Hungarian–Romanian War

Hungarian - Romanian War
Part of the 1918–20 revolutions and interventions in Hungary
Romanian Cavalry in Budapest
Date November 1918 - March 1920 Military events: 15 April 1919 - 6 August 1919 Location Hungary Result Romanian victory Collapse of the Hungarian Soviet Republic
Belligerents
First Hungarian Republic (until 21 March 1919) Hungarian Soviet Republic (from 21 March 1919)	Kingdom of Romania
Commanders and leaders
Béla Kun Aurél Stromfeld Ferenc Julier Vilmos Böhm Gyula Peidl	Ferdinand I Henri Berthelot Traian Moşoiu George Mărdărescu Constantin Prezan Ion Antonescu
Strength
10,000—80,000	10,000—96,000
Casualties and losses
unknown dead ~41,000 captured	3,670 dead 11,666 total

The Hungarian–Romanian War was fought between the First Hungarian Republic and the Hungarian Soviet Republic and the Kingdom of Romania. Hostilities began on 15 April 1919 and ended on 3 August 1919. The Romanian army occupied eastern Hungary until 28 March 1920.

Background

Hungary

In 1918, the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy collapsed as a result of its defeat in World War I. On 31 October 1918, the Aster Revolution in Budapest brought Mihály Károlyi, a supporter of the Entente (Allied nations) to power. After World War I, Károlyi yielded to Woodrow Wilson's (US) demand for pacifism by ordering the disarmament of the Hungarian Army. This happened under the direction of Béla Linder, minister of war in the Károlyi government.^[1][2]

On 13 November 1918, Károlyi signed an armistice with the Allied nations in Belgrade. The armistice limited the size of the Hungarian army to six infantry and two cavalry divisions.^[3] Demarcation lines defining the territory to remain under Hungarian control were made. The lines would apply until definitive borders could be established. Under the terms of the armistice, Serbian and French troops advanced from the south, taking control of the Banat and Croatia. Czechoslovakia took control of Upper Hungary and Carpathian Ruthenia. Romanian forces were permitted to advance to the Maros (Mureș) river. However, on 14 November 1918, Serbia occupied Pécs.^[4][5]

The Károlyi government failed to manage both domestic and military issues and lost popular support. On 20 March 1919, Béla Kun, who had been imprisoned in the Markó street prison, was released.^[6] On 21 March 1919, Kun led a successful communist coup d'état. Károlyi was deposed and arrested.^[7] Kun formed a social democratic, communist coalition government and proclaimed the Hungarian Soviet Republic. Days later, the Communists purged the Social Democrats from the government.^[8][9]

The new government promised equality and social justice. It proposed that Hungary be restructured as a federation. The proposal was designed to appeal to both domestic and foreign opinion. Domestic considerations included maintaining the territorial integrity and economic unity of former crown lands, and protecting the nation's borders. The government had popular support and the support of the army. Most of the officers in the Hungarian army came from regions that during World War I had been forcibly occupied. This heightened their patriotic mood.^[10] Hungary as a federation would appeal to President Wilson under his doctrine of self-determination of peoples due to the nation's multi-ethnic composition. In addition, self-governed and self-directed institutions for the non-Magyar peoples of Hungary would lessen the dominance of the Magyar people.^[10]

Romania

In 1916, Romania entered World War I on the side of the Allies. In doing so, Romania's goal was to unite all the territories with a Romanian national majority into one state. In the Treaty of Bucharest (1916), terms for Romania's acquisition of territories within Austria-Hungary were stipulated.

In 1918, after the October Revolution, the Bolsheviks signed a separate peace with the Central Powers in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. Romania was alone on the Eastern Front, a situation that far surpassed its military capabilities. Therefore, on 7 May 1918, Romania sued for peace. The prime minister of Romania, Alexandru Marghiloman signed the Treaty of Bucharest (1918) with the Central Powers. However, this treaty was never signed by King Ferdinand of Romania.

At the end of 1918, Romania's situation was dire. She was suffering from the consequences of punitive war reparations.^[11] Dobruja was under Bulgarian occupation. The German army under the command of Field Marshal August von Mackensen was retreating through Romania. The bulk of the Romanian army was demobilized, leaving only four full-strength divisions. A further eight divisions were left in a reserve status. The four battle-able divisions were used to keep the order and protect Basarabia from possible hostile actions of the Soviet Union.

