iPad Pro

iPad Pro

12.9" iPad Pro - Gold
Further information
Developer Apple Inc.
Manufacturer Foxconn (under contract)
Product family iPad
Type Tablet computer
Release date November 11, 2015 (12.9-inch 1G model)
March 31, 2016 (9.7-inch model)
June 13, 2017 (12.9 and 10.5-inch 2G models)
Introductory price 12.9-inch model:
$799 USD (32 GB WiFi only)
9.7-inch model:
$599 USD (32 GB WiFi only)
10.5-inch model:
$649 USD (64 GB WiFi only)
Discontinued June 5, 2017 (12.9-inch 1G and 9.7-inch)
Operating system Original: iOS 9.1 (12.9-inch 1G model)
iOS 9.3 (9.7-inch model)
iOS 10.3.2 (10.5-inch and 12.9-inch 2G model)
Current: iOS 10.3.3, released July 19, 2017 (2017-07-19)
System-on-chip used

12.9-inch 1G and 9.7-inch: Apple A9X with 64-bit architecture and Apple M9 motion co-processor

12.9-inch 2G and 10.5-inch: Apple A10X with 64-bit architecture and Apple M10 motion co-processor
CPU

12.9-inch 1G: 2.26 GHz dual-core 64-bit ARMv8-A[1]
9.7-inch: 2.16 GHz dual-core 64-bit

12.9 inch 2G and 10.5 inch: 2.39 GHz hexa-core 64-bit
Memory

12.9-inch: 4 GB LPDDR4 SDRAM[1]
9.7-inch: 2 GB LPDDR4 SDRAM

10.5-inch: 4 GB LPDDR4 SDRAM
Storage

12.9-inch 1G:
32(WiFi only), 128 or 256 GB flash memory [2]
9.7-inch:
32, 128 or 256 GB flash memory[2]

12.9-inch 2G and 10.5-inch: 64, 256 or 512 GB flash memory[2]
Display

12.9-inch:
2732×2048 px (264 PPI) (IPS panel) (5.5 megapixels), 12.9 in (327.8 mm) diagonal, 4:3[2]
9.7-inch:
2048×1536 px (264 PPI) (IPS panel) (3.1 megapixels), 9.7 in (246.3 mm) diagonal, 4:3[2]

10.5-inch:
2224×1668 px (264 PPI) (IPS Panel), 10.5 in diagonal, 4:3[2]
Graphics 12-core PowerVR Series 7XT[3]
Sound Four speakers, adjusting sound to device orientation
Input Multi-touch screen, headset controls and ambient light sensors, 3-axis accelerometer, 3-axis gyroscope, digital compass, dual microphone, Bosch Sensortec BMP280 barometer
Camera

12.9-inch 1G: 1.2 megapixels 720p front-facing and 8 megapixels rear-facing[2]
9.7-inch: 5 megapixels 720p front-facing and 12 megapixels 4K rear-facing[2]

12.9-inch 2G and 10.5-inch: 7 megapixels 1080p front-facing and 12 megapixels 4K rear-facing[2]
Connectivity
Wi-Fi and Wi-Fi + Cellular:
Wi-Fi 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac; dual channel (2.4 GHz and 5 GHz); HT80 with MIMO[2]
Bluetooth 4.2[2]
Wi-Fi + Cellular:
GPS & GLONASS[2]
GSM
UMTS / HSDPA
850, 900, 1700, 1900, 2100 MHz[2]
GSM / EDGE
850, 900, 1800, 1900 MHz[2]
CDMA
CDMA/EV-DO Rev. A and B.
800, 1900 MHz[2]

12.9-inch Wi-Fi + Cellular:

LTE
Multiple bands
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 26, 28, 29 and TD-LTE 38, 39, 40, 41[2]

9.7-inch Wi-Fi + Cellular:

LTE Advanced
Multiple bands
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 12, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 and TD-LTE 38, 39, 40, 41[2]
Power

12.9-inch: 3.77 V 38.8 W·h (10,307 mA·h)[4]
9.7-inch: 3.82 V 27.91 W·h (7,306 mA·h)[5]

