Human rights in Qatar

Qatar
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Administrative divisions (municipalities)

The state of human rights in Qatar is a concern for several non-governmental organizations. Sharia law is the main source of Qatari legislation according to Qatar's constitution.[1][2] Flogging and stoning as forms of punishment are legal in Qatar due to Sharia law.

According to Human Rights Watch in June 2012, hundreds of thousands of mostly South Asian migrant workers in construction in Qatar risk serious exploitation and abuse, sometimes amounting to forced labor.[3]

Sharia law

Sharia law is the main source of Qatari legislation according to Qatar's constitution.[1][2] Sharia law is applied to laws pertaining to family law, inheritance, and several criminal acts (including adultery, robbery and murder). In some cases in Sharia-based family courts, a female's testimony is worth half a man's and in some cases a female witness is not accepted at all.[4] Codified family law was introduced in 2006. In practice, Qatar's legal system is a mixture of civil law and Islamic law.[5][6]

Flogging is used in Qatar as a punishment for alcohol consumption or illicit sexual relations.[7] Article 88 of Qatar's criminal code declares the punishment for adultery is 100 lashes.[8] Adultery is punishable by death when a Muslim woman and a non-Muslim man are involved.[8] In 2006, a Filipino woman was sentenced to 100 lashes for adultery.[8] In 2010, at least 18 people (mostly foreign nationals) were sentenced to flogging of between 40 and 100 lashes for offences related to “illicit sexual relations” or alcohol consumption.[9] In 2011, at least 21 people (mostly foreign nationals) were sentenced to floggings of between 30 and 100 lashes for offences related to “illicit sexual relations” or alcohol consumption.[9] In 2012, six expatriates were sentenced to floggings of either 40 or 100 lashes.[7] Only Muslims considered medically fit were liable to have such sentences carried out. It is unknown if the sentences were implemented.[10] More recently in April 2013, a Muslim expatriate was sentenced to 40 lashes for alcohol consumption.[11][12][13] In June 2014, a Muslim expatriate was sentenced to 40 lashes for consuming alcohol and driving under the influence.[14] Judicial corporal punishment is common in Qatar due to the Hanbali interpretation of Sharia Law.

Stoning is a legal punishment in Qatar, although it has never been used.[15] Apostasy is a crime punishable by the death penalty in Qatar.[16] Blasphemy is punishable by up to seven years in prison and proselytizing any religion other than Islam can be punished by up to 10 years in prison.[16] Homosexuality is a crime punishable in sharia by the death penalty for Muslims, though in Qatar the penalty for consenting males is up to 5 years in prison.[17]

Alcohol consumption is partially legal in Qatar; some five-star luxury hotels are allowed to sell alcohol to their non-Muslim customers.[18][19] Muslims are not allowed to consume alcohol in Qatar, and Muslims caught consuming alcohol are liable to flogging or deportation. Non-Muslim expatriates can obtain a permit to purchase alcohol for personal consumption. The Qatar Distribution Company (a subsidiary of Qatar Airways) is permitted to import alcohol and pork; it operates the one and only liquor store in the country, which also sells pork to holders of liquor licences.[20] Qatari officials have also indicated a willingness to allow alcohol in "fan zones" at the 2022 FIFA World Cup.[21]

Until recently, restaurants on the Pearl-Qatar (a man-made island near Doha) were allowed to serve alcoholic drinks.[18][19] In December 2011, however, restaurants on the Pearl were told to stop selling alcohol.[18][22] No explanation was given for the ban.[18][19] Speculation about the reason includes the government's desire to project a more pious image in advance of the country's first election of a royal advisory body and rumours of a financial dispute between the government and the resort's developers.[22]

In 2014, Qatar launched a modesty campaign to remind tourists of the modest dress code.[23] Female tourists are advised not to wear leggings, miniskirts, sleeveless dresses and short or tight clothing in public. Men are advised against wearing only shorts and singlets.[24]

As of 2014, certain provisions of the Qatari Criminal Code allows punishments such as flogging and stoning to be imposed as criminal sanctions. The UN Committee Against Torture found that these practices constituted a breach of the obligations imposed by the UN Convention Against Torture.[25][26] Qatar retains the death penalty, mainly for threats against national security.