On 10 November 1918, taking advantage of the Central Powers' precarious situation, Romania reentered the war on the side of the Allied forces with similar objectives to those of 1916. King Ferdinand called for the mobilization of the Romanian Army and ordered it to attack by crossing the Carpathian Mountains into Transylvania. The end of World War I that soon followed, did not bring an end of fighting for the Romanian Army. Its action continued into 1918 and 1919 in the Hungarian - Romanian war.

November 1918 – March 1919

Romanian crossing at Prisăcani and Palanca
Part of Hungarian-Romanian War
Date 13 November 1918 Location Transylvania, now part of Romania Result Beginning of the Hungarian-Romanian War
Belligerents
Kingdom of Hungary	Romania

Following the Treaty of Bucharest (1918), the bulk of the Romanian Army was demobilized. Only the 9th and 10th infantry divisions and the 1st and 2nd cavalry divisions were at full strength. However, those units were engaged in the protection of Bessarabia against the Bolshevik Soviet Russians.

The 1st, 7th and 8th Vânători divisions, stationed in Moldavia, were the first units to be mobilized. The 8th division was sent to Bukovina and the other two divisions were sent to Transylvania. On 13 November 1918, the 7th division entered Transylvania at the Prisăcani River in the Eastern Carpathians. The 1st division then entered Transylvania at Palanca, Bacău.^[12]

On 1 December 1918, the Union of Transylvania with Romania was officiated by the elected representants of the Romanian people of Transylvania who proclaimed a union with Romania. Later, the Transylvanian Saxons and the Banat Swabians also supported the union.^[13][14]

In December 1918, Romanian Army units reached the line of the Maros (Mureş) river. This was a demarcation line agreed upon by the representatives of the Allied powers and Hungary at the Armistice of Belgrade. At the same time, units of the German Army, under the command of Marshal August von Mackensen retreated to the west.

Following a request from Romania, the Allied Command in the East under the leadership of the French general Louis Franchet d'Espèrey allowed the Romanian Army to advance to the line of the Western Carpathians. The 7th Vânători division advanced in the direction of Kolozsvár (Cluj-Napoca). The 1st division advanced in the direction of Gyulafehérvár (Alba-Iulia). On 24 December 1918, units of the Romanian Army entered Kolozsvár. By the 22 January 1919, the Romanian Army controlled all the territory to the Maros (Mureş) river.

The 7th and 1st divisions were spread thin and so the 2nd division was sent to Nagyszeben (Sibiu) and the 6th division to Brassó (Braşov). Two new infantry divisions, the 16th and the 18th, were formed from Romanian soldiers previously mobilized in the Austro-Hungarian army. A unified command of the Romanian army in Transylvania was established. Its headquarters were at Nagyszeben with General Traian Moşoiu in command. Although Romania controlled new territories, they did not encompass all the ethnic Romanian population in the region.

On 28 February 1919, at the Paris Peace Conference, the council of the Allied nations notified Hungary of a new demarcation line to which the Romanian Army would advance. This line coincided with railways connecting Szatmátnémeti (Sătmar), Nagyvárad (Oradea) and Arad. However, the Romanian army was not to enter these cities. A demilitarized zone was to be created, extending from the new demarcation line to 5 km beyond the line. The demilitarized zone represented the extent of the Romanian territorial requests on Hungary. The retreat of the Hungarian Army behind the western border of the demilitarized zone was to begin on 22 March 1919.

On 19 March 1919, Hungary received notification of the new demarcation line and demilitarised zone from the French lieutenant-colonel, Fernand Vix (the "Vix note"). The Károlyi government would not accept the terms and this was a trigger for the coup d'état by Béla Kun who formed the Hungarian Soviet Republic.

Around this time, limited skirmishes took place between the Romanian and Hungarian troops. Some Hungarian elements engaged in the harassment of the Romanian population outside the area controlled by the Romanian Army.^[15]

April 1919 – June 1919

After 21 March 1919, Romania found herself between two nations with communist governments: Hungary to the west and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Soviet Union) to the east. The Romanian delegation at the Paris Peace Conference asked that the Romanian army be allowed to oust Kun's communist government in Hungary.

The Allied council were aware of the communist danger to Romania. However, there was a climate of dissension in the council between Woodrow Wilson (US), David Lloyd George (UK) and Georges Clemenceau (France) about guarantees required by France on its borders with Germany. In particular, the American delegation was convinced that French hardliners around Marshal Foch were trying to initiate a new conflict with Germany and the Soviet Union.

