Toto language
| Toto | |
|---|---|
| Region | West Bengal |
| Ethnicity | Toto |
Native speakers | 1,411 (2014)[1] |
| Bengali script | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 |
txo |
| Glottolog |
toto1302[2] |
Toto is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken on the border of India and Bhutan, by the tribal Toto people in Totopara, West Bengal along the border with Bhutan. It is also spoken in Subhapara, Dhunchipara, and Panchayatpara hillocks on India-Bhutan border in Jalpaiguri district, West Bengal (Ethnologue).
Status
Toto is listed as a critically endangered language by UNESCO, with perhaps 1,000 speakers.[3] However, most families in the community speak Toto at home. Most children learn Toto at home, although they use Bengali in school.
Anthropological Survey of India (AnSI) set out to conduct a study on language of the primitive Toto tribe, whose population has dwindled to 1,536, they did not realize that the language is more endangered than the tribe itself. Researchers and even the members of Toto community admit that the language is under threat and influence of other languages, particularly Nepali and Bengali, is increasing day by day. Despite the language lacking a script, members of the community, whose literacy rate as per sample survey carried out in 2003 was just 33.64 per cent, have penned books and poems in their language albeit in the Bengali script.[4]
The Himalayan Languages Project is working on the first grammatical sketch of Toto. Himalayan Languages Project have arguably contributed more to advancing Tibeto-Burman linguistics than all other working scholars combined. George van Driem outlines the contributions of linguistics, archaeology and genetics to the population history of the greater Himalayan region. He emphasizes the role of genetics in the study of Tibeto-Burman linguistics.[5]
Phonology
Toto Language consists of 25 segmental Phonemes of which 19 are consonants and 6 are vowels. The phonemes of this language are as follows: Vowels: These are 6 vowel phonemes in Toto language. They can be classified horizontally into three as front unrounded, central unrounded and back rounded vowels and vertically as close, close-mid, open-mid and open.
The following minimal pairs establish the phonetics status of the vowel
/i/~/u/
/Jiya/ ‘rat’
/Juya/ ‘bird’
/i/~/e/
/iŋ/ ‘brother in-law’
/eŋ/ ‘ginger’
/ciwa/ ‘tear’
/cewa/ ‘cut’ (cloth)
/i/~/a/
/guJi/ ‘owl’
/guJa/ ‘pocket’
/nico/ ‘fire’
/naco/ ‘two’
/e/~/o/
/je/ ‘grass’
/jo/ ‘breast’
/e/~/a/
/lepa/ ‘brain’
/lapa/ ‘jungle betel leaf’
/kewa/ ‘birth’
/kawa/ ‘sound’
There are eight diphthongs realized in Toto language. These are /ei/, /ai/, /oi/, /ui/, /əi/, /eu/, /au/ and /ou/. Diphthong /ui/ occurs in all positions, /eu/ occurs initial and medial positions, /ai/, /oi/, /əi/, and /ei/ occur medial and final positions. While /ou/ and /au/ occur only in the medial positions.[1] Furthermore, with regard to consonants, Toto has an inventory of ten obstruents, eight of which are contrastive in voicing. Toto also distinguishes the voiceless obstruents /t/ and /p/ with its aspirated equivalents /tʰ/ and /pʰ/, respectively. [1]
Notes
- 1 2 3 "Languages of India" (PDF). Retrieved 2015-02-08.|
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "Toto". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ Ben Doherty (April 29, 2012). "India's tribal people fast becoming lost for words". The Age. Retrieved 2015-02-08.
- ↑ "Toto Language More Endangered than Tribe". Retrieved 2015-02-08.
- ↑ Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region Containing an Introduction to the Symbiotic Theory of Language
References
- Amitabha, S. (1993). Toto, Society and Change: A Sub-Himalayan Tribe of West Bengal. Firma KLM.
- Basumatary, C. (2014). The Phonological Study of Toto Language. Language in India, 14:6, 59-84. Retrieved February 9, 2015, from http://languageinindia.com/june2014/chibiramtotophonology1.pdf
- Chaudhuri, B. (1992). Tribal Transformation in India. New Delhi, India: Inter-India Publications.
- Doherty, B. (2012, April 29). India's Tribal People Fast Becoming Lost for Words. Retrieved February 8, 2015, from http://www.smh.com.au/world/indias-tribal-people-fast-becoming-lost-for-words-20120429-1xted.html
- Grierson, George A. (1909). Linguistic Survey of India. Volume III, Part 1, Tibeto-Burman family. General introduction. Specimens of the Tibetan dialects, the Himalayan dialects and the North Assam group. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India.
- Mehrotra, R. (1974). Endangered Languages in India. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 105-114. Retrieved February 9, 2015, from http://www.degruyter.de/journals/ijsl/detailEn.cfm
- Singh, S. (2014, August 1). Toto Language More Endangered Than Tribe. Retrieved February 8, 2015, from http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/toto-language-more-endangered-than-tribe/article6270931.ece
- Van Driem, G., & Bronkhorst, J. (2001). Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region Containing an Introduction to the Symbiotic Theory of Language (pp. 559–760). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Academic Pub.
- Van Driem, G. (2007). South Asia and Middle East. In C. Moseley (Ed.), Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages (pp. 289–348). London and New York: Routledge.
External links
- India's Tribal People Fast Becoming Lost for Words
- About Toto People
- Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger
- World Oral Literature Project
- Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16th Edition (2009)