Jewish Babylonian Aramaic
| Babylonian Aramaic | |
|---|---|
| Region | Babylonia, modern day southern and some of central Iraq |
| Era | ca. 200–1200 CE |
|
Afro-Asiatic
| |
Early form | |
| Hebrew alphabet | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 |
tmr |
| Glottolog |
jewi1240[1] |
Babylonian Aramaic was the form of Middle Aramaic employed by writers in Babylonia between the 4th century and the 11th century CE. It is most commonly identified with the language of the Babylonian Talmud (which was completed in the seventh century) and of post-Talmudic (Geonic) literature, which are the most important cultural products of Babylonian Jews. The most important epigraphic sources for the dialect are the hundreds of Aramaic magic bowls written.[2]
Classification and type
The language was closely related to other Eastern Aramaic dialects such as Mandaic and Syriac language. Its original pronunciation is uncertain, and has to be reconstructed with the help of these kindred dialects and of the reading tradition of the Yemenite Jews,[3] and where available those of the Iraqi, Syrian and Egyptian Jews. The value of the Yemenite reading tradition has been challenged by some scholars.[4] (The vocalized Aramaic texts with which Jews are familiar, from the Bible and the prayer book, are of limited usefulness for this purpose, as they are in a different dialect.)[5]
Talmudic Aramaic bears all the marks of being a specialist language of study and legal argumentation, like Law French, rather than a vernacular mother tongue, and continued in use for these purposes long after Arabic had become the language of daily life. It has developed a battery of technical logical terms, such as tiyuvta (conclusive refutation) and tiqu (undecidable moot point), which are still used in Jewish legal writings, including those in other languages, and have influenced modern Hebrew.
Like the Judean (Galilean Aramaic) and Assyrian Jewish dialects it was written with Hebrew alphabet.
Grammar
Pronouns
Independent nominative pronouns [6]
| Independent personal pronouns (Jewish Babylonian Aramaic) | Meaning | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| אנא | First person, singular, common | |
| את | Second person, singular, common | |
| הוא / איהו | Third person, singular, masculine | |
| היא / איהי | Third person, singular, feminine | |
| אנן | First person, plural, common | אנן קשישי ואינו דרדקי We are old and they are young (bekarot 8b) [7] |
| אתון | Second person, plural, masculine | אתון דשאליתו לי דיאילו It is you that I borrowed (Baba Mesia 97a) אתון דמיקרביתו לרב You, who are attached to Rav (Shabbat 37b) |
| אינהו | Third person, plural, masculine | אנן קשישי ואינו דרדקי We are old and they are young (bekarot 8b) [8] |
| אינהי | Third person, plural, feminine |
copulative pronouns [9]
| copulative pronouns (Jewish Babylonian Aramaic) | Meaning | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| נא | First person, singular, common | עדיפנא I am more worthy (Kiddushin 29b) [10] |
| ת | Second person, singular, common | עציבת You (common singular) are sad (Pesahim 3b) [11] |
| ניהו | Third person, singular, masculine | מי ידענא היכא ניהו Do I know where he is (Sanhedrin 39a) [12] הי ניהו which is it (Nid. 41b) [13] |
| ניהי | Third person, singular, feminine | |
| נן | First person, plural, common | זוטרינן we are young (Baba Qama 92b) [14] |
| תו(ן) | Second person, plural, masculine | חכימתו You (masculine plural) are wise (Gitin 56b) [15] |
| נינהו | Third person, plural, masculine | הני הילכתה נינהו These are laws from tradition (they) Mo'ed Qatan 3b [16] גזלני נינהו Robbers, they (Baba Batra 100a) [17] שהדי שקרי נינהו Lying witnesses, they (Baba Batra 92b) [18] |
| נינהי | Third person, plural, feminine | קדושה והבדלה חדה מילתא נינהי Qedusha and Havdalah are one thing, they are (Pesah 102b) [19] כולהי חדא ברכתא נינהי all one long blessing, they are (Pesah 103b) [20] |
Genitive pronominal suffixes [21]
| Genitive pronominal suffix (Jewish Babylonian Aramaic) | Genitive pronominal suffix (Hebrew) | Meaning | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| ַ אי [22][23] | ִ י | First person, singular possessive. My | נַפְשַאי my person (jevamot 64b)[24] דוּכְתַּאי my position (ketuvot 77b)[25] |