The Allied council did try to defuse the situation between Romania and Hungary. On 4 April 1919, the South African General Jan Smuts was sent to Hungary. He carried the proposition that the Hungarian communist government under Kun abide by the conditions previously presented to Károlyi in the Vix note. Smuts' mission also represented official recognition of the Kun communist government by the Allied council. He may have asked if Kun would act as a conduit for communication between the Allied council and the Boshevik Soviet Russians.^[16]

In exchange for Hungary's agreement to the conditions set out in the Vix note, the Allied powers promised to lift the blockade of Hungary and a take a benevolent attitude towards Hungary's loss of territory to Romania, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. Kun refused the terms, demanding Romanian forces to return to the line of the Maros (Mureş) river and hence, Smuts' negotiations ceased.

Kun stalled for time in order to build a military force capable of fighting Romania and Czechoslovakia. Hungary had 20,000 troops facing the Romanian army and mobilised a further 60,000. There were recruitment centers in towns such as Nagyvárad (Oradea), Gyula (Giula), Debrecen (Debrețin), and Szolnok (Solnoca).

There were some elite units and officers from the former Austro-Hungarian Army but there were also volunteers with little training. The Hungarian troops were equipped with 137 cannons and 5 armored trains. They were motived by nationalist sentiments rather than communist ideals. Kun hoped that the Soviet Union would attack Romania from the east.

When Kun declined the terms of the Vix note, Romania acted to enforce the new railway demarcation line.^{[15]:p. 550.} The Romanian army in Transylvania included 64 infantry battalions, 28 cavalry squadrons, 160 cannons, 32 howitzers, 1 armored train, 3 air squadrons, and 2 pioneer battalions, one north and one south. General George Mărdărescu commanded the Romanian army in Transylvania. The commander of the North battalion was General Moşoiu.

Romania planned to make an offensive action on 16 April 1919. The north battalion was to take Nagykároly (Carei) and Nagyvárad (Oradea). This would separate the elite Hungarian Székely division from the rest of the Hungarian army. The north battalion would then outflank the Hungarian army. Simultaneously, the south battalion would advance to Máriaradna (Radna) and Belényes (Beiuş).

Hostilities begin

When Kun became aware of Romanian preparations for an offensive, he fortified mountain passes in Hungarian territory. Then, on the night of 15 and 16 April 1919, the Hungarian army launched a preemptive attack. The Romanian lines held.

On 16 April 1919, the Romanian army commenced its offensive. In heavy fighting, it took the Hungarian mountain passes. On the front of the 2nd Vânători division, a battalion of Hungarian cadets offered strong resistance against the Romanians. However, they were defeated by the Romanian 9th regiment. By 18 April 1919, the first elements of the Romanian offensive were completed and the Hungarian front was broken.

On 19 April 1919, Romanian forces took Nagykároly (Carei) and on 20 April 1919, they took Nagyvárad (Oradea) and Nagyszalonta (Salonta). Rather than following the instructions of the Vix note, the Romanian army pressed on for the Tisza river, an easily defended natural military obstacle.^[17][18]

The Romanian army reaches the Tisza river

On 23 April 1919, Debrecen was occupied by Romanian forces.^[19] The Romanian army then began preparations for an assault on Békéscsaba. On 25 and 26 April 1919, after some heavy fighting, Békéscsaba fell to Romanian forces. The Hungarian forces retreated to Szolnok (Solnoca) and from there across the Tisza River. They established two concentric defense lines extending from the Tisza River around Szolnok (Solnoca). Between 29 April 1919 and 1 May 1919, the Romanian army broke through these lines. On the evening of 1 May 1919 the entire east bank of the Tisza River was under the control of the Romanian Army.

On 30 April 1919, the French foreign minister, Stéphen Pichon summoned Ion I. C. Brătianu the Romanian representative to the Paris Peace Conference. Romania was told to cease its advance at the Tisza river and to retreat to the first demarcation line imposed by the Allied council. Brătianu promised that the Romanian troops would not cross the Tisza river.

On 2 May 1919, Hungary sued for peace. Kun's request for peace was delivered by his representative, Lieutenant Colonel Henrik Werth. Kun was prepared to recognize all of Romania's territorial demands; requested the cessation of hostilities; and asked for ongoing control of Hungarian internal affairs.

