Ho language

Ho
𑢹𑣉𑣉 𑣎𑣋𑣜 Ho jagar
Pronunciation /hoː ʤʌgʌr/
Native to India, Bangladesh
Ethnicity Ho people
Native speakers
 1.04 million (2001 census)[1]

Warang Citi (Official, Primary)

Oriya, Devanagari, Bengali, Latin (secondary)
Official status
Official language in
 Secondary Official Language in Jharkhand
Language codes
ISO 639-3 hoc
Glottolog hooo1248[2]
Ho language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

Ho (𑢹𑣉𑣉 𑣎𑣋𑣜, IPA: /hoː ʤʌgʌr/) is a Munda language of the Austroasiatic language family spoken primarily in India by about 1.04 million people (0.103% of India's population) per the 2001 census.Ho is a very old tribal language.[3] It is spoken by the Ho people of Odisha, Jharkhand, Bihar, Chhatisgarh, West Bengal, Assam, Bangladesh and is written with the Warang Citi script. In some regions, Oriya, Devanagari, Bengali and Latin scripts are used,[4] but are considered non-ideal by the native speakers who prefer exclusive use of Warang Citi.[5]

The name "Ho" is derived from the native word "𑣙𑣉𑣉" (IPA: /hoː/) which means "Human being".[6]

Distribution

The largest concentrations of Ho speakers are in the West Singhbhum, Jamshedpur and East Singhbhum district of southern Jharkhand and in the Mayurbhanj district and Keonjhar district, Jajpur district, Sundergarh district, Balasore District, Dhenkanal district, Sambalpur district, Cuttack district, Angul District, Bhadrak district of Odisha. Ho is closer to the Mayurbhanj dialect of Mundari than the language spoken in Jharkhand. Ho and Mundari are linguistically close but the ethnic identity of the speakers is distinct.Some researchers and scholars said that Ho and Mundari are two sister language [6][7]

Stages of Development

Their language is developed in close association with nature and living together with birds and beasts.[8],[9]

Earlier reference in different Sources: Some of the earlier references with regard to the development of the Ho language are as follows: Grammatical Construction of the Ho Language . The Aboriginal of Central India . Burmah, its people and Natural Productions . Outlines of Indian Philosophy . Report of the Ethnological Committee on paper laid before etc. The Ho Grammar was the first work done towards the development of Ho language. Lionel Burrow wrote the book in Roman script in 1915. On the Terminology of Relationship of the Hos of Kolkan . A comparative study of some measurements of the HOs . Problems and Prospects of the Jharkhandi Languages .

b) Significant levels/points of planning: The scripts of Roman, Devanagari and Barang Chiti have been used in the field of teaching and learning. In 1953, the department of Education, Government of Bihar set out instructions to all the Divisional Inspectors of schools[10]. The government maintained that ‘the pupil-teachers whose mother tongue is other than Hindi should be given the option of maintaining their records in their mother tongue. In every junior Training School besides Hindi, a second mother-tongue as accepted in Government resolution no.645ER of the 10th August, 1953 should be invariably taught.’ The plan has been to provide education in their mother tongue at the primary level.

Since 1976, the Ho language is being imparted at intermediate and graduate courses in different colleges under the Ranchi University. The university opened a separate department named Tribal and Regional Languages in 1981.[11]

In erstwhile Bihar, the Information and Mass Communication department regularly published Ho articles, folk stories, songs in devanagari script in a weekly named Adivasi Saptahik. The Tribal Research Institute conducted a Study of Ho Dialect.

c) Other: There are significant initiatives inculcated in development of Ho language. A pioneering work was started at Ete Turtung Akhara, Jhinkapani to study and develop the Ho language under the leadership of late Lako Bodra with the help of Adi Sanskriti evam Vigyan Sansthan. The institute published a book in 1963 entitled Ho Hayam Paham Puti in the Barang Chiti lipi script and introduced the letters of Barang Chiti, Kakahara.[12]

Sindhu Surin reworked and propagated Owar Ankawa- a reformed script of barang chiti. This has been popularized and disseminated by the institution called Sindhu Jumur.

A.Pathak and N.K. Verma tried to compare the barang chiti lipi with the script of Indus valley in their book the Echoes of Indus valley[13]. Sudhanshu Kumar Ray in his ‘Indus Script’ described that the script Barang Chiti resembles the script of Indus that was discovered by Ashok Pagal and Bulu Imam in the caves of Aswara hill near Baraka village.[14]

Xavier Ho Publication, Lupungutu has been publishing a series of books in Devanagri script. Fr. John Deeney wrote Ho Grammar and Vocabulary in 1975.[15]

4. Change of Status/Course due to important event like linguistic states reorganization: In post-independence era by state reorganization, Ho speaking region bifurcated and demography scattered into Bihar, Orissa and West Bengal. Post independence state reorganization, therefore, was of little help in the development of Ho language.[16]