| ִי ךְ [26][27] | ְ ךָ | Second person, singular, possessive. Your | פְּסוּקִיךְ your verse (chagiga 15)[28] |
| ָ ךְ [29][30] | ֵ ךְ | Second person, singular, possessive. Your | רַבָּךְ your teacher (pesachim 24)[31] שוּפְרָךְ your beauty (Bava Metzia 84a) אמר ליה {רבי יוחנן} חילך לאורייתא {כמה יפה כוחך לסבול עול תורה} אמר ליה{ריש לקיש} שופרך לנשי {יופיך ראוי לנשים} |
| ֵי הּ | וֹ | Third person, singular, masculine possessive. His | |
| ָ הּ | ָ הּ | Third person, singular, feminine possessive. Her | אסירא לייחודי בגברא דלא דידָהּ She is forbidden to be together in the room alone with a man who is not her husband (Erubin 100b)[32] |
| ִי ן [33][34] | ֵ נוּ | First person, plural possessive. Our | אַרְעִין our land (shanhedrin 94)[35] |
| ַ יְכוּ [36][37] | ְ כֶם | Second person, plural, masculine possessive. Your | גַבְרַיְיכוּ Your men (Shabbat 140b)[38] |
| ַ יְיכִי [39][40] | ְ כֶן | Second person, plural, feminine possessive. Your | קַרְחַיְיכִי your baldness (pesachim 110)[41] פַּרְחַיְיכִי your crumbs (pesachim 110)[42] |
| ַ יְהוּ [43][44] | ָ ם | Third person, plural, masculine possessive. Their | מָנַיְיהוּ their clothes (Shabbat 133b) מִינַיְיהוּ(ן) [45] from the men |
| ַ יְהִי [46][47] | ָ ן | Third person, plural, feminine possessive. Their | עָלַיְיהִי(ן) [48] about the women |
| Suffix + אִית | Meaning | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| אִיתֵיהּ | He is/exists[49][50] | |
| אִיתָהּ | She is/exists [51][52] | |
| אִיתְנָן | We are/exist [53] | |
| אִיתַנְכוּ | You (pl. m.) are/exist[54] | |
| אִיתַנְכִי | You (pl. f.) are/exist[55] | |
| אִיתַנְהוּ | They (m.) are/exist[56][57] | |
| אִיתַנְהִי | They (f.) are/exist[58][59] |
Demonstrative pronoun
| Demonstrative pronoun (near/proximal) | Meaning | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| הַאי(י) | Third person, singular, masculine demonstrative. This (Hebrew:זֶה) [60] | מהַאי גִּיסָא ומהַאי גִּיסָא אַדַּעְתָּא דְדיקלא on the one side..., on the other side with precise intention for האיי דיאנא this judge האיי קלא this voice |
| הָא | Third person, singular, feminine demonstrative. This (Hebrew:זֹאת)[61] | הא מילתא this word/thing |
| הָ(א)נֵי
|
Third person, plural, masculine demonstrative. These (Hebrew:אֵלֶּה, אֵלּוּ)[62] | הָנֵי מילי these words/things |
| הָנֵי
|
Third person, plural, feminine demonstrative. These (Hebrew:אֵלֶּה, אֵלּוּ)[63] | הָנֵי אִין הָנַך לאָ (Chagiga 11b) (These yes, those not ) |
| Demonstrative pronoun (medial) | Meaning | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| הַאי(י)+ךְ←הַאִיךְ | Third person, singular, masculine demonstrative. That [64][65] | איתתיה דהאייך His wife of that (man) |
| הָא+ךְ←הָךְ | Third person, singular, feminine demonstrative. That [66] | הך ארעא that land הך לשנא that language |
| הָ(א)נֵי+ךְ←הָנַךְ | Third person, plural, masculine demonstrative. Those [67][68] | מן הָנַךְ טעמי Because of those reasons הָנַךְ אֲזַלוּ לְעָלְמָא והָנֵי אַחֲרִינֵי נינהו Those others have gone away, and these are others here |
| הָנֵי+ךְ←הָנַךְ | Third person, plural, feminine demonstrative. Those [69] | הָנֵי אִין הָנַך לאָ (Chagiga 11b) (These yes, those not ) |
| Demonstrative pronoun (remote/distal) | Meaning | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| הָהוּ(א) | Third person, singular, masculine demonstrative. That (Hebrew:הוּא) [70] | הָהוּא גַבְרָא (Berachot 6b) (any man, anybody, that man ) |
| הָהִי(א) | Third person, singular, feminine demonstrative. That (Hebrew:הִיא)[71] | הָהִיא אִתְּתָא דַאֲתָא לְקָמֵיהּ (nedarim 50b) (That woman, who came before him ) |
| הָנְהוּ
|
Third person, plural, masculine demonstrative. Those (Hebrew:הֵם)[72][73] | |
| הָנְהִי
|
Third person, plural, feminine demonstrative. Those (Hebrew:הֵן)[74] |
Accusative pronominal suffixes [75]
| Accusative pronominal suffix (Jewish Babylonian Aramaic) | Meaning | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| ַ ן ַ ני [76] |
First person, singular, common | גַנְבַן (Nedarim 62) he stole me נַטְרַנִי he supervised me [77] נֵיעָרְבִינְהוּ וְנִכְתְּבִינְהוּ |