Romania offered an armistice but this was given only under pressure from the Allied council. General Moşoiu became the governor of the military district between the Romanian border and the Tisza river. General Mihăescu became commander of the north battalion. The 7th division was moved to the Russian front in Moldavia.

The Hungarian attack on Czechoslovakia

With cessation of hostilities, Kun worked to improve his battered international position. He argued that the granting of territory, where Hungarians were an ethnic majority, to Czechoslovakia was unjust. He also sought the support of the Bolshevik Soviet Russians.

Kun ordered the preparation of an offensive against Czechoslovakia which would increase his domestic support by making good on his promise to restore Hungary's borders. The Hungarian army recruited men between 19 and 25 years of age. Industrial workers from Budapest volunteered. Many former Austro-Hungarian officers re-enlisted for patriotic reasons. The Hungarian army moved its 1st and 5th artillery divisions (40 battalions) to Upper Hungary (partially modern day Slovakia). On 20 May 1919, a force under Colonel Aurél Stromfeld attacked and routed Czechoslovak troops from Miskolc.

The Romanian army attacked the Hungarian flank with troops from the 16th infantry division and the 2nd Vânători division, aiming to maintain contact with the Czechoslovak army. The Hungarian troops prevailed and the Romanian army retreated to their bridgehead at Tokaj. There, between 25 May 1919 and 30 May 1919, the Romanian forces were required to defend their position against Hungarian attacks. On 3 June 1919, Romania was forced into further retreat but extended their line of defence along the Tisza river and reinforced their position with the 8th division, which had been moving forward from Bukovina since 22 May 1919.

Hungary then controlled the territory to its old borders; regained control of industrial areas around Miskolc, Salgótarján and Selmecbánya; and gained influence in the government of the Slovak Soviet Republic.

Incursions by Bolshevik Soviet Russia

On the 9 of April 1918, Bessarabia united with Romania. The unification act that brought these old Romanian lands within the modern Romanian state was not recognized by Bolshevik Soviet Russia. However, Bolshevik Soviet Russia was occupied with fighting the White movement, Poland, and Ukraine and resources were not available to challenge Romania. The Bolshevik Soviet Russians might have used the Ukranian paramilitary leader, Nikifor Grigoriev to challenge Romania but circumstances for this plan did not prove favourable.

Prior to communist rule in Hungary, Bolshevik Soviet Russia had engaged Odessa Soviet Republic to invade Romania. Odessa made sporadic attacks across the Dniester river in order to reclaim territory from the Bessarabia Governorate. The Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was also used in this way.Romania successfully repelled these incursions. After the commencement of communist rule in Hungary, Bolshevik Soviet Russia pressured Romania with ultimatums and threats of war. Although a Romanian army division and some other newly formed units were moved from the Hungarian front to Bessarabia, these threats did not deter Romania's actions in Hungary.

On 9 February 1918, the Central Powers and Ukraine signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine-Central Powers) which recognised Ukraine as a neutral and independent state. Incursions into Romanian territory ceased.

From January to May 1919, there were some further limited actions by the Bolshevik Soviet Russians against Romania. In late January 1919, the Ukrainian army under Bolshevik Soviet Russian command, moved towards Zbruch. The Ukranian forces took Khotyn, a largely Ukranian town which had been occupied by Romania since 10 November 1918. The Ukranian forces held Khotyn for a few days before being routed by the Romanian army.

At the time, Bolshevik Soviet Russia was fending off attacks by the Armed Forces of South Russia led by Anton Denikin. Three French and two Greek army divisions under General d'Anselme (France), with support from Polish, Ukrainian and Russian volunteers, attacked Bolshevik Soviet Russia near Odessa. On 21 March 1919, in support of the allied attack, Romanian troops of the 39th regiment occupied Tiraspol.

In April 1919 at Berzov, the Bolshevik Soviet Russian 3rd army defeated d'Anselme's forces who retreated towards Odessa. In late April 1919, a change in government in France led to withdrawal of the Allied forces from Odessa. The troops left by ship, abandoning some heavy equipment. Some troops, with Ukranian and Russian volunteers, retreated through southern Bessarabia. At the same time, the Romanian army fortified its positions in Bessarabia.