Labour

Forced labour

According to the US State Department, expatriate workers from nations throughout Asia and parts of Africa are routinely subjected to forced labor and, in some instances, prostitution.[27] Most of these people voluntarily migrate to Qatar as low-skilled laborers or domestic servants, but are subsequently subjected to conditions indicative of involuntary servitude. Some of the more common labor rights violations include beatings, withholding of payment, charging workers for benefits which are nominally the responsibility of the amir, severe restrictions on freedom of movement (such as the confiscation of passports, travel documents, or exit permits), arbitrary detention, threats of legal action, and sexual assault.[27] Many migrant workers arriving for work in Qatar have paid exorbitant fees to recruiters in their home countries – a practice that makes workers highly vulnerable to forced labor once in Qatar.[27]

Like other Persian Gulf nations, Qatar has sponsorship laws, which have been widely criticized as "modern-day slavery."[28] Under the provisions of Qatar's sponsorship law, sponsors have the unilateral power to cancel workers' residency permits, Denmark workers' ability to change employers, report a worker as "absconded" to police authorities, and deny permission to leave the country.[27] As a result, sponsors may restrict workers' movements and workers may be afraid to report abuses or claim their rights, which contribute to their forced labor situation.[27]

Domestic servants are particularly vulnerable to trafficking since they are isolated inside homes and are not covered under the provisions of the labor law.[27] Qatar is also a destination for women who migrate for legitimate purposes and subsequently become involved in prostitution, but the extent to which these women are subjected to forced prostitution is unknown.[27] Some of these victims may be runaway domestic workers who have fallen prey to forced prostitution by individuals who exploit their illegal status.[27]

The Government states that it is doing a good job with regards to human rights[29] and treatment of laborers. The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) was established in 2002 to safeguard and consolidate human rights for everyone subject to the jurisdiction under the state.[30] In a bid to combat Human trafficking, Sheikha Mozah bint Nasser Al-Missned established the Qatar Foundation on Combating Human Trafficking (QFCHT). To promote more awareness in this area, the Ritz-Carlton Doha, created the World's largest Cake for the QFCHT Sculpture.[31]

Qatari contracting agency Barwa is building a residential area for laborers known as Barwa Al Baraha (also called Workers City). The project was launched after a recent scandal in Dubai's Labor camps, and aims to provide a reasonable standard of living as defined by the new Human Rights Legislation.[32] The overall cost of the project is estimated at around $1.1 billion and will be an integrated city in the Industrial area of Doha. Along with 4.25 square metres of living space per person, the residential project will provide recreational areas and services for laborers. Phase one of the project is set to be completed at the end of 2008 while all phases will be complete by mid 2010.[33]

Qatar Airways, the country's national airline, has long been criticized for its treatment of its lower level employees including flight attendants. Abuses include firing employees without apparent reason, low wages, overworking hours. Employees have also been reported to be unlawfully detained by the airline without charge. Deportations by the airline of its employees to their home countries without reason has also been reported.[34]

FIFA World Cup preparations and reported abuses

The construction boom in Qatar began well in advance of Qatar winning the hosting rights to the 2022 FIFA World Cup. When the Emir Sheikh Hamad Al Thani took control of the country from his father in 1995 he opened Qatar up to foreign investment and began the construction of the world’s biggest LNG terminals in Ras Laffan with the granting of concessions to ExxonMobil, Royal Dutch Shell and Total S.A.. Over 100,000 workers were brought into the country to build Ras Laffan, and an estimated 1 million (of the country’s total population of 2 million) workers are currently living in Qatar helping to build the country. In 1995, when Sheikh Hamad took control, the total migrant population was around 370,000.[35]

In 2013 Amnesty International published reports showing that unpaid migrant workers were left to go hungry. According to the report, workers are being "treated like cattle."[36] According to a report by the Guardian (and based on documents obtained at the Nepalese embassy in Qatar) dozens of Nepalese migrant laborers had died in Qatar in just a few weeks around September 2013, and thousands more were enduring appalling labor abuses.[37] According to their analysis, current construction practices will have resulted in over 4,000 deaths by the time of the 2022 event.[37] As of December 2013, FIFA has investigated but taken no action to force Qatar to improve worker conditions.[36] This figure is denied by the Qatari authorities, who argue that it is misleading since it includes all causes of death in a population of close to one million and over an eight-year period.