A new state Jharkhand came into existence in November 2000. In its effort the state government has recently recommended Ho language to be included in the eighth schedule of the Constitution. There is hope in the initiative taken by the government as regard to the development of the Ho language in future.[17]

Rising significance of Ho Language & UGC-NET

The University Grants Commission of India has already recognized Ho as a language and literature.Now, UGC is conducting National Eligibility Test examination in Ho language under the subject code 70 in Tribal and Regional Language/Literature group.[18] In Orissa and Jharkhand, Education in Ho at the primary level was introduced in 20 and 449 schools respectively and about 44,502 tribal students are pursuing their studies in the language. [19][20]

Besides education, Ho has also got its due recognition in the world of mass media. For the last few years, All India Radio (AIR) has been airing songs in Ho from the AIR centres in Keonjhar, Rourkela and Cuttack besides Baripada in Mayurbhanj district. Regular programs in Ho are broadcast from Chaibasa and Jamhshedpur AIR centres in Jharkhand. Similarly, from Ranchi AIR centre in Jharkhand, regional news bulletins are broadcast two days a week Friday and Sunday. [21]

Institutes & universities for Ho language

Universities

[23]

Colleges

Institutes and schools

Ho folk literatures

[40]

Ho Grammar and Vocabulary

[41]

Further reading

References

  1. ↑ Ho at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
  2. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "Ho". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  3. ↑ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/High-hopes-for-Ho/articleshow/9275704.cms
  4. ↑ "The Warang Chiti Alphabet". Swarthmore.edu. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
  5. ↑ Harrison, Anderson, David, Gregory. "Review of Proposal for Encoding Warang Chiti (Hoorthography) in Unicode" (PDF). Retrieved 19 March 2015.
  6. 1 2 "Ho Web Sketch: Ho writing" (PDF). Livingtongues.org. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
  7. ↑ Anderson, edited by Gregory S. (2008). The Munda languages (1. publ. ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-32890-X.
  8. ↑ Purty, Dhanursingh, "Ho-Dishum Ho Honko" seven volumes.(1982) Xavier Ho Publications
  9. ↑ http://www.swarthmore.edu/SocSci/langhotspots/Ho/ The Ho language webpage by K. David Harrison, Swarthmore College
  10. ↑ Department of Education, Government of Bihar,1953
  11. ↑ University Deparment Of Tribal And Regional Language, Ranchi University, Jharkhand
  12. ↑ Ete Turtung Akhara, Jhinkapani
  13. ↑ Echoes of Indus valley by A.Pathak and N.K. Verma
  14. ↑ Indus Script by Sudhanshu Kumar Ray
  15. ↑ Xavier Ho Publication, Lupungutu,1975
  16. ↑ Anderson, Gregory D. S., Toshiki Osada and K. David Harrison. "Ho and the other Kherwarian Languages" In Gregory Anderson (ed.) Munda Languages. (2008). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-32890-6
  17. ↑ Study of Ho Dialect by Tribal Research Institute, Jharkhand
  18. ↑ www.ugcnetexam.co.in/ugc-net-tribal-regional-language-literature-syllabus.html
  19. ↑ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/High-hopes-for-Ho/articleshow/9275704.cms
  20. ↑ http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/jharkhand-school-books-to-go-local/
  21. ↑ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/High-hopes-for-Ho/articleshow/9275704.cms
  22. ↑ http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ranchi-universitys-trl-to-have-nine-departments-for-tribal-languages/1/313487
  23. ↑ https://www.kolhanuniversity.ac.in/gallery/category/3-trl-book-release-and-hon-ble-governors-interaction-with-students
  24. ↑ http://holanguageodishaedu.in
  25. ↑ http://holanguageodishaedu.in/school_college.html
  26. ↑ http://holanguageodishaedu.in/school_college.html
  27. ↑ http://holanguageodishaedu.in/school_college.html
  28. ↑ http://holanguageodishaedu.in/school_college.html
  29. ↑ http://holanguageodishaedu.in/school_college.html
  30. ↑ http://holanguageodishaedu.in/school_college.html
  31. ↑ http://holanguageodishaedu.in/school_college.html
  32. ↑ http://holanguageodishaedu.in/school_college.html
  33. ↑ http://holanguageodishaedu.in/school_college.html
  34. ↑ http://holanguageodishaedu.in/school_college.html
  35. ↑ http://holanguageodishaedu.in/school_college.html
  36. ↑ http://holanguageodishaedu.in/school_college.html
  37. ↑ http://holanguageodishaedu.in/school_college.html
  38. ↑ http://holanguageodishaedu.in/school_college.html
  39. ↑ http://holanguageodishaedu.in/school_college.html
  40. ↑ https://tribalstuff.wordpress.com/2011/11/11/ho-the-language-of-ho-tribe/%7Cdate=August 2017
  41. ↑ https://tribalstuff.wordpress.com/2011/11/11/ho-the-language-of-ho-tribe/%7Cdate=August 2017

See also

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