| ך
[78] |
Second person, singular, masculine | |
| יך
|
Second person, singular, feminine | |
| יה
|
Third person, feminine, singular | |
| ה
|
Third person, masculine, singular | |
| ה
|
Third person, masculine, singular | |
| ינן
[79] |
First person, plural, common | |
| ינכו
|
second person, plural, masculine | |
| נכי
|
second person, plural, feminine | |
| ינון / ינ(ה)ו
[80] |
Third person, plural, masculine | נֵיעָרְבִינְהוּ וְנִכְתְּבִינְהוּ (pessachim 13) he shall put them (the words) together and write them [81] |
| ינון / י(נ)הי
[82] |
Third person, plural, feminine | וּרְמִי אִינְהִי ← וּרְמִינְהִי (berachot 9) you shall opposite them (the two sentences) [83] |
Six major verbal patterns
There are six major verb stems or verbal patterns (binyanim) in Jewish Babylonian Aramaic. The form pe‘al (פְּעַל) “to do”, the form Aph'el (אַפְעֵל) “let do”, and the form Pa'el (פַּעֵל) “like to do”, are all in the active voice. But the form Itpe'el (אִתְפְּעֵל), the form Itaph'al (אִתַפְעַל) and the form Itpa'al (אִתְפַּעַל) are essentially reflexive and have usually function in a passive sense.[84][85]
| Aramaic binyan | Hebrew binyan | Aramaic example | Hebrew parallel | English translation |
| פְּעַל Pe'al | קַל Qal/Pa'al | כְּתַב | כָּתַב | he wrote |
| אִתְפְּעֵל Itpe'el | נִפְעַל Niphal | אִתְכְּתֵיב | נִכְּתַב | it was written |
| אַפְעֵל Aph'el | הִפְעִיל Hiph'il | אַפְקֵד | הִפְקִיד | he deposited |
| אִתַפְעַל Itaph'al | הֻפְעַל Huph‘al | אִתַפְקַד | הֻפְקַד | it was deposited |
| פַּעֵל Pa'el | פִּעֵל Pi'el | קַדֵיש | קִדֵש | he sanctifed |
| אִתְפַּעַל Itpa'al | הִתְפַּעֵל Hitpa'el | וְיִתְקַדַּשׁ | הִתְקַדֵּשׁ | it was sanctifed |
Verbal pattern (binyan): pe‘al (פְּעַל) Basic Verb - Active
- past tense
| Aramaic verb WROTE [86] | Hebrew verb parallel WROTE | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| אֲנָא כְּתַבִית | אֲנִי כָּתַבְתִּי | ana q'tavit | ani qatavti | I wrote |
| אַתְּ כְּתַבְתְּ | אַתָּה כָּתַבְתָּ | at q'tavt | ata qatavta | you (m.) wrote |
| אַתְּ כְּתַבְתְּ | אַתְּ כָּתַבְתְּ | at q'tavt | at qatavt | you (f.) wrote |
| הוּא כְּתַב | הוּא כָּתַב | u q'tav | u qatav | he wrote |
| הִיא כְּתַבָה | הִיא כָּתְּבָה | i q'tava | i qatva | she wrote |
| אֲנָן כְּתַבִינָן | אָנוּ כָּתַבְנוּ | anan q'tavinan | anu qatavnu | we wrote |
| אַתּוּ כְּתַבִיתּוּ | אַתֶּם כְּתַבְתֶּם | atu q'tavitu | atem qotvim | you (m.pl.) wrote |
| אינון כְּתַבוּ | הם כָּתְּבוּ | innun q'tavu | em qatvu | they (m.) wrote |
| Aramaic verb CAME [87] | Hebrew verb parallel CAME | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| אֲנָא אֲתֵיתִי אֲנָא אֲתַאי | אֲנִי בָּאתִי | ana ateti/ana atai | ani bati | I came |
| אַתְּ אֲתֵית | אַתָּה בָּאתָ | at atet | ata bata | you (m.) came |
| אַתְּ ? | אַתְּ בָּאת | at ? | at bat | you (f.) came |
| הוּא אֲתָא | הוּא בָּא | u ata | hu ba | he came |
| הִיא אֲתָת הִיא אֲתַאי הִיא אתיא | הִיא בָּאָה | i atat/atai/atjia | hi ba'a | she came |
| אֲנָן אֲתַאן אֲנָן אֲתַן אֲנָן אֲתֵינַן | אָנוּ בָּאנוּ | anan atan/atenan | anu banu | we came |
| אַתּוּ אֲתֵיתוּ | אַתֶּם בָּאתֶם | atu atetu | atem batem | you (m.pl.) came |
| אינון אֲתוּ | הם בָּאוּ | innun atu | em ba'u | they (m.) came |
| אינין אֲתַיָין אינין אֲתַאָן יאינין אתן | הן בָּאוּ | innin attajan | en ba'u | they (f.) came |
- Participle
The Aramaic verb has two participles: an active participle with suffix [88] and a passive participle with suffix:[89]
- active participles with suffix
| Aramaic active participle WRITE with suffix | Hebrew active participle WRITE | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| כָּתֵיב + אֲנָא ← כָּתֵיבְנָא | אֲנִי כּוֹתֵב | qatevna←qatev+ana | ani qotev | I write |
| כָּתֵיב + אַתְּ ← כָּתְבַתְּ | אַתָּה כּוֹתֵב | qatvat← qatev+ata | ata qotev | you write |
| כָּתְבִי + אֲנָן ← כָּתְבִינָן | אָנוּ כּוֹתְבִים | qatvinan←qatvi+anan | anu qotvim | we write |
| כָּתְבִי + אַתּוּ ← כָּתְבִיתּוּ | אַתֶּם כּוֹתְבִים | qatvitu← qatvi+atu | atem qotvim | you (pl.) write |
| Aramaic active participle COME with suffix[90] | Hebrew active participle COME | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| אָתֵי / אָתְיָא + אֲנָא ← אָתֵינָא | אֲנִי בָּא | atena←ate+ana | ani ba | I come |