10.5-inch: 3.77 V 30.8 W·h (8,134 mA·h)[6]
Online services

App Store, Apple Music, iTunes Store, iBookstore, iCloud, Game Center

Dimensions

12.9-inch:
305.7 mm (12.04 in) (h)
220.6 mm (8.69 in) (w)
6.9 mm (0.27 in) (d)
9.7-inch:
240 mm (9.4 in) (h)
169.5 mm (6.67 in) (w)
6.1 mm (0.24 in) (d)
10.5-inch:

250.6 mm (9.87 in) (h)
174.1 mm (6.85 in) (w)
6.1 mm (0.24 in) (d)
Weight

12.9-inch Wi-Fi: 713 g (1.572 lb)
12.9-inch Wi-Fi + Cellular: 723 g (1.594 lb)
9.7-inch Wi-Fi: 437 g (0.963 lb)
9.7-inch Wi-Fi + Cellular: 444 g (0.979 lb)
10.5-inch WiFi: 469 g (1.034 lb)
10.5-inch WiFi + Cellular:

477 g (1.052 lb)
Related articles iPad, Apple Inc, iOS, Apple A9X, Apple Pencil, Apple A10X
Website www.apple.com/ipad-pro/

The iPad Pro is a line of iPad tablet computers designed, developed, and marketed by Apple Inc., that runs the iOS mobile operating system. It is currently available in two screen sizes, 10.5-inch and 12.9-inch,[7] each with three options for internal storage capacities: 64, 256 or 512 GB; the 512 GB configuration making the iPad Pro the first iOS device to offer that storage size.

The first iPad Pro, the 12.9-inch version, was announced on September 9, 2015,[8] and released on November 11.[9] It is larger than all previous iPad models and the first iPad tablet to feature LPDDR4 RAM.[1] The 12.9-inch tablet was later followed by the smaller 9.7-inch version, which was announced on March 21, 2016, and released on March 31.[10]

At WWDC 2017 on June 5, 2017, an updated generation of iPad Pro was announced. This updated generation features A10X Fusion processors, a base storage capacity of 64 GB and highest of 512 GB, an upgraded display and a new 10.5-inch version to replace the 9.7-inch model; the 12.9-inch version was refreshed and both screen sizes were released on June 13.[11] Following this announcement, the first generation iPad Pro was removed from the Apple Store.

First generation

The 12.9-inch version of the iPad Pro was announced during an Apple Special Event on September 9, 2015. It was released on November 11, 2015 with gold, silver, and space gray color options. Prices ranging from US $799.99 to $1,229.99 based on storage size and cellular connectivity. On March 21, 2016, the 9.7 inch version of the iPad Pro was announced at an Apple keynote with an additional rose gold color option. The 9.7 inch version also introduced the ability to choose base 32GB Model with Cellular + WiFi option. (Previously, Cellular + WiFi option was only available on 128GB iPad Pro model.) The 9.7 inch model is priced from $599 to $1,129 depending on the configuration. It was released on March 31, 2016.

The 9.7-inch iPad Pro, when compared to the iPad Air 2, features a faster CPU, a better camera, and is the first iPad to feature True Tone Flash and Retina Flash. It also had the highest storage for an iPad at the time with a 256 GB storage option and has a True Tone display, which allows the LCD to adapt to ambient lighting to change its color and intensity in different environments.[10]

Both iPad Pro models include the A9X chip and the Apple M9 motion co-processor. The 9.7 inch model, however, has a slightly underclocked CPU (2.16 GHz compared to 2.26 GHz on the 12.9 inch model). A number of features are carried over from the standard iPad, such as Touch ID and the Retina Display. New features include a smart connector for a keyboard and four stereo speakers located in pairs on top and bottom of the device. The 12.9 inch model has a 2732-by-2048 Retina Display at 264 pixels per inch, and the 9.7 inch model has a 2048-by-1536 Retina Display at 264 pixels per inch and features a variable refresh rate, a first for Apple. The 12.9 inch version of the iPad Pro is the first iPad to include 4 GB of RAM.