On 1 May 1919, the Bolshevik Soviet Russian foreign minister, Georgy Chicherin issued an ultimatum to the Romanian government. Romania was ordered to leave Bessarabia. Under the command of Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko, Bolshevik Soviet Russian troops gathered along the Dniester river in preparation of a large attack on Bessarabia on 10 May 1919. Bolshevik Soviet Russian attacks in Bessarabia intensified, peaking on the 27 and 28 May 1919 with an action at Tighina. In preparation of this attack, the Bolshevik Soviet Russians threw manifestos from a plane, inviting the Allied troops to fraternize with them. Sixty French soldiers crossed the Dniester river to support the Russians. The Bolshevik Soviet Russian forces entered Tighina and held the town for a number of hours.

The Romanian army 4th and 5th infantry divisions were moved to Bessarabia. In southern Bessarabia, a territorial command unit formed by the Romanian Army 15th infantry division was established. By the end of June 1919, tensions in the area had eased.

July 1919 – August 1919

The Allied council was deeply displeased by the Romanian advance to the Tisza river. Some blamed Romania for the loss of Hungary to communist rule. The Allied council asked Romania to retreat to the first railway demarcation line and commence negotiations with the Kun government. Romania persisted at the Tisza line.

The Allied council pressured Hungary to stop her incursions into Czechoslovakia, threatening a coordinated action against Hungary by French, Serb and Romanian forces from the south and the east. However, the Allied council also promised favour to Hungary in subsequent peace negotiations in delineating Hungary's new borders. On 12 June 1919, the Allied council discussed Hungary's proposed new borders with Hungary, Romania, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia.

On 23 June 1919, Hungary signed an armistice with Czechoslovakia. By 4 July 1919, the Hungarian army had retreated 15 km south of the Hungarian-Czechoslovak demarcation line. The Allied council demanded that Romania leave Tiszántúl and respect the new borders. Romania said she would only do so after the Hungarian army demobilised. Kun said he would continue to depend on the might of his army.

On 11 July 1919, the Allied council ordered Marshal Ferdinand Foch to prepare a coordinated attack against Hungary using Serb, French and Romanian forces. Hungary, in turn, prepared for action along the Tisza river.^[20]

The Romanian army faced the Hungarian army along the Tisza river front line over a distance of 250 kilometres (160 mi). The front extended from beyond Szeged in the south (adjacent to French and Serb troops) to Tokaj in the north (adjacent to Czechoslovak troops). On 17 July 1919, Hungary attacked.

Hungarian army July 1919

In comparison to April 1919, the Hungarian army in July 1919 was better organized, better equipped, and highly motivated on patriotic grounds. It was encouraged by recent successes against Czechoslovakia. Kun's political commissaries directed the Hungarian army, supported by experienced professional military officers. Commanders of small units were experienced soldiers. The Hungarian army mustered 100 infantry battalions (50,000 men), 10 cavalry squadrons (1365 men), 69 artillery batteries of calibres up to 305 mm, and nine armored trains. The troops were organized into three groups: north, central and south. The central group was the strongest.

Hungary planned to cross the Tisza river with all three groups. The north group would advance towards Szatmárnémeti (Satu Mare); the central group to Nagyvárad (Oradea); and the south group to Arad. The aim was to ignite a communist uprising in Romania and incite Bolshevik Soviet Russia to attack Bessarabia.

Romanian army July 1919

The Romanian army was composed of 92 battalions (48,000 men), 58 cavalry squadrons (12,000 men), 80 artillery batteries of calibres up to 155 mm, two armored trains and some support units. They were positioned along three lines. The first line was manned by the 16th division in the north and the 18th division in the south. More powerful units manned the second line: the 2nd Vânători division in the north, concentrated in and around Nyíregyháza (Mestecănești), and the 1st Vânători division in the south, concentrated in and aroundBékéscsaba (Bichișciaba). The third line was manned by Romania's strongest units: the 1st and 6th infantry divisions, the 1st and 2nd cavalry divisions, and support units. The third line lay on the railway from Nagykároly (Carei), through Nagyvárad (Oradea) and north of Arad. The 20th and the 21st infantry divisions were tasked with maintaining public order behind the third line.

The first line was thin, as it was supposed to fight delaying actions until the true intentions of the attacking Hungarian army was revealed. After that, together with troops in the second line, the first line was to be held until troops in the third line could mount a counterattack. The Romanian command planned to use the railways under their control to move troops. The Romanians were highly motivated to fight to unify all the lands of Romanian peoples into one nation. This long yearned for goal was supported by Woodrow Wilson's principles of self-determination and nation state. The Romanian soldier was usually a World War I veteran.