| אָתֵי / אָתְיָא + אַתְּ ← אָתֵיתְּ | אַתָּה בָּא | atet← ate+at | ata ba | You come |
| אָתוּ / אָתֵיָין + אֲנָן ← אָתִינָן | אָנוּ בָּאִים | atinan←atu+anan | anu ba'iim | we come |
- passive participle with suffix
| Aramaic passive participle with suffix BUSY | Hebrew passive participle BUSY | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| עֲסִיק + אֲנָא ← עֲסִיקְנָא | אֲנִי עָסוּק | assiqna←assiq+ana | ani assuq | I am busy |
| עֲסִיק + אַתְּ ← עֲסִיקַתְּ | אַתָּה עָסוּק | assiqat← assiq+ata | ata assuq | you are busy |
| עֲסִיקִי + אֲנַן ← עֲסִיקִינַן | אָנוּ עֲסוּקִים | assiqinan←assiqi+anan | anu assuqim | we are busy |
| עֲסִיקִי + אַתּוּ ← עֲסִיקִיתּוּ | אַתֶּם עֲסוּקִים | assiqitu← assiqi+atu | atem assuqim | you (pl.) are busy |
- infinitive /gerund
| Aramaic infinitive /gerund TO COME | Hebrew infinitive /gerund | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| (לְ)מֵיתֵי / לְמֵיתָא | (לָ)בוֹא | Lemeta/meteji | la'vo | TO COME |
- Future tense
| Aramaic verb WILL WRITE [91] | Hebrew verb parallel WILL WRITE | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| אֲנָא אֶיכְתּוֹב | אֲנִי אֶכְתּוֹב | ana aehtov | ani aehtov | I will write |
| אַתְּ תִּיכְתּוֹב | אַתָּה תִּכְתּוֹב | at tihtov | ata tihtov | You (m.sing.)will write |
| אַתְּ תִּיכְתְּבִין | אַתְּ תִּיכְתְּבִי | at tihtevin | at tihtevi | You (f.sing.) will write |
| הוּא לִיכְתּוֹב | הוּא יִכְתּוֹב | u lihtov | u jihtov | He will write |
| הִיא תִּיכְתּוֹב | הִיא תִּכְתּוֹב | i tihtov | i tihtov | She will write |
| אֲנָן לִיכְתּוֹב | אָנוּ נִכְתּוֹב | anan lihtov | anu nihtov | We will write |
| אַתּוּ תִּיכְתְּבוּן | אַתֶּם תִּיכְתְּבוּ | atu tihtevu | atem tihtevun | you (m.pl.) will write |
| אינון לִיכְתְּבוּן | הם יכְתְּבוּ | innun laphqedu | em japhqidu | they (m.pl.) will write |
Verbal pattern (binyan): Itpe'el (אִתְפְּעֵל) Basic Verb - Passive
- past tense
| Aramaic verb WAS/WERE WRITTEN [92] | Hebrew verb parallel WAS/WERE WRITTEN | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| אֲנָא אִי(תְ)כְּתֵיבִית | אֲנִי נִכְתַבְתִּי | ana itq'tevit | ani nihtavti | I was written |
| אַתְּ אִי(תְ)כְּתַבְתְּ | אַתָּה נִכְתַבְתָּה | at itq'tavt | ata nihtavta | you (m.s.) were written |
| אַתְּ אִי(תְ)כְּתַבְתְּ | אַתְּ נִכְתַבְתְּ | at itq'tavt | at nihtavt | you (f.s.) were written |
| הוּא אִי(תְ)כְּתֵיב | הוּא נִכְתַבְ | u itq'tev | u nihtav | it (m.) was written |
| הִיא אִי(תְ)כַּתְבָה | הִיא נִכְתְּבָה | i itqatva | i nihteva | it (f.) was written |
| אֲנָן אִי(תְ)כַּתְבִינָן | אָנוּ נִכְתַבְנוּ | anan itqatvinan | anu nihtavnu | we were written |
| אַתּוּ אִי(תְ)כַּתְבִיתּוּ | אַתֶּם נִכְתַבְתֶּם | atu itqatvitu | atem nihtavtem | you (m.pl.) were written |
| אינון אִי(תְ)כַּתְבוּ | הם נִכְתְּבוּ | innun itqatvu | em nihtevu | they (m.pl.) were written |
- future tense
| Aramaic verb Will BE WRITTEN [93] | Hebrew verb parallel Will BE WRITTEN | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| אֲנָא אֶ(תְ)כְּתֵיב | אֲנִי אֶכָּתֵיב | ana aeqqtev | ani aeqqatev | I will be written |
| אַתְּ תִ(תְ)כְּתֵיב | אַתָּה תִכָּתֵיב | at tiqqtev | ata tiqqatev | you (m.s.) will be written |
| אַתְּ תִ(תְ)כְּתֵיבִין | אַתְּ תִכָּתֵיבִי | at tiqqatevin | at tiqqatevi | you (f.s.) will be written |
| הוּא לִ(תְ)כְּתֵיב | הוּא יִכָּתֵיב | u liqqtev | u iqqatev | it (m.) will be written |
| הִיא תִ(תְ)כְּתֵיב | הִיא תִכָּתֵיב | i tiqqtev | i tiqqatev | it (f.) will be written |
| אֲנָן לִ(תְ)כְּתֵיב | אָנוּ נִכָּתֵיב | anan liqqtev | anu niqqatev | we will be written |
| אַתּוּ תִ(תְ)כַּתְבוּ | אַתֶּם תִכָּתְבוּ | atu tiqqat'vu | atem tiqqatvu | you (m.pl.) will be written |
| אינון לִ(תְ)קַכְּתֵיבוּן | הם יִכָּתבוּ | innun liqqtevun | em iqqatvu | they (s.pl.) will be written |
| אינין לִ(תְ)כַּתְבָן | הן תִכָּתֵבְנָה | innin liqqt'van | en tiqqatevna | they (m.pl.) will be written |
|}
Verbal pattern (binyan): pa‘el (פַּעֵל) Frequentative - Active
The verbal pattern (binyan) pa‘el are frequentative verbs showing repeated or intense action.
The verbal pattern pa'el is Active Frequentative.