British law firm DLA Piper was instructed in 2012 by Sheikha Moza bint Nasser, President of Qatar Foundation, to undertake a review of migrant worker conditions. Following the recommendations made, Qatar Foundation created the Migrant Workers Welfare Charter which applies minimum requirements with respect to the recruitment, living and working conditions, as well as the general treatment of workers engaged in construction and other projects. The mandatory standards will be incorporated into agreements between Qatar Foundation and all its contractors, who are required to comply with the requirements and rules. Contractors and sub-contractors found to be violating the regulations have been blacklisted from future tenders.[38]

The Supreme Committee for Delivery and Legacy, the 2022 World Cup organising committee, followed this measure in mid-2014 with its own regulations and blacklisted a number of companies. A BBC reporting crew was jailed for two days without charge, after attempting to meet migrant workers.[39]

In August 2015, the Ministry of Labour announced that all companies in Qatar would be required to pay their employees by electronic transfers. The rule is aimed at contractors who withhold salaries or make late payments.[40]

The Department for Human Rights at the Ministry of Labour and the National Committee for Human Rights are responsible for the monitoring of abuses in Qatar.

Immigrant labor and human trafficking

Qatar is a destination for men and women from South Asia and Southeast Asia who migrate willingly, but are subsequently trafficked into involuntary servitude as domestic workers and laborers, and, to a lesser extent, commercial sexual exploitation. The most common offense was forcing workers to accept worse contract terms than those under which they were recruited. Other offenses include bonded labor, withholding of pay, restrictions on movement, arbitrary detention, and physical, mental, and sexual abuse.[41]

According to the "Trafficking in Persons" report by the U.S. State Department, men and women who are lured into Qatar by promises of high wages are often forced into underpaid labor. The report states that Qatari laws against forced labor are rarely enforced, and that labor laws often result in the detention of victims in deportation centers, pending the completion of legal proceedings. The report places Qatar at tier 3, as one of the countries that neither satisfies the minimum standards, nor demonstrates significant efforts to come into compliance.[42][43]

The government maintains that it is setting the benchmark when it comes to human rights and treatment of laborers.[44]

In common with other Arab countries of the Persian Gulf, sponsorship laws exist in Qatar. These laws have been widely described as akin to modern-day slavery.[45] The sponsorship system (kafeel or kafala) exists throughout the GCC, apart from Bahrain, and means that a worker (not a tourist) may not enter the country without having a kafeel; cannot leave without the kafeel`s permission (an exit permit must first be awarded by the sponsor, or kafeel); and the sponsor has the right to ban the employee from entering Qatar within 2–5 years of his first departure. Various governmental sponsors have recently exercised their right to prevent employees from leaving the country, effectively holding them against their will for no good reason. Some individuals after resigning have not been issued with their exit permits, denying them their basic right to leave the country. Many sponsors do not allow the transfer of one employee to another sponsor. This does not apply to special sponsorship of a Qatar Financial Center-sponsored worker, where it is encouraged and regulated that sponsorship should be uninhibited and assistance should be given to allow for such transfers of sponsorship. In May 2014, Ali bin Samikh al-Marri, Chairman of Qatar's National Human Rights Committee (NHRC), said that Doha had officially announced the end of the current sponsorship system, and had passed a new law replacing it with a new one in which contracts are signed between the workers and their employers. As well as replacing the exit permit with a new electronic system that will be managed by the Interior Ministry. The consequences of employers violating this system are subject to a fine of nearly $15,000.[46]

Barwa, a Qatari contracting agency, is constructing a residential area for laborers known as Barwa Al Baraha (also called "Worker's City"). The project was launched after a recent scandal in Dubai's labor camps. The project aims to provide a reasonable standard of living as defined by the new Human Rights Legislation.[47] The Barwa Al Baraha will cost around $1.1 billion and will be a completely integrated city in the industrial area in Doha. Along with 4.25 square meters of living space per person, the residential project will provide parks, recreational areas, malls, and shops for laborers. Phase one of the project was set to be completed by the end of 2008, and the project itself is set to be completed by the middle of 2010.[48]

Women in Qatar

Women in Qatar vote and may run for public office. Qatar enfranchised women at the same time as men in connection with the May 1999 elections for a Central Municipal Council.[49][50] It was the first Arab country in the Persian Gulf to allow women the right to vote.[51] These elections—the first ever in Qatar—were deliberately held on 8 March 1999, International Women's Day.[49]

