IRT Lexington Avenue Line

IRT Lexington Avenue Line

Services that use the IRT Lexington Avenue Line have been colored green since 1979. The original IRT numbering system provided for 4, 5, and 6 on the line.
Overview
Type Rapid transit
System New York City Subway
Status Operational
Locale Manhattan, New York City, NY
Termini 125th Street
Bowling Green
Stations 27 (23 in use)
Daily ridership 1,289,338 [1]
Operation
Opened 1904–1918
Owner City of New York
Operator(s) New York City Transit Authority
Character Underground
Technical
Number of tracks 2–4
Track gauge 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in)
Electrification 600V DC third rail
IRT Lexington Avenue Line
IRT Jerome Avenue and Pelham Lines
 Lexington Avenue Tunnel under Harlem River
 125th Street
 116th Street
 110th Street
 103rd Street
 96th Street
 86th Street
 77th Street
 68th Street–Hunter College
59th Street
51st Street
 42nd Street Shuttle
Grand Central–42nd Street
33rd Street
 28th Street
 23rd Street
18th Street (closed)
14th Street–Union Square
Astor Place
Bleecker Street
Spring Street
Canal Street
Worth Street (closed)
Brooklyn Bridge–City Hall
City Hall (closed)
Fulton Street
Wall Street
Bowling Green ( main line only; shuttle abandoned)
South Ferry
inner loop (closed)
& outer loop
Manhattan
Brooklyn

The Lexington Avenue Line (also known as the East Side Line) is one of the lines of the IRT division of the New York City Subway, stretching from Downtown Brooklyn or Lower Manhattan north to 125th Street in East Harlem. The portion in Lower and Midtown Manhattan was part of the city's first subway line. The line is served by the 4 5 6 <6>  trains.

For decades, the Lexington Avenue line was the only line in Manhattan to directly serve the Upper East Side and East Midtown; this four-track line is the most used rapid transit line in the United States. Its average of 1.3 million daily riders is more than the total riderships of the transit systems of San Francisco (452,600 weekday passengers), Chicago (772,900 weekday passengers), and Boston (569,200). In 2007, its ridership also exceeded that of the entire Washington Metro,[2] and in part spurred the construction of the parallel Second Avenue Subway that year, to relieve congestion on the Lexington Avenue line.[3]

Four stations along this line have been abandoned. When platforms were lengthened to fit ten cars, it was deemed most beneficial to close these stations and open new entrances for adjacent stations. The 18th Street station was abandoned because of the proximity to both 14th Street–Union Square and 23rd Street.[4] In addition, the City Hall and Worth Street stations were both very close to the Brooklyn Bridge–City Hall station's Brooklyn Bridge and Duane Street exits, respectively, so both were abandoned.[5][6] Finally, South Ferry is within walking distance of Bowling Green, and is right next to the corresponding station on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line.[7]

Extent and service

Services that use the Lexington Avenue Line are colored forest green.[8] The following services use part or all of the IRT Lexington Avenue Line:[9]

  Time period Section of line
Rush hours
and middays		 Evenings
and weekends		 Late nights
"4" train express local full line
"5" train no service full line (weekdays)
north of Bowling Green (evenings & weekends)
"6" train local north of Brooklyn Bridge–City Hall
"6" express train local no service

The Lexington Avenue Line begins in lower Manhattan at the inner loop of the abandoned South Ferry station. North of the station is a merge with the tracks of the Joralemon Street Tunnel from Brooklyn, which become the express tracks. These run north under Broadway and Park Row to Centre Street. At the south end of Centre Street, directly under New York City Hall, is the City Hall Loop and its abandoned station, which was the southern terminus of the original IRT subway line.[5] The loop is still used to turn 6 and <6> service; the Lexington Avenue local tracks, which feed the loop, rise up to join the express tracks just south of Brooklyn Bridge–City Hall station.[10]

From Brooklyn Bridge, the line continues northward in a four-across track layout under Centre Street, Lafayette Street, Fourth Avenue, and Park Avenue South until 42nd Street. At this point, the beginning of Metro-North Railroad's Park Avenue tunnel in Grand Central Terminal forces the Lexington Avenue Line to shift slightly eastward to Lexington Avenue; its Grand Central–42nd Street station is located on the diagonal between Park and Lexington. Just south of Grand Central, a single non-revenue track connects the IRT 42nd Street Shuttle to the southbound local track; this was part of the original IRT subway alignment.[10]