- past tense
| Aramaic verb SANCTIFIED [94] | Hebrew verb parallel SANCTIFIED | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| אֲנָא קַדֵּישִית | אֲנִי קִדַּשְתִּי | ana qadeshit | ani qiddashti | I sanctified |
| אַתְּ קַדֵּישְתְּ | אַתָּה קִדַּשְתָּ | at qadesht | ata qiddashta | You (m.s.) sanctified |
| אַתְּ קַדֵּישְתְּ | אַתְּ קִדַּשְתְּ | at qadesht | at qiddasht | You (f.s.) sanctified |
| הוּא קַדֵּיש | הוּא קִדֵּש | u qaddesh | u qiddesh | he sanctified |
| הִיא קַדִּישָה | הִיא קִדְּשָה | i qaddisha | i qiddsha | she sanctified |
| אֲנָן קַדֵּישְנָן | אָנוּ קִדַּשְנוּ | anan qaddeshnan | anu qiddashnu | we sanctified |
| אַתּוּ קַדֵּישְתּוּ | אַתֶּם קִדַּשְתֶּם | atu qaddeshtu | atem qiddashtem | You (m.pl.) sanctified |
| אינון קַדִּישוּ | הם קִדְּשוּ | innun qaddishu | em qiddshu | they (m.pl.) sanctified |
- future tense
| Aramaic verb WILL SANCTIFY [95] | Hebrew verb parallel WILL SANCTIFY | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| אֲנָא אֲקַדֵּיש | אֲנִי אֲקַדֵּש | ana aqadesh | ani aqadesh | I will sanctify |
| אַתְּ תְקַדֵּיש | אַתָּה תְקַדֵּש | at teqadesh | ata teqadesh | You (m.s.) will sanctify |
| אַתְּ תְקַדְּשִי | אַתְּ תְקַדְּשִי | at teqadeshi | at teqadeshi | You (f.s.) will sanctify |
| הוּא יְקַדֵּיש | הוּא יְקַדֵּש | u jeqadesh | u jeqadesh | he will sanctify |
| הִיא תְקַדֵּיש | הִיא תְקַדֵּש | i teqadesh | i teqadesh | she will sanctify |
| אֲנָן לְקַדֵּיש | אָנוּ נְקַדֵּש | anan leqadesh | anu neqadesh | we will sanctify |
| אַתּוּ תְקַדְּשוּ | אַתֶּם תְקַדְּשוּ | atu teqadshu | atem teqadshu | You (m.pl.) will sanctify |
| אינון לְקַדְּשוּ | הם יְקַדְּשוּ | innun leqadshu | em jeqadeshu | they (m.pl.) will sanctify |
| אינין לְקַדְּשָן | הן תְקַדֵּשְנָה | innin leqadshan | en teqadeshna | they (f.pl.) will sanctify |
Verbal pattern (binyan): Itpa'al (אִתְפַּעַל) Frequentative - Passive
The verbal pattern itpa'al is Passive Frequentative.
| Aramaic verb WAS/WERE SANCTIFIED [96] | Hebrew verb parallel WAS/WERE SANCTIFIED | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| אֲנָא יִ(תְ)קַדַּשִׁית | אֲנִי נִתְקַדַּשְׁתִּי | ana jiqqadashit | ani nitqadashti | I was sanctified |
| אַתְּ יִ(תְ)קַדַּשְׁתְּ | אַתָּה נִתְקַדַּשָׁה | at jiqqadasht | ata nitqqadasha | you (m.s.) were sanctified |
| אַתְּ יִ(תְ)קַדַּשְׁתְּ | אַתְּ נִתְקַדַּשְׁתְּ | at jiqqadasht | at nitqadasht | you (f.s.) were sanctified |
| הוּא יִ(תְ)קַדַּשׁ | הוּא נִתְקַדַּשׁ | u jiqqadash | u nitqadash | it (m.) was sanctified |
| הִיא יִ(תְ)קַדַּשָׁה | הִיא נִתְקַדַּשָׁה | i jiqqadasha | i nitqadasha | it (f.) was sanctified |
| אֲנָן יִ(תְ)קַדַּשִׁינָן | אָנוּ נִתְקַדַּשׁנוּ | anu jiqqadashinan | anu nitqadashnu | we were sanctified |
| אַתּוּ יִ(תְ)קַדַּשִׁיתּוּ | אַתֶּם נִתְקַדַּשְׁתֶּם | atu jiqqadashitu | innu nitqadashtem | they (f.) were sanctified |
| אִינון יִ(תְ)קַדַּשׁוּ | הם נִתְקַדַּשׁוּ | innun jiqqadashitu | em nitqadashu | they (m.) were sanctified |
| Aramaic verb WILL BE SANCTIFIED [97] | Hebrew verb parallel WILL BE SANCTIFIED | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| אֲנָא אֶ(תְ)קַדֵּשׁ | אֲנִי אֶתְקַדַּשׁ | ana aeqqadash | ani aetqadesh | I will be sanctified |
| אַתְּ תִ(תְ)קַדַּשׁ | אַתָּה תִתְקַדֵּשׁ | at tiqqadash | ata titqadesh | you (m.s.) will be sanctified |
| אַתְּ תִ(תְ)קַדְּשִׁין | אַתְּ תִתְקַדְּשִׁי | at tiqqadshin | at titqadshi | you (f.s.) will be sanctified |
| הוּא לִ(תְ)קַדַּשׁ | הוּא יִתְקַדֵּשׁ | u liqqadash | u itqadesh | it (m.) will be sanctified |
| הִיא תִ(תְ)קַדַּשׁ | הִיא תִתְקַדֵּשׁ | i tiqqadash | i titqadesh | it (f.) will be sanctified |
| אֲנָן לִ(תְ)קַדַּשׁ | אָנוּ נִתְקַדֵּשׁ | anan liqqadash | anu nitqadesh | we will be sanctified |
| אַתּוּ תִ(תְ)קַדְּשׁוּ | אַתֶּם תִתְקַדְּשׁוּ | atu tiqqadshu | atem titqadshu | you (m.pl.) will be sanctified |
| אינון לִ(תְ)קַדְּשוּן | הם יִתְקַדְּשׁוּ | innun liqqadshun | em itqadshu | they (m.pl.) will be sanctified |
| אינין לִ(תְ)קַדְּשָׁן | הן תִתְקַדֵּשְׁנָה | innin liqqadshan | en titqadeshna | they (f.pl.) will be sanctified |
Verbal pattern (binyan): aph‘el (אַפְעֵל) Causative - Active
The verbal pattern aphel is Active Causative.