Hungarian offensive

Northern arena

From 17 July 1919 to 20 July 1919, the Hungarian army bombarded the Romanian army positions and conducted reconnaissance operations. On 20 July 1919 at about 3:00 AM, after a violent bombardment, the Hungarian infantry including all three groups crossed the Tisza river and attacked Romanian army positions.

On 20 July 1919, in the northern arena, the Hungarian army took Rakamaz and some nearby villages. Troops of the Romanian 16th and 2nd Vânători divisions took back the villages directly and regained Rakamaz the next day. The Hungarian army renewed its efforts and, supported by artillery fire, retook Rakamaz and two nearby villages but could not break out of the Rakamaz bridgehead. The Hungarian forces attempted to outflank the Romanian army positions by crossing the Tisza river at Tiszafüred (Orveni) with troops of the 80th international brigade. There, they were halted by troops of the Romanian 16th division.

On 24 July 1919, the Romanian 20th infantry division, brought in as reinforcements, cleared the bridgehead at Tiszafüred. Not being able to break out of Rakamaz, the Hungarian troops fortified their positions and redeployed some troops. There was a lull in fighting in the north, as the Romanian troops did the same.

On 26 July 1919, the Romanian army attacked and by 10:00 PM had cleared the Rakamaz bridgehead. This left the Romanian army in control of the northern part of the Tisza's eastern bank.

Southern arena

In the southern area, during a two day battle, the Hungarian 2nd division took Szentes from the 89th and the 90th regiments of the Romanian 18th division. On 21 and 22 July 1919, Hódmezővásárhely changed hands several times between Hungarian troops and Romanian troops of the 90th infantry regiment supported by the 1st Vânători brigade. On 23 July 1919, the Romanian forces reoccupied Hódmezővásárhely, Szentes (Sântamăria) and Mindszent. The Romanian army controlled the eastern bank of the Tisza river in this sector which allowed the 1st Vânători brigade to move to the centre.

On 20 July 1919, Hungarian forces established a solid bridgehead on the east bank of the Tisza at Szolnok (Solnoca), opposed by the Romanian 91st regiment of the 18th infantry division. The Hungarian army moved the 6th and 7th divisions across the Tisza river, formed up within the bridgehead, then attacked the Romanian troops in the first line of defence.The Hungarian 6th infantry division took Törökszentmiklós (Sânmiclăuș Turcesc); the 7th division advanced towards Mezőtúr and the 5th division advanced towards Túrkeve (Turchevia).

On 22 July 1919, Hungarian forces crossed the Tisza river at a point 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of Szolnok (Solnoca) and took Kunhegyes from the Romanian 18th Vânători regiment. The Romanian 18th division was reinforced with units from the second line, including some troops from the 1st cavalry division, and the entire 2nd Vânători brigade. On 23 July 1919, Hungarian forces took Túrkeve (Turchevia) and Mezőtúr. The Hungarian army controlled an area 80 kilometres (50 mi) in length along the bank of the Tisza river and 60 kilometres (37 mi) in depth to the east of the Tisza river at Szolnok (Solnoca).

The Romanian army undertook manoeuvres to the north of this Hungarian territory. General Davidoglu commanding the 2nd cavalry division formed closest to the river. General Obogeanu commanding the 1st infantry division formed in the centre and General Olteanu commanding the 6th infantry division formed furthest to the east.

Romanian counter attack

On 24 July 1919, the Romanian army northern manoeuvre group attacked. Elements of the 2nd cavalry division, supported by troops of the 18th infantry division took Kunhegyes. The Romanian 1st infantry division attacked the Hungarian 6th infantry division and took Fegyvernek. The Romanian 6th division was less successful, being counterattacked on the left flank by the Hungarian reserve formations. Altogether, the attack pushed back the Hungarian army 20 kilometres (12 mi). The Romanian force was supported by the 2nd Vânători division and some cavalry units when they became available.

On 25 July 1919, fighting continued. The Hungarian forces counterattacked at Fegyvernek, engaging the Romanian 1st infantry division. With their lines breaking, the Hungarian troops began a retreat towards the Tisza river bridge at Szolnok. On 26 July 1919, Hungarian troops destroyed the bridge. By the end of that day, the east bank of the Tisza river was once again under Romanian control.