Under Lexington Avenue, the line assumes a two-over-two track configuration, with the local tracks running on the upper level and the express on the lower, although it briefly returns to a four-across layout between 96th Street and 116th Street. 125th Street returns to this two-over-two layout, although here the upper level is used by all northbound trains and the lower level by southbound trains. This is because Lexington Avenue is too narrow to have a four-across layout.[10][11]

North of this, the line crosses under the Harlem River into the Bronx via the four-track Lexington Avenue Tunnel, where the line splits into the IRT Jerome Avenue Line on the western two tracks (4 5 trains) and the IRT Pelham Line on the eastern two tracks (6 <6>  trains).[12]

History

First earth from Lexington Avenue subway line in 1913

Construction started on the first IRT line in 1900.[13] A 1902 explosion during construction seriously damaged properties just above the line.[14] The part of the line from City Hall to just south of 42nd Street was part of the original IRT line, opened on October 27, 1904.[15] A 0.3 miles (0.48 km) extension to Fulton Street opened at 12:01 a.m. on January 16, 1905.[16] Only the northbound platform opened at this time.[17][18] The next station, Wall Street, was opened on June 12, 1905 as well as the southbound platform at Fulton Street.[19][20][21]

The first revenue train on the South Ferry extension left South Ferry at 11:59 p.m. on July 9, 1905; the extension of the IRT White Plains Road Line to West Farms opened just after.[22] The first train ran through the Joralemon Street Tunnel to Brooklyn about 12:45 a.m. on January 9, 1908.[23]

The original plan for what became the extension north of 42nd Street was to continue it south through Irving Place and into what is now the BMT Broadway Line at Ninth Street and Broadway. Contracts awarded on July 21, 1911 included Section 6 between 26th Street and 40th Street; at the time, the IRT had withdrawn from the talks, and the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT) was to operate on Lexington Avenue. The IRT submitted an offer for what became its portion of the Dual Contracts on February 27, 1912,[24] and construction was soon halted on Section 6.[25]

The rest of the line, north to 125th Street, opened on July 17, 1918.[26] However, until the evening of August 1, 1918, it ran as a shuttle on the local tracks only, terminating at 42nd Street and at 167th Street on the IRT Jerome Avenue Line (where the connection from the elevated IRT Ninth Avenue Line merged). On August 1, service patterns were changed, and the Lexington Avenue Line became a through route. The IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line also switched from shuttle operation at that time, and the IRT 42nd Street Shuttle was formed along the old connection between the sides. Due to the shape of the system, it was referred to as the "H system". The first section of the IRT Pelham Line also opened to Third Avenue–138th Street on August 1, 1918.[27] The construction and opening of the Lexington Avenue Line north of Grand Central resulted in the construction of expensive apartments along Park Avenue, Madison Avenue, and Lexington Avenue.[11]

On April 13, 1948, the platform extensions to accommodate ten-car trains at 23rd Street, 28th Street, and 33rd Street were opened for use.[28]

Brochure for the opening of the 59th Street express platforms

On November 15, 1962, the express platforms at Lexington Avenue–59th Street opened to reduce transfer congestion at Grand Central–42nd Street, and to allow transfers between the express trains and BMT trains to Queens. Even before the express platforms were added, this station was the busiest on the line.[29][30] Construction for the express station began on August 10, 1959. Along with the new express platforms, a new mezzanine was built above it to connect it to the local station, and the Broadway Line station. Two high speed escalators were added to connect the local and express platforms. Two additional high speed escalators were built to connect the local platforms with the new mezzanine. The express station opened three months prior than originally planned. As part of the plan, the local platforms were extended to accommodate 10-car trains. In addition, new entrances and booths were added to the 59th Street ends of the northbound and southbound sides. The whole cost of the project was $6,500,000.[31]

On August 28, 1991, an accident with a 4 train on the express track just north of the 14th Street–Union Square station killed five riders and injured 215 others in the worst accident on the system since the 1928 Times Square derailment.[32][33] As a result of the crash, new safety protocols were put in place and there was a partial implementation of automation of the New York City Subway.[34]