Qatar sent female athletes to the 2012 Summer Olympics that began on 27 July in London. Only Expat Women who were naturalized and recruited especially to represent the country participated; there are no Qatari women that are allowed by their families to participate in any kind of Sports due to the nature of the Qatari culture.[52]

First Female Judge in Qatar is Sheikha Maha Mansour Salman Jasim Al Thani. She is a law school graduate from Qatar University and was sworn into the post in 2010. [53]

Labor force participation for women in Qatar is roughly 51%, which is higher than the world average, and is the highest rate in the Arab world.[54]

Gender wage gap

Both Qatari and non-Qatari women are affected by the wage gap, in which they are being paid 25 to 50 percent less than men, despite the fact that their working hours are comparable with that of men’s, the gulf greatly partakes in social allowances for men which include amenities such as housing, and travel allotments, that female employees are less likely to receive.[55]

Abortion laws in Doha

Many women who get pregnant with an illegitimate child are jailed. Non-citizens who are forced to have Sponsors are usually denied the right to leave Qatar and therefore, are forced to seek refuge and council from their embassy. Despite the effort of embassies many still land in jail. According to Dr. Najeeb al-Nuaimi, who is a criminal lawyer and former justice minister of Qatar, many women are able to avoid or be released from prison if they get married to the father of their baby, at which point, with her husband she is able to leave the country.[56]

Individual rights

Capital punishment

Qatar retains the death penalty, primarily for espionage,[57] or other threats against national security.[58] Apostasy is also considered a capital offense, but there have been no recorded applications of the death penalty for this charge.

Corporal punishment

Flogging is used in Qatar as a punishment for alcohol consumption or illicit sexual relations. According to Amnesty International, in 2012 at least six foreign nationals were sentenced to floggings of either 40 or 100 lashes.[59] This is only applied for Muslims

Freedom of expression

A demonstration held for Mohammed al-Ajami outside the Qatari embassy in Washington, D.C.

Freedom of expression is the political right to communicate one's opinions and ideas. A life sentence was handed to critics of government during the 2012 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Qatar to a Qatari poet Mohammed al-Ajami, also known as Mohammed Ibn al-Dheeb. Observers were not allowed to enter the court, and al-Ajami himself was not present at the sentencing.[60] All the information available points to Mohammed al-Ajami being a prisoner of conscience who had been placed behind bars solely for his words.[61] Al-Ajami was released from prison in March 2016 after a royal pardon commuted his sentence [62]

A new cyber law, which passed in late September 2014, severely limited the freedom of speech, and freedom of expression rights, granting the government and authorities the right for criminal punishment with jail time of up to 3 years, and fines around 500,000 QR for "content that may harm the country". The new law also states that the authority may in each individual case judge whether the content is suited or not. No guidelines or references are currently available to say what type of content is allowed.[63]

Residency and naturalization

Qatar is a country known for huge discrimination between expatriates and citizens; Qatar does not maintain wage standards for its immigrant labor, and does not permit labor unions. Under the provisions of Qatar's sponsorship law, sponsors have the unilateral power to cancel workers' residency permits, deny workers' ability to change employers, report a worker as "absconded" to police authorities, and deny permission to leave the country. As a result, sponsors may restrict workers' movements and workers may be afraid to report abuses or claim their rights.[64]

Qatar's government is keen to protect the status quo and doesn't want to compromise its cultural values or standard of living by allowing foreigners to become a permanent part of society. The only route to becoming a naturalized citizen is by marriage to a national; even this, however, doesn't guarantee citizenship, particularly for non-Muslims.

In exceptional circumstances only, Qatar's ruler might grant citizenship to a foreigner who has provided outstanding service to the state over a number of years. A generous employer might reward a loyal worker who has made a major contribution to the company over many years by providing him with a work and residence permit renewable each year, until the employee reaches the age of 60. After one's retirement, however, the employer would have to be a figure of considerable influence to maintain this gift and satisfy the labor authorities. In this case, one wouldn't be a citizen, but merely be allowed to remain in the country indefinitely based on yearly renewable permits, in most of cases the retired person who reaches 60 years old has to leave the country and end his contract but he can return upon granting of a special visa.