Romanian forces cross the Tisza river

After repelling the Hungarian attack, the Romanian army prepared to cross the Tisza river. The 7th infantry division returned from Bessarabia. The 2nd infantry division and some smaller infantry and artillery units also returned. The Romanian army massed 119 battalions (84,000 men), 99 artillery batteries with 392 guns and 60 cavalry squadrons (12,000 men). The Hungarian forces continued an artillery bombardment. From 27 to 29 July 1919, the Romanian army tested the strength of the Hungarian defence with small attacks. A plan was made to cross the Tisza river near Fegyvernek, where the river makes a turn.

At night, on 29 and 30 July 1919, the Romanian army crossed the Tisza river. Decoy operations were mounted at other points along the river bringing intense artillery duels. The Romanian forces held the element of surprise. On 31 July 1919, the Hungarian army retreated towards Budapest.

Romanian forces occupy Budapest

The Romanian forces continued their advance towards Budapest. On 3 August 1919, under the command of General Rusescu, three squadrons of the 6th cavalry regiment of the 4th brigade entered Budapest. Until midday on 4 August 1919, 400 Romanian soldiers with two artillery guns, held Budapest. Then, the bulk of the Romanian troops arrived in the city and a parade was held through the city centre in front of the commander, General Moşoiu. The Romanian forces continued their advance into Hungary and stopped at Győr.

The incursion of Romania into Hungary caused the heaviest fighting of the war. The Romanian army casualties were 123 officers and 6,434 soldiers. 39 officers and 1,730 soldiers died. 81 officers and 3,125 soldiers were wounded. Three officers and 1,579 soldiers became missing in action.

To 8 August 1919, the Romanian army captured 1,235 Hungarian officers and 40,000 soldiers, seized 350 guns, including two with a caliber of 305 mm, 332 machine guns, 52,000 rifles and 87 airplanes.

Sequelae

On 2 August 1919, Kun fled Hungary towards the Austrian border and eventually reached the Soviet Union. A socialist government under the leadership of Gyula Peidl was installed in Budapest with the assistance of the Allied council but its tenure was short lived.

The counter-revolutionary White House Fraternal Association attempted to instate Archduke Joseph August of Austria as Hungary's head of state and István Friedrich as prime minister. However, the Allied council would not accept a Habsburg as head of state in Hungary and hence, a new government was needed.

Romanian occupation of Hungary

Romania occupied all of Hungary with the exception of an area around Lake Balaton. There, Admiral Miklós Horthy formed a militia with arms from Romania.^{[15]:p. 612} Horthy was preparing to be Hungary's new leader at the end of Romanian occupation. Horthy's supporters included some far-right nationalists.^[21] Horthy's supporters also included members of the White Guards who had persecuted Bolsheviks and the Hungarian Jewish peoples, whom they perceived as a communist group given their disproportionate participation in Kun's government.^{[15]:p. 616[22]:p. 80 - 86 and 120.} Horthy's nationalists and Romanian troops took steps to protect Hungary's Jewish peoples. The Romanian occupying force also took punitive actions against any revolutionary elements in areas under their control.^[23]

Initially, Romanian troops provided policing and administrative services in occupied Hungary. Later, under pressure from the Allied council, these roles were returned to the Hungarian people.^{[22]:p. 52}However, in Budapest, only 600 carbines were provided to arm 3,700 policemen.

Romanian reparations

The Allied council was discontented with Romania's conduct during much of the Hungarian-Romanian war. Romania did not follow the Allied council's instructions, for example, by moving west of the Tisza river and by demanding large reparations.^{[24][25][22]:p. xxii and xxviii}

The Allied council decided that Hungary should pay war reparations in common with the Central Powers. The council pressured Romania to accept the supervision of an Inter-Allied Military Mission to superintend the disarmament of the Hungarian army and to see the Romanian troops withdraw.^{[22]:p. xxviii[15]:p. 614}

The Inter-Allied Military Mission committee included General Harry Hill Bandholtz (US) who wrote a detailed diary of the events^[22] Reginald Gorton (Great Britain), Jean César Graziani (France), and Ernesto Mombelli (Italy).^{[22]:p. 32} Lieutenant Colonel Guido Romanelli (Italy), Mombelli's secretary and former military representative of the Supreme Council in Budapest was accused of being biased against Romania and so was replaced.^{[15]:p. 616}

The relationship between the Inter-Allied Military Mission and Romania was one of discord.^{[22]:p. 45[26]}

The Allied council requested Romania not make their own requisition for reparations and to return any captured military assets.^{[15]:p. 615} The Inter-Allied Military Mission requested Romania return to Hungary the largely Hungarian populated territiory between the Tisza river and the first line of demarcation.