Overcrowding

The Second Avenue Elevated fully closed on June 13, 1942.[35] Because of the elevated line's closure, as well as a corresponding increase in the East Side population, crowding on the Lexington Avenue Line increased.[36]:1–2[37] The Manhattan section of the Third Avenue Elevated, the only other elevated line in the area, closed on May 13, 1955,[38] and was demolished in 1956.[35]

Contrary to what many East Side residents thought, the demolition of the elevateds did not help the travel situation, as the Lexington Avenue Line was now the only subway transportation option on the East Side.[39] As the elevated lines were torn down, hundreds of high-rise apartment buildings were built on the East Side, and the business districts along the line grew, resulting in overcrowding along the line.[40]:377 Both of these elevated lines were supposed to be replaced by a subway line under Second Avenue. However, it was not completed due to a lack of funds. With the city's economic and budgetary recovery in the 1990s, there was a revival of efforts to complete construction of the Second Avenue Subway.[41] Once fully built, the line will run from 125th Street and Lexington Avenue to Hanover Square in the Financial District.[42]:22 Construction started in 2007, and on January 1, 2017, the first phase, between Lexington Avenue–63rd Street and 96th Street opened. Within a few months of the line's opening, crowding on the Lexington Avenue Line stations on the Upper East Side was somewhat reduced.[43] East Side Access, which is scheduled to be completed in 2023, will bring Long Island Rail Road service into Grand Central. With more people coming onto the East Side, increased crowding is expected on the Lexington Avenue Line, underscoring the need for the Second Avenue Subway.[44]:7

Crowding on the line is so bad that riders are routinely stranded on the platform, having to wait for multiple trains to pass before being able to board.[45] Trains on the line are at over 100% of capacity.[46] In June and July 2017, The New York Times found that during an average weekday, 10% to 15% of the trains scheduled to run through Grand Central–42nd Street were canceled. This meant that during peak periods, up to 13 trains per hour could be canceled, resulting in 1,000 passengers being displaced for every canceled train. Train frequencies were also erratic, with higher frequencies on some days that on other.[47]

On May 27, 2015, the New York City Council approved plans for a developer to build One Vanderbilt, a 65 story skyscraper. The MTA mandated that the developers pay for station improvements at Grand Central to allow for the building's construction.[48] In 2015, SL Green, the developer, gave $220 million toward the building's construction,[49] of which two-thirds of the money would be used for station redesign;[50] this marked the largest private investment to date to the New York City Subway system.[51] As part of the station construction, 40% of the basement of the Grand Hyatt New York would be destroyed in order to make room for the expansion of the subway mezzanine, as well as two new subway entrances in the One Vanderbilt building itself.[51] The new building would also coincide with the MTA's East Side Access project, and station improvements due to One Vanderbilt's construction would provide extra capacity for over 65,000 new passengers going into the New York City Subway at Grand Central–42nd Street.[52][53][54] The improvements include an underground connection between Grand Central Terminal and One Vanderbilt; new mezzanines and exits for the subway station; and three new stairways to each of the Lexington Avenue Line platforms.[51][55] This would directly result in additional capacity for the subway station, with 4,000 to 6,000 more subway passengers per hour being able to use the station, allowing for one additional express train per hour.[51] These improvements would cost over $200 million.[56][57]