- past tense
| Aramaic verb DEPOSITED [98] | Hebrew verb parallel DEPOSITED | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| אֲנָא אַפְקֵידִית | אֲנִי הִפְקַדְתִּי | ana aphqedit | ani iphqadeti | I deposited |
| אַתְּ אַפְקֵידְתְּ | אַתָּה הִפְקַדְתָּ | at aphqedt | ata iphqadetta | you (m.s.) deposited |
| אַתְּ אַפְקֵידְתְּ | אַתְּ הִפְקַדְתְּ | at aphqedt | at iphqadett | you (f.s.) deposited |
| הוּא אַפְקֵיד | הוּא הִפְקִיד | u aphqed | u iphqid | he deposited |
| הִיא אַפְקִידָה | הִיא הִפְקִידָה | i aphqida | i iphqida | she deposited |
| אֲנָן אַפְקְדִינָן | אָנוּ הִפְקַדְנוּ | anan aphqedinan | anu iphqadnu | we deposited |
| אַתּוּ אַפְקְדִיתּוּ | אַתֶּם הִפְקַדְתֶּם | atu aphqeditu | atem iphqadtem | you (m.pl.) deposited |
| אינון אַפְקִידוּ | הם הִפְקִידוּ | innun aphqidu | em iphqidu | they (m.pl.) deposited |
| Aramaic verb BROUGHT [99] | Hebrew verb parallel BROUGHT | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| אֲנָא אַיְיתֵית | אֲנִי הֵבֵאתִי | ana ajtet | ani heveti | I brought |
| אַתְּ אַיְיתֵיית | אַתָּה הֵבֵאתָ | at ajtet | ata heveta | you (m.s.) brought |
| הוּא אַיְיתִי | הוּא הֵבִיא | u ajti | u hevi | he brought |
| הִיא אַיְיתָא הִיא אַתָיְא הִיא אַתָאי | הִיא הֵבִיאָה | i ajta | i hevija | she brought |
| אֲנָן אַיְיתֵינָא | אָנוּ הֵבֵאנוּ | anan ajtena | anu hevenu | we brought |
| אינון אַיְיתוּ | הם הֵבִיאוּ | innun ajtu | em hevi'u | they (m.pl.) brought |
- Participle
| Aramaic active participle BRING with suffix [100] | Hebrew active participle BRING | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| מַיְיתֵי / מַתְיָא + אֲנָא ← מַיְיתֵינָא | אֲנִי מֵבִיא | maitena ←maite+ana | ani mevi | I bring |
| מַיְיתֵי / מַתְיָא + אַתְּ ← מַיְיתֵיתְּ | אַתָּה מֵבִיא | maitet← maite+at | ata mevi | you bring |
| מַיְיתוּ / מַיְתָן + אֲנָן ← מַיְיתִינָן | אָנוּ מֵבִיאִים | maitinan←atu+maitu | anu mev'iim | we bring |
- Future tense
| Aramaic verb WILL DEPOSITE [101] | Hebrew verb parallel WILL DEPOSITE | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| אֲנָא אַפְקֵד | אֲנִי אַפְקִיד | ana aphqed | ani aphqid | I will deposite |
| אַתְּ תַפְקֵד | אַתָּה תַפְקִיד | at taphqed | ata taphqid | you (m.) will deposite |
| אַתְּ תַפְקְדִי | אַתְּ תַפְקִידִי | at taphqedi | at taphqidi | you (f.) will deposite |
| הוּא לַפְקֵד | הוּא יַפְקִיד | u laphqed | u japhqid | he will deposite |
| הִיא תַפְקֵד | הִיא תַפְקִיד | i taphqed | i taphqid | she will deposite |
| אֲנָן לַפְקֵד | אָנוּ נַפְקִיד | anan laphqed | anu naphqid | we will deposite |
| אַתּוּ תַפְקְדוּ | אַתֶּם תַפְקִידוּ | atu taphqedu | atem taphqidu | you (m.pl.) will deposite |
| אינון לַפְקְדוּ | הם יַפְקִידוּ | innun laphqedu | em japhqidu | they (m.) will deposite |
| Aramaic verb WILL BRING [102] | Hebrew verb parallel WILL BRING | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| אֲנָא אַיְיתֵי | אֲנִי אָבִיא | ana ajite | ani avi | I will bring |
| אַתְּ תַיְיתֵי | אַתָּה תָּבִיא | at tajite | ata tavi | you (m.) will bring |
| אַתְּ ? | אַתְּ תָּבִיאי | at ? | at taviji | you (f.) will bring |
| הוּא לַיְיתֵי | הוּא יָבִיא | u lajite | u javi | he will bring |
| הִיא תַיְיתֵי | הִיא תָּבִיא | i tajite | i tavi | she will bring |
| אֲנָן לַיְיתֵי | אָנוּ נָבִיא | anan lajite | anu navi | we will bring |
| אַתּוּ תַיְתוּ | אַתֶּם תָּבִיאוּ | atu tajitu | atem taviju | you (m.pl.) will bring |
| אינון לַיְתוּ | הם יָבִיאוּ | innun lajitu | em javiju | they (m.) will bring |
Verbal pattern (binyan): itaphal (אִתַפְעַל) Causative - Passive voice
The verbal pattern itaphal is Passive Causative.