Second generation

The second generation of iPad Pro was announced on June 5, 2017 at the 2017 WWDC. The second-generation iPad Pro models, at 10.5-inch and 12.9-inch, have an A10X six-core CPU and with a 12-core GPU, support HDR video with a 120 Hz refresh rate and their True Tone display is 50 percent brighter than the earlier models; both sizes also have a 12-megapixel rear-facing camera with quad-LED True-Tone flash and a 7-megapixel front-facing camera with Retina Flash.[11] They have USB-C connection speeds using lightning cables, with USB-C fast-charge support.[12] The iPad Pro second generation has the highest storage capacity of iOS devices, up to 512 GB.

Accessories

There are four accessories made specifically for iPad Pro – a "smart" screen cover, an attachable keyboard; an active bluetooth tracking stylus, Apple Pencil; and a form-fitted silicone case that is compatible with the Smart Keyboard, all of which are sold separately.[13]

Smart Keyboard

Smart Keyboard docks with iPad Pro using the Smart Connector, a magnetic connection that provides data transfer and power. Smart Keyboard, which doubles as a kickstand, is comparable to that of the competing Microsoft Surface Pro.[14] The design of the Smart Keyboard is similar to the design of the Smart Cover accessory.[15]

Apple Pencil

IPad Pro and Apple Pencil (in boxes)

Apple Pencil is a precision stylus exclusive to the iPad Pro. The accessory is rechargeable via the Lightning port on the tablet itself.[16][17] iPad Pro introduces a new display with increased responsiveness and precision over previous iPad displays with Apple Pencil support added.[18][19] During the keynote, Apple demonstrated drawing, managing publication layout, and document annotation.[20][21][22]

Reception

The iPad Pro's 9.7-inch version set a record among all currently released tablets tested in color accuracy, screen reflectance, peak brightness, contrast rating in high ambient light, and smallest color variation. However, the iPad Pro 12.9-inch version tested to having better contrast ratio in the dark.[23]

Despite Apple advertising the tablets as PC replacements,[24] most reviewers noted that it still cannot replace a laptop running the Microsoft Windows or macOS desktop operating systems.[25][26] A critic pointed out that the competing Surface Pro has "from a flexibility perspective, there is no denying the Windows 10 advantage for consumers, students, and business users" over iOS.[27]

Model comparison

Legend:   Discontinued   Current
Model iPad Pro (1st generation) iPad Pro (2nd generation)
Screen Size 12.9-inch 9.7-inch 12.9-inch 10.5-inch
Image
Initial operating system iOS 9.1 iOS 9.3 IOS 10.3.2 iOS 10.3.2[28]
Highest supported operating system iOS 10.3.3 iOS 10.3.3
Model Number[29][30] A1584 (Wi-Fi)

A1652 (Wi-Fi + Cellular)

 A1673 (Wi-Fi)

A1674 or A1675 (Wi-Fi + Cellular)

 A1670 (Wi-Fi)

A1671 (Wi-Fi + Cellular)

 A1701 (Wi-Fi)

A1709 (Wi-Fi + Cellular)

Announcement date September 9, 2015 March 21, 2016 June 5, 2017
Release date November 11, 2015 March 31, 2016 June 13, 2017[31]
Launch price Wi-Fi models:
32 GB – US$799
128 GB – US$949
256 GB – US$1,099

Wi-Fi + Cellular models:

128 GB – US$1,079
256 GB – US$1,229
 Wi-Fi models:
32 GB – US$599
128 GB – US$749
256 GB – US$899

Wi-Fi + Cellular models:

32 GB – US$729
128 GB – US$879
256 GB – US$1,029
 Wi-Fi models:
64 GB – US$799
256 GB – US$899
512 GB – US$1,099

Wi-Fi + Cellular models:

64 GB – US$929
256 GB – US$1,029
512 GB – US$1,229
 Wi-Fi models:
64 GB – US$649
256 GB – US$749
512 GB – US$949

Wi-Fi + Cellular models:

64 GB – US$779
256 GB – US$879
512 GB – US$1,079
SoC Apple A9X Apple A10X
Motion coprocessor Apple M9 Apple M10
CPU 2.26 GHz (9.7": 2.16 GHz) dual-core Apple Twister[1] 2.34 GHz hexa-core
GPU 12-core PowerVR Series 7XT[3]
Memory 4 GB LPDDR4 RAM[1] 2 GB LPDDR4 RAM 4GB LPDDR4 RAM[32]
Display 12.9 inches (330 mm) [diagonal] multi-touch display with LED backlighting
and an oleophobic, fingerprint and scratch-resistant coating, Antireflective coating		 9.7 inches (250 mm) [diagonal] multi-touch display with LED backlighting
and an oleophobic and scratch-resistant coating, Wide color display, True Tone display,

Fully laminated display, Antireflective coating

 12.9 inches (330 mm) [diagonal] multi-touch display with LED backlighting
and an oleophobic and scratch-resistant coating, Wide color display, True Tone display,

Fully laminated display, Antireflective coating, ProMotion display (120 Hertz refresh rate)

 10.5 inches (270 mm) [diagonal] multi-touch display with LED backlighting
and an oleophobic and scratch-resistant coating, Wide color display, True Tone display,

Fully laminated display, Antireflective coating, ProMotion display (120 Hertz refresh rate)

2732-by-2048 pixel resolution 264 ppi (Retina Display) 2048-by-1536 pixel resolution at 264 ppi (Retina Display) 2732-by-2048 pixel resolution at 264 ppi (Retina Display) 2224-by-1668 pixel resolution at 264 ppi (Retina Display)
Camera iSight 8 MP, ƒ/2.4 aperture, HDR for photos, Autofocus, five-element lens, Hybrid IR filter,

Backside illumination, Face Detection, Exposure control, Panorama (up to 43 MP), Burst mode, Tap to focus, Photo geotagging, Timer mode, Video Recording, 1080p video recording (30 fps), Slo-mo video support for 720p at 120 fps, Time-lapse video, Video image stabilization, 3× digital zoom, Video geotagging

 12 MP, ƒ/2.2 aperture, Auto HDR for photos, five-element lens, Hybrid IR filter, Backside illumination, Autofocus with Focus Pixels, Improved face detection, Exposure control, Panorama (up to 63 MP), Burst mode,

Tap to focus, Photo geotagging, Timer mode, Video Recording, Cinematic video stabilization, 4K video recording (30 fps), 1080p HD video recording at 30 fps or 60 fps, Slo-mo video support for 1080p at 120 fps and 720p at 240 fps, Time-lapse video, 3× digital zoom, Live Photos, True Tone LED flash, Sapphire crystal lens cover, Improved local tone mapping, Improved noise reduction, Video geotagging

 12 MP, ƒ/1.8 aperture, Auto HDR for photos, Autofocus with Focus Pixels, six-element lens, Hybrid IR filter, Backside illumination,Improved face detection, Exposure control, Panorama (up to 63 MP), Burst mode, Tap to focus,

Photo and video geotagging, Timer mode, Video Recording, Cinematic video stabilization, 4K video recording (30 fps), 1080p HD video recording at 30fps or 60fps, Slo-mo video support for 1080p at 120 fps and 720p at 240 fps, Time-lapse video, 3× digital zoom, True Tone LED flash, Sapphire crystal lens cover, Improved local tone mapping, Improved noise reduction

FaceTime 1.2 MP, ƒ/2.2 aperture, 720p HD video recording, Auto HDR for photos and videos, Backside illumination, Exposure control, Burst mode, Timer mode and Face Detection 5 MP, ƒ/2.2 aperture, 720p HD video recording, Retina Flash, Auto HDR for photos and videos, Backside illumination, Exposure control, Burst mode, Timer mode and Face Detection 7 MP ƒ/2.2 aperture, 1080p HD video recording, Auto HDR for photos and videos, Backside illumination, Exposure control, Burst mode, Timer mode and Face Detection
Wireless Wi-Fi Wi-Fi (802.11a/b/g/n/ac); dual channel (2.4 GHz and 5 GHz); HT80 with MIMO

Bluetooth 4.2 technology

Wi-Fi + Cellular Above plus:

UMTS/HSPA/HSPA+/DC-HSDPA (850, 900, 1700/2100, 1900, 2100 MHz); GSM/EDGE (850, 900, 1800, 1900 MHz), CDMA EV-DO Rev. A and Rev. B (800, 1900 MHz), LTE (Bands 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 26, 28, 29, 38, 39, 40, 41), Data only, Includes Apple SIM (U.S., UK, and Germany only)