Station listing

Station service legend
Stops all times
Stops all times except late nights
Stops late nights only
Stops weekdays only
Stops all times except rush hours in the peak direction
Stops rush hours only
Stops rush hours in the peak direction only
Time period details
Neighborhood
(approximate)		 Station Tracks Services Opened Transfers and notes
Begins as a merge of the IRT Jerome Avenue Line (4  5 ) and IRT Pelham Line (6  <6> )
Lexington Avenue Tunnel
East Harlem 125th Street all 4  5  6  <6> July 17, 1918[26] Connection to Metro-North Railroad at Harlem–125th Street
M60 Select Bus Service to LaGuardia Airport
116th Street local 4  6  <6> July 17, 1918[26]
110th Street local 4  6  <6> July 17, 1918[26]
103rd Street local 4  6  <6> July 17, 1918[26]
Upper East Side 96th Street local 4  6  <6> July 17, 1918[26]
86th Street all 4  5  6  <6> July 17, 1918[26] M86 Select Bus Service
77th Street local 4  6  <6> July 17, 1918[26] M79 Select Bus Service
68th Street–Hunter College local 4  6  <6> July 17, 1918[26]
Midtown Manhattan 59th Street all 4  5  6  <6> July 17, 1918[26]
(1962, express)		 N  R  W  (BMT Broadway Line at Lexington Avenue/59th Street)
Out-of-system transfer with MetroCard: F  N  Q  (63rd Street Lines at Lexington Avenue–63rd Street)
Roosevelt Island Tramway
This station was originally a local station. The lower level for express trains was opened in 1962.
51st Street local 4  6  <6> July 17, 1918[26] E  M  (IND Queens Boulevard Line at Lexington Avenue–53rd Street)
Elevator to downtown platform is out of service for long term repairs until October 2017[58]
Grand Central–42nd Street all 4  5  6  <6> July 17, 1918[26] 7  <7> (IRT Flushing Line)
S  (42nd Street Shuttle)
Connection to Metro-North Railroad at Grand Central Terminal
merge on southbound local track to IRT 42nd Street Shuttle (no regular service)
Murray Hill 33rd Street local 4  6  <6> October 27, 1904[15] M34/M34A Select Bus Service
Rose Hill  ↓ 28th Street local 4  6  <6> October 27, 1904[15] Station is ADA-accessible in the southbound direction only; elevator is out of service
Gramercy 23rd Street local 4  6  <6> October 27, 1904[15] M23 Select Bus Service
18th Street local October 27, 1904[15] closed November 7, 1948[4]
Union Square Elevator access to mezzanine only 14th Street–Union Square all 4  5  6  <6> October 27, 1904[15] L  (BMT Canarsie Line)
N  Q  R  W  (BMT Broadway Line)
originally 14th Street
East Village Astor Place local 4  6  <6> October 27, 1904[15]
NoHo Bleecker Street local 4  6  <6> October 27, 1904[15] B  D  F  M  (IND Sixth Avenue Line at Broadway–Lafayette Street)
SoHo/Little Italy Spring Street local 4  6  <6> October 27, 1904[15] Abandoned trackway exists between express tracks with a signal room on top of it
Chinatown Canal Street local 4  6  <6> October 27, 1904[15] N  R  W  (BMT Broadway–Main line)
N  Q  (BMT Broadway–Manhattan Bridge line)
J  M  Z  (BMT Nassau Street Line)
Civic Center Worth Street local October 27, 1904[15] closed September 1, 1962[6]
Brooklyn Bridge–City Hall all 4  5  6  <6> October 27, 1904[15] J  M  Z  (BMT Nassau Street Line at Chambers Street)
originally Brooklyn Bridge, then Brooklyn Bridge–Worth Street There were two side platforms that accommodated 5 car local trains. Also, there are closed platform extensions to the south.
 
local tracks leave the alignment of the express tracks; local trains short turn (6  <6> ) via the loop
City Hall loop October 27, 1904[15] Closed December 31, 1945; currently used for local trains to short turn with no station stop. Lexington Avenue Line local trains stopped at station from 1904 to 1945 except late nights, when trains continued to South Ferry.[5]
 
express trains continue (4  5 )
Financial District Fulton Street express 4  5  January 16, 1905[17] A  C  (IND Eighth Avenue Line)
J  Z  (BMT Nassau Street Line)
2  3  (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)
Connection to N  R  W  at Cortlandt Street via Dey Street Passageway
Wall Street express 4  5  June 12, 1905[20]
Bowling Green express 4  5  July 10, 1905[22] M15 Select Bus Service
Staten Island Ferry at South Ferry
Splits to Brooklyn via the Joralemon Street Tunnel (4  5 ) to become the IRT Eastern Parkway Line Express tracks
 
Financial District express train short turn (5 ) via both loops
South Ferry both loops July 10, 1905[22] Inner platform closed February 12, 1977; currently used for express trains to short turn with no station stop. Lexington Avenue Line trains used the outer platform from July 10, 1905 to July 1, 1918 and from 1950 to February 12, 1977. The outer platform closed on March 16, 2009; which allows Lexington Avenue Line trains to again use both loop tracks.

In fiction

The train that was hijacked in the book The Taking of Pelham One Two Three by Morton Freedgood (writing as John Godey) and the three films based on the novel originated on the IRT Pelham Line from Pelham Bay Park at 1:23 P.M., hence the name "Pelham 123," and traveled on this (the Lexington Avenue) line.