| Aramaic verb was refuted/were refuted [103] | Hebrew verb parallel was refuted/were refuted | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| הוּא אִיתּוֹתַב | הוּא הוּשַׁב | u ittotav | u ushav | it (m.s.) was refuted |
| אינון אִיתּוֹתְבוּ | הם הוּשְׁבוּ | innun ittotvu | em ushvu | they (m.pl.) were refuted |
Noun: singular/plural
| Jewish Babylonian Aramaic example | Hebrew parallel | English translation of the Jewish Babylonian Aramaic example |
|---|---|---|
| מַלְכָּא (malk-a) [105] | המֶלֶךְ (ha-melekh)[106] | the king[107] |
| עָלְמָא (alm-a)[108] | העוֹלָם (ha-olam)[109] | the world[110] |
| מְדִינְתָא (medin-ta)[111] | המְדִינָה (ha-medina)[112] | the state[113] |
| מְנָא הָא מִילְּתָא דְּאָמְרִי אֱנָשֵׁי (mil-ta)[114] | מִנַּיִין מִלָּה זֹאת שֶׁאוֹמְרִים אֲנָשִׁים (ha-mila) | the word/thing[115] |
| Jewish Babylonian Aramaic example | Hebrew parallel | English translation of the Jewish Babylonian Aramaic example |
|---|---|---|
| מַלְכֵי (malkheji)/ מַלְכַיָּא (malkh-ajia)[117][118] | המְלָכִים (ha-melakhim)[119] | the kings[120] |
| עָלְמֵי (almeji)/ עָלְמַיָּא (alm-ajia)[121] | העוֹלָמים (ha-olamim) [122] | the worlds[123] |
| מְנָא הָנֵי מִילֵּי (mil-eji)[124] | מִנַּיִין המִילִּים האֵלֶּה (ha-milim) | the words/things |
List of verbs
| Aramaic verb | Hebrew verb parallel | English translation |
| בע' [125] | רָצָה | ask, request, want and require |
| חז' [126] | רָאָה | see |
| עבד [127] | עָשָׂה | do/make |
| פלג [128] | חלק | divide |
| צרך [129] | צריך | necessity |
| את'[130] | בָּא | come |
| תנ' [131] | שנה | teach, learn, state, recite and repeat |
| תוב [132] | שוב | return |
| נפק [133] | יָצָא | go out |
| נחת [134] | יָרַד | go down |
| סלק [135] | עָלָה | go up |
| ילף [136] | למד | learn, teach |
| יתב [137] | יָשַׁב | to sit |
| זבן[138] | מָכַר | to sell |
| הדר [139] | חָזַר | to return |
| סלק [140] | הוֹרִיד, הֵסִיר | to remove |
| גלי [141] | גֵּרֵשׁ | to reveale |
| אסי [142] | רִפֵּא | to heal, cure |
| הוי [143] | דָּן | he discussed/raised an objection |
| קום / קָאֵם [144] | הִתְקַיֵּם/עומד | to stand |
| עלל [145] | יָשַׁב | to sit |
Idiom
| Jewish Babylonian Aramaic example | Hebrew parallel | English translation of the Jewish Babylonian Aramaic example |
|---|---|---|
| קָאֵים (qa'em)[146] |
- | "rising, standing, referring to"[147] |
| קָאֵים - קָא (qa) [148] |
- | - [149] |
| מַאי קָא מַשְׁמַע לַן (mai qa mashma lan) [150] |
מָה מַשְׁמִיעַ לָנּוּ (ma mashma lanu) |
"What new point is he teaching us "[151] |
| מַאי קָאָמַר (mai qa'amar )[152] |
מָה הוּא אוֹמֵר (ma hu omer) |
"What does he mean "[153] |
| תָּנוּ רַבָּנָן (tanu rabanan)[154] |
שָׁנוּ חֲכָמִים (shanu khakhamim) |
"the rabbis taught"[155] |
| מְנָא הָנֵי מִילֵּי (mena hane mileji)[156] |
מִנַּיִין המִילִּים האֵלֶּה (minajin ha-milim ha-ele) |
"What is the source"[157] |
Modern study
The language has received considerable scholarly attention, as shown in the Bibliography below. However, the majority of those who are familiar with it, namely Orthodox Jewish students of Talmud, are given no systematic instruction in the language, and are expected to "sink or swim" in the course of Talmudic studies, with the help of some informal pointers showing similarities and differences with Hebrew.[158]
See also
References
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "Jewish Babylonian Aramaic (ca. 200–1200 CE)". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ Sokoloff 2003
- ↑ Morag 1988
- ↑ Morgenstern 2011
- ↑ Elitzur Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic (2013)
- ↑ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 78
- ↑ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 79
- ↑ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 79
- ↑ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 99
- ↑ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 99
- ↑ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 99
- ↑ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 100
- ↑ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 101
- ↑ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 99
- ↑ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 99
- ↑ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 82
- ↑ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 100
- ↑ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 100
- ↑ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 100
- ↑ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 100
- ↑ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90
- ↑ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90.
- ↑ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 65, 66.
- ↑ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 66.
- ↑ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 66.
- ↑ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90.
- ↑ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 66.
- ↑ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 66.
- ↑ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90.
- ↑ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 66.
- ↑ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 66.
- ↑ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 91.
- ↑ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90.
- ↑ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 66.
- ↑ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 66.
- ↑ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90.
- ↑ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 67.
- ↑ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 67.
- ↑ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90.
- ↑ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 67.
- ↑ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 67.
- ↑ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 67.
- ↑ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90.
- ↑ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 67.
- ↑ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 92.
- ↑ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90.
- ↑ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 67.
- ↑ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 92.
- ↑ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90, 104
- ↑ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 95.
- ↑ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90, 104
- ↑ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 95.
- ↑ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90, 104
- ↑ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90, 104
- ↑ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90, 104
- ↑ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90, 104
- ↑ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 95.
- ↑ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90, 104
- ↑ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 95.
- ↑ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 80
- ↑ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 80
- ↑ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 80
- ↑ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 80
- ↑ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 80
- ↑ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 73.