    		 Above plus:

    UMTS/HSPA/HSPA+/DC-HSDPA (850, 900, 1700/2100, 1900, 2100 MHz); GSM/EDGE (850, 900, 1800, 1900 MHz), CDMA EV-DO Rev. A and Rev. B (800, 1900 MHz), LTE Advanced (Bands 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 12, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 38, 39, 40, 41), Data only, Embedded Apple SIM

    Geolocation Wi-Fi Wi-Fi, Apple location databases, iBeacon microlocation
    Wi-Fi + Cellular Assisted GPS, GLONASS, Apple databases,
    Cellular network, iBeacon microlocation
    Environmental sensors Accelerometer, gyroscope, ambient light sensor,
    magnetometer, barometer
    Battery 3.77 V 38.8 W·h (10,307mA·h) rechargeable lithium‐polymer battery[4] 3.82 V 27.91 W·h (7306mA·h) rechargeable lithium‐polymer battery[33] 3.77 V 30.8 W·h (8134mA·h) rechargeable lithium‐polymer battery[32]
    Dimensions 305.7 mm (12.04 in) (h)

    220.6 mm (8.69 in) (w)

    6.9 mm (0.27 in) (d)

    		 240 mm (9.4 in) (h)

    169.5 mm (6.67 in) (w)

    6.1 mm (0.24 in) (d)

    		 305.7 mm (12.04 in) (h)

    220.6 mm (8.69 in) (w)

    6.9 mm (0.27 in) (d)

    		 250.6 mm (9.87 in) (h)

    174.1 mm (6.85 in) (w)

    6.1 mm (0.24 in) (d)

    Weight Wi-Fi model: 1.57 lb (710 g)

    Wi-Fi + Cellular model: 1.59 lb (720 g)

    		 Wi-Fi: 437 g (0.963 lb)

    Wi-Fi + Cellular: 444 g (0.979 lb)

    		 Wi-Fi model: 677 g (1.49 lb)

    Wi-Fi + Cellular model: 692 g (1.53 lb)

    		 Wi-Fi: 469 g (1.03 lb)

    Wi-Fi + Cellular 477 g (1.05 lb)

    Mechanical keys Home, sleep, volume rocker
    Connector Lightning Connector, Apple Smart Connector
    Additional Features Four speaker audio
    Greenhouse gas emissions 240 kg CO2e[34] 210 kg CO2e[35] 122 kg CO2e[36] 100 kg CO2e[37]

    Timeline

    Source: Apple press release library[38]

