacson, O; Brundin, P; Kelly, PA; Gage, FH; Björklund, A (1984). "Functional neuronal replacement by grafted striatal neurones in the ibotenic acid-lesioned rat striatum". Nature. 311 (5985): 458–60. Bibcode:1984Natur.311..458I. PMID 6482962. doi:10.1038/311458a0.
  4. 1 2 3 Wantanabe (23 July 1999). Pharmacological Research on Traditional Herbal Medicines. CRC Press. pp. 107–. ISBN 978-90-5702-054-4.
  5. ↑ Hermit MB, Greenwood JR, Nielsen B, Bunch L, Jørgensen CG, Vestergaard HT, Stensbøl TB, Sanchez C, Krogsgaard-Larsen P, Madsen U, Bräuner-Osborne H (2004). "Ibotenic acid and thioibotenic acid: a remarkable difference in activity at group III metabotropic glutamate receptors". Eur. J. Pharmacol. 486 (3): 241–50. PMID 14985045. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2003.12.033.
  6. ↑ Chilton 1975; Theobald et al. 1968
  7. ↑ Chilton 1975; Ott 1976a
  8. 1 2 Zinkand, William; Moore, W.; Thompson, Carolann; Salama, Andre; Patel, Jitendra (February 1992). "Ibotenic acid mediates neurotoxicity and phosphoinositide hydrolysis by independent receptor mechanisms". Molecular and Chemical Neuropathology. 16 (1-2): 1–10. doi:10.1007/bf03159956. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
  9. ↑ Sureda, F. "Excitotoxicity and the NMDA receptor". eurosiva. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
  10. ↑ Duffy, Thomas. "Symptoms of ibotenic/muscimol poisoning (isoxazol poisoning)". Toxic Fungi of Western North America. MykoWeb. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
  11. ↑ Rolston-Cregler, Louis. "Hallucinogenic Mushroom Toxicity". MedScape. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
  12. ↑ Jarrard, Leonard (2 February 1989). "On the use of ibotenic acid to lesion selectively different components of the hippocampal formation" (PDF). Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 29: 251–259. doi:10.1016/0165-0270(89)90149-0. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
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