- ↑ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 80
- ↑ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 80
- ↑ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 73.
- ↑ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 80
- ↑ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 80
- ↑ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 80
- ↑ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 80
- ↑ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 72.
- ↑ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 80
- ↑ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 191
- ↑ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 192
- ↑ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 91.
- ↑ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 192
- ↑ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 192
- ↑ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 194
- ↑ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 84, 92.
- ↑ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 194
- ↑ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 92.
- ↑ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 18:A survey of the aramaic binyanim.
- ↑ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic: , Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 23:Talmud Bavli Aramaic.
- ↑ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 22:Past tense: binyan.
- ↑ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 123:Past tense: came.
- ↑ Frank (2011), p. 32.
- ↑ Frank (2011), p. 33.
- ↑ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 124:active participle with suffix
- ↑ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 36:Future tense: binyan.
- ↑ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 25:Past tense: binyan.
- ↑ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 39:Future tense: binyan.
- ↑ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 23:Past tense: binyan.
- ↑ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 37:Future tense: binyan.
- ↑ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 26:Past tense: binyan.
- ↑ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 40:Future tense: banyan.
- ↑ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 24:Past tense: binyan.
- ↑ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p.123 f.
- ↑ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 124:active participle with suffix
- ↑ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 38:Future tense: binyan.
- ↑ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 125:Future tense: will bring.
- ↑ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 94:Past tense:was refuted/were refuted.
- ↑ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231-232.
- ↑ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231.
- ↑ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231.
- ↑ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231.
- ↑ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231.
- ↑ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231.
- ↑ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231.
- ↑ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231.
- ↑ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 232.
- ↑ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 232.
- ↑ Yitzhak Frank:The Practical Talmud Dictionary, Jerusalem 2001, p. 178:From where is the maxim that people say?
- ↑ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231.
- ↑ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231-232.
- ↑ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 233: ...in the plural of masculine nouns ... construct forms such as מַלְכֵי are often used not only in the construct state but even in the absolute and emphatic states. Thus, in Babylonian Aramaic, the form מַלְכֵי may mean either the kings of or kings or the kings.
- ↑ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231.
- ↑ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231.
- ↑ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 233.
- ↑ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231.
- ↑ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231.
- ↑ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231.
- ↑ Yitzhak Frank:The Practical Talmud Dictionary, Jerusalem 2001, p. 178:From where do we derive these things?
- ↑ Frank (2011), p. 49, 105f.
- ↑ Frank (2011), p. 49, 108f.
- ↑ Frank (2011), p. 49, 59f.
- ↑ Frank (2011), p. 49, 50f.
- ↑ Frank (2011), p. 49, 56f.
- ↑ Frank (2011), p. 49, 123f.
- ↑ Frank (2011), p. 49, 116f.
- ↑ Frank (2011), p. 49, 93.
- ↑ Frank (2011), p. 49, 68f.
- ↑ Frank (2011), p. 49, 70f.
- ↑ Frank (2011), p. 49, 74.
- ↑ Frank (2011), p. 49, 82f.
- ↑ Frank (2011), p. 49, 88f.
- ↑ Frank (2011), p. 49, (Nr. 2 - Index).
- ↑ Frank (2011), p. 49, 64.
- ↑ Frank (2011), p. 49, 74f.
- ↑ Frank (2011), p. 49, 111.
- ↑ Frank (2011), p. 49, 114f.
- ↑ Frank (2011), p. 49, 126f.
- ↑ Frank (2011), p. 49, 132f.
- ↑ Frank (2011), p. 49, (Nr. 26 - Index).
- ↑ Yitzhak Frank:The Practical Talmud Dictionary, Jerusalem 2001, p. 230.
- ↑ Yitzhak Frank:The Practical Talmud Dictionary, Jerusalem 2001, p. 230: "This participle is often used with a word that has a prepositional prefix - אֵי, to mean basing oneself upon or referring to."
- ↑ Yitzhak Frank:The Practical Talmud Dictionary, Jerusalem 2001, p. 229.
- ↑ Yitzhak Frank:The Practical Talmud Dictionary, Jerusalem 2001, p. 229: " A contraction of the participle קָאֵים (from the root קום ) is often placed before another participle...it has an emphatic effect that is difficult to translate into english ."
- ↑ Yitzhak Frank:The Practical Talmud Dictionary, Jerusalem 2001, p. 153.
- ↑ Yitzhak Frank:The Practical Talmud Dictionary, Jerusalem 2001, p. 153: "What new point is he teaching us? This question points out a difficulty: Since the amora's halakha was already known to us from a mishna, a baraita, or the amora's own statement on another occasion - why did the amora present it again?"
- ↑ Yitzhak Frank:The Practical Talmud Dictionary, Jerusalem 2001, p. 152.
- ↑ Yitzhak Frank:The Practical Talmud Dictionary, Jerusalem 2001, p. 152: "What does he mean? This question seeks a clarification of the meaning of a mishna, a baraitha, an amoraic statement, or a pasuk."
- ↑ Yitzhak Frank:The Practical Talmud Dictionary, Jerusalem 2001, p. 260.
- ↑ Yitzhak Frank:The Practical Talmud Dictionary, Jerusalem 2001, p. 260: "the hakhamim taught. This expression usually introduces a baraitha that begins with an anonymous statement."
- ↑ Yitzhak Frank:The Practical Talmud Dictionary, Jerusalem 2001, p. 178.
- ↑ Yitzhak Frank:The Practical Talmud Dictionary, Jerusalem 2001, s. p.178: "From where do we derive these things? What is the source? This question seeks a source for a statement in a mishna, in a baraitha, or by an amora."
- ↑ Jay Bushinsky, "The passion of Aramaic-Kurdish Jews brought Aramaic to Israel"
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