Central Kalapuya language

Central Kalapuyan, or Santiam, was a Kalapuyan language indigenous to the central and southern Willamette Valley in Oregon in the United States. It was spoken by various bands of the Kalapuya peoples who inhabited the valley up through the middle of the 19th century. The language is closely related to Northern Kalapuya, spoken in the Tualatin and Yamhill valleys. Dialects of Central Kalapuya that have been identified include:

• Ahantchuyuk dialect, spoken in the northeastern Willamette Valley along the Pudding and Molalla rivers
• Santiam dialect, spoken in the central Willamette Valley along the lower Santiam River
• Luckiamute dialect, spoken in the central Willamette Valley along the Luckiamute River
• Chepenafa dialect, spoken in the central Willamette Valley along Marys River
• Chemapho dialect, spoken in central Willamette Valley along Muddy Creek.
• Chelamela dialect, spoken in the southwestern Willamette Valley along the Long Tom River
• Tsankupi dialect, spoken in the southeastern Willamette Valley along the Calapooia River
• Winefelly-Mohawk dialects, spoken in the southeastern Willamette Valley along the McKenzie, Mohawk, and Coast Fork Willamette rivers

Phonology

The phonology of the Santiam dialect, as described by Jacobs (1945) and analyzed by Banks (2007), is listed below.^[4][5] Banks notes that Jacobs' analysis does not rigorously account for allophonic variation, and that, according to Jacobs, there may have been some interchangeability between the velar and uvular series.^[5]

Consonants

The nasals [m] and [n] likely had syllabic forms: [m̩] and [n̩]. Jacobs possibly notes that the plosives are also voiced allophones, as /b/, /d/, /ɡ/, /ɡʷ/, /ɢ/, and /ɢʷ/. Banks also notes that /h/, /hʷ/, /dz/, /dʒ/, and /ɸʷ/ may have been allophones.^[5]

Vowels

Santiam Kalapuya had three diphthongs: [ai], [au], and [ui]. Vowel length may have been phonemic, /ɯ̽/ or /ɔ/ may have been allophones of /u/.^[5]

References

External links

• The Verbal Morphology of Santiam Kalapuya (Northwest Journal of Linguistics)

Native peoples of Oregon history
Topics	Central Kalapuya language Chinookan Longhouse Northern Kalapuya language Oregon Penutian languages Salishan languages Shastan languages Thunderbird Wapato Western Oregon Indian Termination Act Yoncalla language
Events	Bridge of the Gods Kalapuya Treaty Cayuse War Potlatch Missoula Floods Rogue River Wars
Places	Fort Clatsop Celilo Falls Mount Mazama
People	Alsea Atfalati Bannock Cayuse Chetco Chinook Clackamas Clatsop Coquille Coos Kalapuya Klamath Klickitat Latgawa Modoc Molala Multnomah Nez Perce Northern Paiute Santiam Shasta Siletz Siuslaw Takelma Tillamook Tolowa Tututni Umatilla Umpquat Wasco/Wishram
Oregon history	Native American peoples of Oregon history History to 1806 Pioneer history Modern history

Languages of Oregon
Italics indicate extinct languages
Indigenous	Alsean Alsea (Alséya) Yaquina (Yakwina, Yakona) Athabaskan Siletz Dee-ni Galice language (Galice-Applegate) Chinookan Chinook Jargon Kathlamet language Lower Chinook Upper Chinook (Kiksht, Columbia Chinook, Wasco-Wishram) Coosan Hanis (Coos) Miluk (Lower Coquille) Kalapuyan Central Kalapuya (Santiam) Northern Kalapuya (Tualatin dialect (Tfalati, Atfalati)) Northern Kalapuya (Yamhill dialect (Yamell)) Yoncalla (Southern Kalapuya) Oregon Coast Penutian Siuslaw Plateau Penutian Klamath-Modoc (Klamath, Lutuamian) Molala language Sahaptian Sahaptin (Shahaptin, Sħáptənəxw, Ichishkíin Sɨ́nwit) Umatilla Salishan Tillamook language Unclassified Plains Sign Talk Plateau Sign Language Cayuse language Takelma language Uto-Aztecan Northern Paiute (Numu and Paviotso)
Non-Indigenous	Indo-European American English Dutch German Russian Spanish Swedish French Sign American Sign Language Uralic Finnish