References

  1. ↑ "Facts and Figures: Average Weekday Subway Ridership 2011–2016". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. May 31, 2017. Retrieved June 1, 2017.
  2. ↑ "More than 200 Million Ride Metrorail for the Second Consecutive Year" (Press release). WMATA. July 5, 2007. Archived from the original on October 14, 2007.
  3. ↑ "Second Avenue Subway in the Borough of Manhattan, New York County, New York, Final Environmental Impact Statement and Final Section 4(f) and Section 6(f) Evaluation" (PDF). Federal Transit Administration, US Department of Transportation, MTA New York City Transit. April 6, 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 25, 2012. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
  4. 1 2 "IRT Staton to be Closed — New Style of Subway Platform Will Be Tried There". The New York Times. November 6, 1948. p. 29. Retrieved November 11, 2016.
  5. 1 2 3 "Old City Hall Station Of IRT to Close Monday". The New York Times. December 27, 1945. p. 24. Retrieved November 11, 2016.
  6. 1 2 Grutzner, Charles (September 1, 1962). "New Platform for IRT Locals At Brooklyn Bridge to End Jams — Sharp Curve on Northbound Side — Removed Station Extended to Worth St.". The New York Times. p. 42. Retrieved November 11, 2016.
  7. ↑ "Neighborhood Map Lower Manhattan" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2015. Retrieved August 4, 2017.
  8. ↑ Grynbaum, Michael M. (May 10, 2010). "Take the Tomato 2 Stops to the Sunflower". The New York Times. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
  9. ↑ "Subway Service Guide" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. June 25, 2017. Retrieved July 1, 2017.
  10. 1 2 3 Dougherty, Peter (2006) [2002]. Tracks of the New York City Subway 2006 (3rd ed.). Dougherty. OCLC 49777633 – via Google Books.
  11. 1 2 "Mayor Runs First Lexington Av Train — Goes Back to His Old Job on the Initial Trip from 42d Street to the Bronx — Interboro Ready to Pool — City May Gain Nothing by Advancing Date of Contract Because of High Operating Costs". The New York Times. July 18, 1918. p. 20. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 8, 2017.
  12. ↑ Babcock Gates, Howard (1915). "The Construction of the Harlem River Tubes (1915) a Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Civil Engineer". www.nycsubway.org. Retrieved August 4, 2017.
  13. ↑ "Rapid Transit Tunnel Begun — Ground Officially Broken by the Mayor with a Silver Spade — Felicitations and Speeches — Ceremonies Witnessed by Immense Unruly Crowd Eager for Souvenirs.". The New York Times. March 25, 1900. p. 2. Retrieved November 11, 2016.
  14. ↑ "Death in Tunnel — Dynamite Explosion — 6 Killed, 125 Hurt in Park Avenue Disaster — Great Hotels In Ruins — Busy Hospital Wrecked and Fine Mansions Damaged Seriously — Money Loss Nearly $300,000 — Terrible Concussion, the Result of Fire in Powder House at 41st Street, Where Hundreds of Pounds of High Explosives Rested". The New York Times. January 28, 1902. p. 1. Retrieved December 19, 2013. Dynamite cartridges in a frail shanty on a platform over the west shaft of Section 4 of the subway tunnel in Park Avenue just south of Forty-first Street exploded through a fire which started among paper in the shanty just after noon yesterday with fatal, maiming, and injuring results and wide destruction of property...
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "Our Subway Open, 150,000 Try It — Mayor McClellan Runs the First Official Train — Big Crowds Ride At Night — Average of 25,000 an Hour from 7 P.M. Till Past Midnight — Exercises in the City Hall — William Barclay Parsons, John B. McDonald, August Belmont, Alexander E. Orr, and John Starin Speak — Dinner at Night". The New York Times. October 28, 1904. p. 1. Retrieved November 6, 2016.
  16. ↑ "Fulton St. Trains Monday — New Style of Subway Platform Will Be Tried There". The New York Times. January 14, 1905. p. 5. Retrieved November 11, 2016.
  17. 1 2 "Subway at Fulton Street Busy". The New York Times. January 27, 1905. p. 9. Retrieved September 4, 2016.