    See also

    References

    1. 1 2 3 4 5 "The A9X SoC & More To Come - The iPad Pro Preview: Taking Notes With iPad Pro". AnandTech. November 11, 2015. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
    2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 "iPad Pro - Technical Specifications - Apple". Apple Inc.
    3. 1 2 Smith, Ryan (November 30, 2015). "More on Apple’s A9X SoC". AnandTech. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
    4. 1 2 "iPad Pro Teardown". iFixit. November 11, 2015. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
    5. ↑ "iPad Pro 9.7" Teardown". iFixit. April 4, 2016. Retrieved April 4, 2016.
    6. ↑ "iPad Pro 10.5 inch teardown".
    7. ↑ Love, Julia (September 9, 2015). "Bigger iPad announced at Apple 'monster' event". Reuters. San Francisco. Retrieved September 9, 2015.
    8. ↑ Dillet, Roman (September 9, 2015). "Apple Unveils The iPad Pro". TechCrunch. Retrieved September 9, 2015.
    9. ↑ "Apple - Press Info - Epic 12.9-inch iPad Pro Available to Order Online Wednesday & Arrives in Stores Later This Week". Apple Inc.
    10. 1 2 Seifert, Dan (March 21, 2016). "New iPad Pro announced: $599, 9.7-inch display, weighs less than one pound". The Verge. Retrieved August 14, 2016.
    11. 1 2 "Apple announces new 10.5-inch iPad Pro". Retrieved June 5, 2017.
    12. ↑ "10.5-inch and 12.9-inch 2017 iPad Pro FAQ: Everything you need to know!". iMore. Retrieved 2017-06-15.
    13. ↑ "iPad Accessories". Apple. September 15, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
    14. ↑ Ziegler, Chris (September 9, 2015). "The iPad Pro has an optional Smart Keyboard cover for $169". The Verge. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
    15. ↑ "Hands-on with the iPad Pro's Smart Keyboard". Macworld. Retrieved 2017-06-19.
    16. ↑ "Apple Introduces iPad Pro Featuring Epic 12.9-inch Retina Display". Apple.com. Apple Press Info. Archived from the original on September 11, 2015. Retrieved September 11, 2015.
    17. ↑ Ulanoff, Lance (September 12, 2015). "Apple is not following Jobs' script and that's OK". Mashable. Archived from the original on September 15, 2015. Retrieved September 15, 2015.
    18. ↑ Statt, Nick (September 9, 2015). "Here's why Apple made the stylus that Steve Jobs hated: Styluses and screens have come a long way". The Verge. The Verge. Archived from the original on September 10, 2015. Retrieved September 10, 2015.
    19. ↑ Harley; et al. "United States Patent: 8638320". Patent Full Text. Retrieved September 10, 2015.
    20. ↑ King, Hope. "Apple criticized for Photoshopping smile on woman's face". CNN.com. CNN Money. Archived from the original on September 10, 2015. Retrieved September 10, 2015.
    21. ↑ Price, Rob (September 9, 2015). "Apple just announced a product that Steve Jobs famously hated". Business Insider. Archived from the original on September 15, 2015. Retrieved September 15, 2015.
    22. ↑ Davies, Chris (September 9, 2015). "Apple Pencil for iPad Pro revealed: The stylus’ time has come". Slashgear. Archived from the original on September 10, 2015. Retrieved September 15, 2015.
    23. ↑ iPad Pro 9.7 analysis shows record display performance, iPhone 7 screen upgrade possibilities 9to5 Mac
    24. ↑ "iPad Pro - What's a Computer?". Apple Inc. on YouTube. August 1, 2016. Retrieved August 13, 2016.
    25. ↑ iPad Pro 9.7 review: Apple's best tablet, but it won't replace a laptop
    26. ↑ No, The 9.7 iPad Pro Won't Replace A Windows Laptop - Forbes
    27. ↑ [https://www.pcper.com/reviews/Mobile/Microsoft-Surface-Pro-2017-vs-Apple-iPad-Pro-2017-Best-Productivity-Tablet/Performanc Microsoft Surface Pro (2017) vs. Apple iPad Pro (2017): Best Productivity Tablet] PC Perspective, Retrieved July 31, 2017.
    28. ↑ "Review: The 10.5-inch iPad Pro is much more “pro” than what it replaces". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2017-06-17.
    29. ↑ "Identifying iPad Models".
    30. ↑ "Apple - iPad - View countries with supported LTE networks.".
    31. ↑ "New 2017 iPad Pro Models Now Available in Apple Stores". Retrieved 2017-06-17.
    32. 1 2 "iPad Pro 10.5" Teardown". iFixit. 2017-06-13. Retrieved 2017-06-17.
    33. ↑ "iPad Pro 9.7" Teardown". iFixit. Retrieved April 4, 2016.
    34. ↑ "iPad Pro Environmental Report" (PDF). Apple Inc. November 2015. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
    35. ↑ "9.7-inch iPad Pro Environmental Report" (PDF). Measuring performance. One product at a time. Apple Inc. March 2016. Retrieved March 27, 2016.
    36. ↑ "iPad Pro (12.9-inch) Environmental Report" (PDF). June 5, 2017. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
    37. ↑ "iPad Pro (10.5-inch) Environmental Report" (PDF). June 5, 2017. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
    38. ↑ Apple Inc. (2010–2011). Release Library. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
    Preceded by
    –    		 12.9-inch iPad Pro
    1st generation     		Succeeded by
    12.9-inch iPad Pro 2nd generation
    Preceded by
    –    		 9.7-inch iPad Pro
    1st generation     		Succeeded by
    10.5-inch iPad Pro
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