Romania, under the leadership of Prime Minister Ion Brătianu did not comply with the requests of the Inter-Allied Military Mission. On 15 November 1919, the Allied council denied Romania reparations from Germany.^{[15]:p. 635}

The outcome of the negotiations was that Bratianu resigned his prime ministership; Romania received one percent of the total reparations from Germany and limited amounts from Bulgaria and Turkey; Romania signed a peace treaty with Austria; Romania kept reparations from Hungary; and Romania's border with Hungary was determined.^{[15]:p. 646}

Hungary saw the Romanian conditions of armistice as harsh. She saw the requisitioning of quotas of goods as looting.^{[15]:p. 614} She was also required to pay the expenses of the occupying troops.

Romania sought to prevent Hungary from re-arming, and sought retribution for the plunder of her land by the Central Powers during World War I.^[11][27] Romania, having been denied by the Allied council, also sought compensation for their entire war effort.

Under the terms of the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919) concerning Austria and the Treaty of Trianon concerning Hungary, Romania had to pay a "liberation fee" of 230 millions gold francs to each. Romania also had to assume a share of the public debt of Austria-Hungary corresponding to the size of the former Austria-Hungary territories it now held.^{[15]:p. 646}

In early 1920, Romanian troops departed Hungary. They took with them resources including foodstuffs, mineral ores, and transportation and factory equipment.^[28]

Hungary ceded all war materials, except for the weapons necessary for to arm the troops under Horthy's command. Hungary handed to Romania her entire armament industry as well as fifty percent of the railway rolling stock (800 locomotives and 19,000 cars), thirty percent of all livestock, thirty percent of all agricultural tools, and 35,000 wagons of cereals and fodder.

The Allied council confiscated any goods taken by Romania after the Treaty of Bucharest (1918).^[29]

Controversy exists as to whether Romania's actions mounted to looting in terms of the volume and indiscriminate nature of goods removed from Hungary. Even private motor vehicels could be requisitioned.^{[22]:p. 131[27][30][29][31]}

Although public entities in occupied Hungary bore the brunt of the Romanian-imposed reparation quotas, where these were not enough, the Romanian occupation authorities requisitioned quotes from privately entities, including cattle, horses and grain from farms.^{[22]:p. 128[15]:p. 612, and 615 - 616}

Order of battle

• Phase I
  • Romanian Army
    • 1st Vânători division
    • 2nd Vânători division
    • 7th Vânători division
    • 6th infantry division
    • 16th infantry division
    • 18th infantry division
• Phase II
  • Romanian Army
    • Northern Group (gen. Mosoiu)
      • gen. Olteanu Group
        • two infantry battalions
        • one cavalry brigade
        • one artillery battery
      • 2nd cavalry division (Baia Mare)
      • 7th Vânători division (Zalău)
      • 6th infantry division (Huedin)
      • Group Reserve
      • 16th infantry division (Dej)
    • Southern Group (gen. Mărdărescu)
      • 2nd Vânători division (Roşia)
      • Beiuş regiment
      • Group Reserve
      • 1st Vânători division (Deva)
    • Army Reserve
      • 18th infantry division
• Phase III
  • Romanian Army
    • Northern Group
      • 16th infantry division (first line)
      • 2nd Vânători division
    • Southern Group
      • 18th infantry division (first line)
      • 1st Vânători division
    • Army Reserve
      • 1st infantry division
      • 6th infantry division
      • 20th infantry division
      • 21st infantry division
      • 1st cavalry division
      • 2nd cavalry division
  • Hungarian Army
    • Northern Group (Tokaj)
      • 2nd Székely brigade
      • 3rd Székely brigade
      • 39th infantry battalion
      • Szanto detachment
      • Group Reserve (Miskolc)
      • 1st infantry division
    • Central Group (Szolnok)
      • 5th infantry division
      • 6th infantry division
      • 7th infantry division
      • 80th international inf. brigade
      • Group Reserve (Cegléd)
      • half of the 3rd infantry division
    • South Group (Csongrád)
      • 2nd infantry division
      • Group Reserve (Kistelek)
      • 4th infantry division
    • Army Reserve (Abony-Cegléd)
      • half of the 3rd infantry division
      • one cavalry regiment

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hungarian-Romanian War of 1919.

• Union of Transylvania with Romania
• Treaty of Trianon
• Hungarian–Czechoslovak War

References

Bibliography