Kirundi

Rundi
Ikirundi
Native to Burundi
Ethnicity Hutu, Tutsi, and Twa
Native speakers
 8.8 million (2007)[1]
Latin
Official status
Official language in
  Burundi
Language codes
ISO 639-1 rn Rundi
ISO 639-2 run Rundi
ISO 639-3 run Rundi
Glottolog rund1242  Rundi[2]
rund1241  Rundi-Kitwa[3]
JD.62[4]

Kirundi,[5][6] also known as Rundi,[2][7][8][9] is a Bantu language spoken by 9 million people in Burundi and adjacent parts of Tanzania and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, as well as in Uganda. It is the official language of Burundi. Kirundi is mutually intelligible with Kinyarwanda, an official language of Rwanda, and the two form part of the wider dialect continuum known as Rwanda-Rundi.[10]

The inhabitants of Rwanda and Burundi belong to several different ethnic groups: Hutu, including Bakiga and other related ethnicities (84%), Tutsi, including Hima (15%) and Twa (1%) (a pygmy people). Kirundi is natively spoken by the Hutu, although the other ethnic groups present in the country such as Tutsi, Twa and Hima among others have adopted the language. Neighbouring dialects of Kirundi are mutually intelligible with Ha, a language spoken in western Tanzania.

Kirundi is frequently cited as a language where Meeussen's rule, a rule describing a certain pattern of tonal change in Bantu languages, is active.

Phonology

Consonants

Although the literature on Rundi agrees on 5 vowels, the number of consonants can vary anywhere from 19 to 26 consonants.[11] The table below is compiled from a survey of academic acceptance of Rundi consonants.[12]

Labial Alveolar Post-
alveolar		 Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Plosive voiceless p t k
voiced b d ɟ g
Affricate p͡f t͡s t͡ʃ
Fricative voiceless f s ʃ h
voiced v z ʒ
Approximant j w
Flap ɾ
Trill r

Vowels

The table below gives the vowel sounds of Rundi.

Front Back
Close i u
Mid e o
Open a

All five vowels occur in long and short forms. The distinction is phonemic.[13]

Tone

Rundi is a tonal language. There are two essential tones in Rundi : high and low (or H and L). Since Rundi has phonemic distinction on vowel length, when a long vowel changes from a low tone to a high tone it is marked as a rising tone. When a long vowel changes from a high tone to a low tone, it is marked as a falling tone.[14]

Rundi is often used in phonology to illustrate examples of Meeussen's rule[15][16] In addition, it has been proposed that tones can shift by a metrical or rhythmic structure. Some authors have expanded these more complex features of the tonal system noting that such properties are highly unusual for a tone system.[17]

Phonotactics

Syllable structure in Rundi is considered to be CV, that is having no clusters, no coda consonants, and no complex vowel nuclei. It has been proposed that sequences that are CVV in the surface realization are actually CV in the underlying deep structure, with the consonant coalescing with the first vowel.[18]

Consonant harmony

Rundi has been shown to have properties of consonant harmony particularly when it comes to sibilants. Meeussen described this harmony in his essay and it is investigated further by others.[19] One example of this harmony is triggered by /ʃ/ and /ʒ/ and targets the set of /s/ and /z/ in preceding adjacent stem syllables.

Grammar

Example translations

Example translations
Mwaramutse Hi/Good Morning
Mwiriwe Good evening
Ijoro ryiza Good night
Bite? What's Up?
Uravuga icongereza? Do you speak English?
Ego Yes
Oya No
Witwa gute? What is your name?
Jewe nitwa My name is
Woshobora kumfasha? Can you help me?
Ingezi Tourist
Amahera Money
Ikirundi n'ikinyarwanda bisa nk'igi czek n'igi slovak Rundi and Rwanda are closely related like Czech and Slovak.
Amazi Water
Amata Milk
Inzoga Alcoholic beverage
Ejo Yesterday
Eejo° Tomorrow
Nzoza ejo/Nzoz'ejo I will come tomorrow
Ubu Now
Igihugu Country
Faransa/Ubufaransa France
Ngereza/Ubwongereza England
Leta zunz'ubumwe z'amerika United States of America
Ubudagi Germany
Ububirigi Belgium
°N.B. eejo is pronounced the same as ejo:
the other e is written for differentiation.

Notes

  1. ↑ Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in Nationalencyklopedin
  2. 1 2 Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "Rundi". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  3. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "Rundi-Kitwa". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  4. ↑ Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
  5. ↑ "Kirundi". Oxford Dictionaries, British & World English. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2017-07-05.
  6. ↑ "Kirundi". American Heritage Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Retrieved 2017-07-05.
  7. ↑ Simons, Gary F. and Charles D. Fennig, eds. (2017). "Rundi". Ethnologue: Languages of the World (20th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Retrieved 2017-07-05.
  8. ↑ "Rundi". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins Publishers. Retrieved 2017-07-05.
  9. ↑ "Rundi". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. Retrieved 2017-07-05.
  10. ↑ Ethnologue, 15th ed.
  11. ↑ Zorc and Nibagwire 2007, p. 23.
  12. ↑ Zorc and Nibagwire 2007, p. 25.
  13. ↑ Meeussen 1959
  14. ↑ de Samie 2009
  15. ↑ Myers 1987
  16. ↑ Phillipson 2003
  17. ↑ Goldsmith & Sabimana 1989
  18. ↑ Sagey 1986
  19. ↑ Ntihirageza 1993

References

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