Also, Qatari authorities oblige the employers for not issuing a contract for more than 20 consecutive years; there is no chance for workers and employees to get the visa renewed if the contract has passed 20 years with the same employer. This is because the Qatari government does not want to commit itself to paying pensions or retirement end of service for people who lived for 20 years, and at the same time avoids the possibility that the person may ask for nationality or citizenship.

Children of foreigners born in Qatar don't have rights of local citizenship and automatically assume the nationality of the parents. Only if the father is a national of Qatar, the child will usually be granted local nationality and may later become a national of Qatar and obtain a local passport. If the father is a foreigner and the mother is a Qatari citizen the child is not granted any citizenship rights.

In many cases, the child isn't affected, but any children that he has might not enjoy the same rights of nationality, citizenship, abode, etc. as his parents and grandparents.[65]

LGBT rights in Qatar

Sodomy between consenting male adults in Qatar is illegal, and subject to a sentence of up to five years in prison.[66] The law is silent about sodomy between consenting female adults.[67] Sexual orientation and gender identity are not covered in any civil rights laws and there is no recognition of same-sex marriages, civil unions or domestic partnerships.

Freedom of religion

Qatar's first Catholic church is not permitted to have Christian symbols on its exterior.

Qatar is a Muslim-majority nation, with 76% of its population adhering to Islam.[68] The government uses Sunni law as the basis of its criminal and civil regulations. However, some measure of religious toleration is granted. Foreign workers, and tourists, are free to affiliate with other faiths, i.e. Christians, Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists, and Bahá'ís, as long as they are discreet and do not offend public order or morality.

For example, in March 2008 the Roman Catholic church "Our Lady of the Rosary" was consecrated in Doha. However, in keeping with the need to be discreet, no missionaries are allowed and the church will not have any bells, crosses or other overtly Christian signs on its exterior.

Although abandoning Islam is considered apostasy, which is an offense subject to the death penalty, Qatar has not imposed any penalty for this offense since its independence in 1971.[69]

Governmental human rights organizations

Law 39, issued in 2005, stipulated the formation of an "Bureau for human rights" in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. One of its main missions is to prepare answers on the claims or reports of foreign countries and organizations on the situation of human rights inside the state.[70]

The National Human Rights Committee was founded in 2002 with the responsibility of overseeing and carrying out investigations on human rights abuses in the country.[71] Their methods of advancing the country's standards of human rights include contributing to research programs related to human rights, conducting studies, and providing advice and recommendations to legislative bodies.[72]