  18. ↑ "Another Centennial–Original Subway Extended To Fulton Street". New York Division Bulletin. New York Division, Electric Railroaders' Association. 48 (1). January 2005. Retrieved August 31, 2016 – via Issu.
  19. ↑ Merritt, A.L. "Ten Years of the Subway (1914)". Interborough Bulletin—1914 via www.nycsubway.org.
  20. 1 2 "Subway Trains Will Run Again This Morning — Through Service Promised for the Rush-Hour Crowds — Tunnel Pumped Out At Last — Big Water Main That Burst Was an Old One, Pressed Into Service Again After a Five-Hour Watch". The New York Times. June 13, 1905. p. 1. Retrieved September 18, 2016.
  21. ↑ "Subway to Wall St. Open in Ten Days — And All the Way to the Bronx by July 1 — Whole Road Ready in August — As to the Air Therein, William Barclay Parsons Says It Is Pure and Can't Be Bettered". The New York Times. June 7, 1905. p. 16. Retrieved September 18, 2016.
  22. 1 2 3 "Subway Trains Running From Bronx to Battery — West Farms and South Ferry Stations Open at Midnight — Start Without a Hitch — Bowling Green Station Also Opened — Lenox Avenue Locals Take City Hall Loop Hereafter". The New York Times. July 10, 1905. p. 1. Retrieved September 4, 2016.
  23. ↑ "Subway to Brooklyn Opened for Traffic — First Regular Passenger Train Went Under the East River Early This Morning — Not a Hitch in the Service — Gov. Hughes and Brooklyn Officials to Join in a Formal Celebration of Event To-day". The New York Times. January 9, 1908. p. 1. Retrieved November 11, 2016.
  24. ↑ Walker, James Blaine (1918). Fifty Years of Rapid Transit — 1864 to 1917. New York, N.Y.: Law Printing. pp. 230–233. Retrieved November 6, 2016.
  25. ↑ "Petition for Subway in Lexington Ave.". The New York Times. May 22, 1912. Retrieved February 16, 2009. A petition is being circulated among the residents and property owners of the section just south of the Grand Central Station, in Park and Lexington Avenues, protesting against the proposed abandonment of the construction of the Subway in Lexington Avenue, between Forty-third and Thirty-second Streets.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "Lexington Av. Line to be Opened Today — Subway Service to East Side of Harlem and the Bronx Expected to Relieve Congestion — Begins With Local Trains — Running of Express Trains to Await Opening of Seventh Avenue Line of H System". The New York Times. July 17, 1918. p. 13. Retrieved November 11, 2016.
  27. ↑ "Open New Subway Lines to Traffic; Called a Triumph — Great H System Put in Operation Marks an Era in Railroad Construction — No Hitch in the Plans — But Public Gropes Blindly to Find the Way in Maze of New Stations — Thousands Go Astray — Leaders in City's Life Hail Accomplishment of Great Task at Meeting at the Astor". The New York Times. August 2, 1918. p. 1. Retrieved November 6, 2016.
  28. ↑ Report for the Three and One-Half Years Ending June 30, 1949. New York City Board of Transportation. 1949.
  29. ↑ Katz, Ralph (November 9, 1962). "IRT Will Open Express Station At Lexington and 59th Thursday". The New York Times. p. 37. Retrieved November 11, 2016.
  30. ↑ Katz, Ralph (November 16, 1962). "IRT Express Stop Opens at 59TH St. — East Side Station Had Been Local One Since 1918 Line's 4th-Busiest Stop". The New York Times. p. 22. Retrieved November 11, 2016.
  31. ↑ "New 59th Street Express Station brochure". www.thejoekorner.com. New York City Transit Authority. November 15, 1962. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
  32. ↑ "Case Study Number Ten: Union Square Station, New York City—August 28, 1991", in: John Kimball and Hollis Stambaugh, Special Report: Rail Emergencies, Technical report series (United States Fire Administration) USFA-TR-094, [Emmitsburg, Maryland]: Federal Emergency Management Agency, U.S. Fire Administration, National Fire Data Center, [2003?], p. 27.
  33. ↑ "Probe Finds Subway's Speed Outstripped Safety System", The Washington Post, August 31, 1991  – via HighBeam (subscription required)
  34. ↑ McFadden, Robert D. (September 1, 1991). "Catastrophe Under Union Square; Crash on the Lexington IRT: Motorman's Run to Disaster". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 4, 2017.