Historical situation

The following chart shows Qatar's ratings since 1972 in the Freedom in the World reports, published annually by Freedom House. A rating of 1 is "free"; 7, "not free".[73]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "The Permanent Constitution of the State of Qatar". Government of Qatar.
  2. 1 2 "Constitution of Qatar". According to Article 1: Qatar is an independent Arab country. Islam is its religion and Sharia law is the main source of its legislation.
  3. ↑ Qatar: Migrant Construction Workers Face Abuse Human Rights Watch June 12, 2012
  4. ↑ "Qatar Gender Equality Profile" (PDF). UNICEF.
  5. ↑ "The World Factbook". U.S. Central Intelligence Agency.
  6. ↑ "Qatar" (PDF). US Department of State.
  7. 1 2 "Amnesty International Annual Report 2012 - Qatar". Amnesty International. Retrieved 19 March 2014.
  8. 1 2 3 "Filipino woman gets 100 lashes for giving birth in Qatar".
  9. 1 2 "Qatar". Amnesty International.
  10. ↑ "Annual Report". Amnesty International. 2014-10-23.
  11. ↑ "Qatar sentences man to 40 lashes for drinking alcohol". Arabian Business.
  12. ↑ "Qatar sentences man to lashes for drinking alcohol". Al Akhbar.
  13. ↑ "Qatar court orders lashing of Muslim barber over drinking alcohol". Al Arabiya.
  14. ↑ "Indian expat sentenced to 40 lashes in Qatar for drink-driving". Arabian Business.
  15. ↑ "Special report: The punishment was death by stoning. The crime? Having a mobile phone".
  16. 1 2 Jenifer Fenton. "Religious law, prison for "blasphemy", severe sexual inequalilty: Qatar’s human rights review".
  17. ↑ "What are the worst countries in the world to be gay?".
  18. 1 2 3 4 Alex Delmar-Morgan (7 January 2012). "Qatar, Unveiling Tensions, Suspends Sale of Alcohol". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
  19. 1 2 3 Jenifer Fenton (16 January 2012). "Qatar's Impromptu Alcohol Ban". The Arabist. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
  20. ↑ "Purchasing Alcohol in Qatar". Qatar Visitor. 2 June 2007. Retrieved 1 May 2011.
  21. ↑ Walid, Tamara (11 November 2009). "Qatar would 'welcome' Israel in 2022". The National. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
  22. 1 2 James M. Dorsey (17 January 2012). "Debate Questions Emir's Powers To Shape Qatar's Positioning As Sports Hub And Sponsor of Revolts – Analysis". The Eurasia Review. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
  23. ↑ Elgot, Jessica (28 May 2014). "'Leggings Are Not Pants' Qatar's New Modesty Campaign Aimed At Westerners'". Huffington Post.
  24. ↑ Aningtias Jatmika (29 May 2014). "Qatar Bans Tourists from Wearing Leggings in Public".
  25. ↑ Kelly, Tobias (2009). "The UN Committee against Torture: Human Rights Monitoring and the Legal Recognition of Cruelty". Human Rights Quarterly. 313 (3): 777–800. doi:10.1353/hrq.0.0094.
  26. ↑ Conclusions and Recommendations: Qatar (Report). UN Committee Against Torture. 25 July 2006. U.N. Doc. CAT/C/QAT/CO/1. Retrieved 9 January 2012. "Certain provisions of the Criminal Code allow punishments such as flogging and stoning to be imposed as criminal sanctions by judicial and administrative authorities. These practices constitute a breach of the obligations imposed by the Convention. The Committee notes with interest that authorities are presently considering amendments to the Prison Act that would abolish flogging." (Par. 12)
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Country Narratives". Human Trafficking Report 2011. Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, United States Department of State. June 2011. Retrieved 2012-01-21.
  28. ↑ "Trafficking in Persons Report 2008 — Qatar (Tier 3)". Refworld. 4 June 2008. Retrieved 6 December 2008.
  29. ↑ "Qatar: National Human Rights Committee report". Qatar National Human Rights Committee. 2006-05-03. Retrieved 2008-03-25.. According to the source at zawya.com, the web link "...is the unofficial translation by The Peninsula team of the 57-page Arabic text of the report released by the National Human Rights Committee yesterday."
  30. ↑
  31. ↑ http://www.menafn.com/qn_news_story_s.asp?StoryId=1093382818
  32. ↑ "Qatar: National Human Rights Committee Support Expats". The Peninsula via iLoveQatar.net. 2008-06-18. Archived from the original on 2009-04-13. Retrieved 2008-08-04.
  33. ↑ Bowman, D (2008-03-02). "Qatar to build $1.1bn laborer city". ArabianBusiness.com. Dubai: ITP Digital Publishing. Retrieved 2008-03-25.
  34. ↑ Topham, Gwyn (19 June 2015). "Glass ceiling in the sky: Qatar Airways’ problem with pregnant cabin crew". Retrieved 19 December 2016 – via The Guardian.
  35. ↑ "The demographic Profile of Qatar" (PDF). United Nations. 2011.
  36. 1 2 "Qatar 2022 World Cup workers 'treated like cattle', Amnesty report finds". 17 November 2013. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
  37. 1 2 "Revealed: Qatar's World Cup 'slaves', Exclusive: Abuse and exploitation of migrant workers preparing emirate for 2022". 25 September 2013. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
  38. ↑ "Qatar commits to new welfare standards for World Cup workers". Guardian. 12 Feb 2014.
  39. ↑ "Workers’ group calls FIFA sponsors responsible for Qatar abuses". Boston Globe. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
  40. ↑ "World Cup 2022 host Qatar to start enforcing Wage Protection System from November". The National. 2 Sep 2015.
  41. ↑ "Middle East :: Qatar". CIA World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 8 February 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
  42. ↑ "Country Narratives – Countries Q through Z". Trafficking in Persons Report. Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, United States Department of State. 12 June 2007. Retrieved 25 March 2008.
  43. ↑ Labott, Elise; Verjee, Zane (12 June 2007). "India escapes U.S. list of worst human traffickers". Washington: Cable News Network. Retrieved 25 March 2008.
  44. ↑ "Qatar: National Human Rights Committee report". Qatar National Human Rights Committee. 3 May 2006. Retrieved 25 March 2008.. According to zawya.com, the web link "is the unofficial translation by The Peninsula team of the 57-page Arabic text of the report released by the National Human Rights Committee yesterday."
  45. ↑ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (4 June 2008). "Refworld | Trafficking in Persons Report 2008 – Qatar". UNHCR. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  46. ↑ "Qatar Finalising New Sponsorship Law for Foreign Workers.", Al-Araby Al-Jadeed, 2014. Web.
  47. ↑ "Qatar: National Human Rights Committee Support Expats". The Peninsula via iLoveQatar.net. 18 June 2008. Archived from the original on 13 April 2009. Retrieved 4 August 2008.
  48. ↑ Bowman, D (2 March 2008). "Qatar to build $1.1bn laborer city". ArabianBusiness.com. Dubai: ITP Digital Publishing. Retrieved 25 March 2008.
  49. 1 2 Lambert, Jennifer (2011). "Political Reform in Qatar: Participation, Legitimacy and Security". 19 (1). Middle East Policy Council.
  50. ↑ Miles, Hugh (2005). Al-Jazeera.
  51. ↑ Beydoun, Nasser (2012). The Glass Palace: Illusions of Freedom and Democracy in Qatar. p. 35. ISBN 978-0875869551.
  52. ↑ "Saudi Arabia to let women compete in Olympics for first time". CNN. 26 June 2012. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
  53. ↑ "Two Local Newcomers, including Qatar's First Female Judge, Added to Arab Women Power List." Doha News, 2013. Web.
  54. ↑ Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15+) (modeled ILO estimate)
  55. ↑ "Report: Qatar's Gender Wage Gap Widens Considerably over 10-year-period.", Doha News, 2013. Web. 02 Nov. 2016.
  56. ↑ "Facing Jail, Unmarried Pregnant Women in Qatar Left with Hard Choices." Doha News, 2013. Web. 02 Nov. 2016.
  57. ↑ "Qatar: Death Penalty, Firas Nassuh Salim Al-Majali - Amnesty International". amnesty.org. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
  58. ↑ "Crusading journalist wins case against Al-Jazeera". journalism.co.uk. 6 April 2005. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
  59. ↑ "Amnesty International Annual Report 2012 - Qatar". Amnesty International. Retrieved 19 March 2014.
  60. ↑ Qatar: Outrageous life sentence for 'Jasmine poet' Amnesty International 29 November 2012
  61. ↑ Qatar: Outrageous life sentence for 'Jasmine poet' 29 November 2012
  62. ↑ Tim Hume and Schams Elwazer (17 March 2016). "Qatari poet accused of insulting emir freed after 4 years, U.N. says". CNN. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  63. ↑ Doha News
  64. ↑ Qatar on Wikipedia.org 23 December 2012
  65. ↑ Qatar: Is it possible to become a national of Qatar? 23 December 2012
  66. ↑ Ready, Freda. The Cornell Daily Sun, Qatar’s Gay Rights Policy Under Scrutiny Retrieved on December 4, 2002
  67. ↑ "Gay Qatar News & Reports". globalgayz.com. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
  68. ↑ 2004 Census – CIA World Factbook – Qatar.
  69. ↑ U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. International Religious Freedom Report for 2012: Qatar 2. May 20, 2013.
  70. ↑ "Law No. 39 of 2005 Organising the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Assigning its Competencies (Repealed)". almeezan.qa. Retrieved 8 August 2015.
  71. ↑ "اللجنة الوطنية لحقوق الإنسان" (in Arabic). Qatar e-Gov. Retrieved 8 August 2015.
  72. ↑ "Vision and mission". National Human Rights Committee. Retrieved 8 August 2015.
  73. ↑ Freedom House (2012). "Country ratings and status, FIW 1973-2012" (XLS). Retrieved 2012-08-22.
  74. ↑ Freedom House (2013). "Freedom in the World 2013: Democratic Breakthroughs in the Balance" (PDF).
  75. ↑ Freedom House (2014). "Freedom in the World 2014" (PDF).
  76. ↑ Freedom House (2015). "Freedom in the World 2015" (PDF).
  77. ↑ Freedom House (2016). "Freedom in the World 2016" (PDF).
  78. ↑ Freedom House (2017). "Freedom in the World 2017" (PDF).
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