  35. 1 2 "Second Avenue Subway Project - History". mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. October 19, 2002. Archived from the original on October 19, 2002. Retrieved February 15, 2016.
  36. ↑ "Manhattan East Side Transit Alternatives (MESA): Major Investment Study/Draft Environmental Impact Statement, August 1999". Metropolitan Transportation Authority, United States Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration. August 1999. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
  37. ↑ "Discontinuance of service Second Avenue elevated line.". nytm.pastperfectonline.com. New York City Board of Transportation. 1942. Retrieved December 4, 2016.
  38. ↑ Katz, Ralph (May 13, 1955). "Last Train Rumbles On Third Ave. 'El'; An Era Ends With Final Run of Third Avenue 'El' LAST TRAIN ROLLS ON THIRD AVE. 'EL'". The New York Times. Retrieved December 14, 2016.
  39. ↑ "www.nycsubway.org: Second Avenue Subway: The Line That Almost Never Was". nycsubway.org. 1972. Retrieved September 30, 2015.
  40. ↑ Derrick, Peter (March 1, 2003). Tunneling to the Future: The Story of the Great Subway Expansion That Saved New York. NYU Press. ISBN 9780814719107.
  41. ↑ "Second Avenue Subway in the Borough of Manhattan, New York County, New York Final Environmental Impact Statement And Final Section 4(f) and Section 6(f) Evaluation". April 2004. pp. 1–5, 1–6. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 8, 2014. Retrieved September 22, 2011.
  42. ↑ "Manhattan East Side Transit Alternatives (MESA)/Second Avenue Subway Summary Report" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. October 11, 2001. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
  43. ↑ Whitford, Emma (February 1, 2017). "Early Ridership Count Indicates Second Avenue Subway Is Making Lexington Avenue Commutes Less Packed". Gothamist. Retrieved April 9, 2017.
  44. ↑ East Side Access in New York, Queens, and Bronx Counties, New York, and Nassau and Suffolk Counties, New York: Environmental Impact Statement. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2001.
  45. ↑ Chan, Sewell (November 19, 2008). "When the Train Is Too Crowded to Board". City Room. Retrieved April 9, 2017.
  46. ↑ Donohue, Pete; Ortiz, Keldy; McShane, Larry (March 25, 2015). "Subway cars running at over capacity during rush hours". New York Daily News. Retrieved April 9, 2017.
  47. ↑ Fessenden, Ford; Fitzsimmons, Emma; Lai, Rebecca; Pearce, Adam. "New York’s Subways Are Not Just Delayed. Some Trains Don’t Run at All". New York Times. Retrieved August 7, 2017.
  48. ↑ "Residents Try to Get Details on New Midtown East Plan". The Wall Street Journal. September 12, 2014. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
  49. ↑ Dailey, Jessica (May 27, 2015). "City Council Green Lights 1,500-Foot One Vanderbilt". Curbed. Retrieved August 5, 2015.
  50. ↑ Whitford, Emma. "Inside The $220 Million Plan To Improve The Subway At Grand Central". Gothamist. Retrieved October 19, 2016.
  51. 1 2 3 4 Barone, Vincent; Pereira, Ivan (October 17, 2016). "A glimpse at One Vanderbilt’s transit improvements". am New York. Retrieved October 19, 2016.
  52. ↑ Bagli, Charles V. (May 29, 2014). "65-Story Tower Planned Near Grand Central Terminal". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 19, 2016.
  53. ↑ "A sneak peek at One Vanderbilt’s Grand Central plan - New York Post". New York Post. September 8, 2014. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
  54. ↑ Kabak, Benjamin. "A glimpse at the $200M transit plans for One Vanderbilt :: Second Ave. Sagas". Second Ave. Sagas. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
  55. ↑ "65-Story Tower Planned Near Grand Central Terminal". The New York Times. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
  56. ↑ Morris, Keiko (October 17, 2016). "Developer Sees Manhattan Office Tower as a New Landmark". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved October 19, 2016.
  57. ↑ "One Vanderbilt Comes with $200M of Subway Improvements - In Transit - Curbed NY". Curbed NY. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
  58. ↑ "No elevator service to/from downtown platform at 51 St 6 subway station". mta.info.

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