Hugo Award for Best Fan Writer
Hugo Award for Best Fan Writer | |
---|---|
Awarded for | The best fan writer of works devoted primarily to science fiction or fantasy |
Presented by | World Science Fiction Society |
First awarded | 1967 |
Most recent winner | Abigail Nussbaum |
Website | thehugoawards.org |
The Hugo Award for Best Fan Writer is the Hugo Award given each year for writers of works related to science fiction or fantasy which appeared in low- or non-paying publications such as semiprozines or fanzines or in generally available electronic media during the previous calendar year. There is no restriction that the writer is not also a professional author, and several such authors have won the award for their non-paying works. The award was first presented in 1967 and has been awarded annually.
During the 56 regular and retro nomination years, 93 writers have been nominated; 20 of these have won, including ties. David Langford has received the most number of awards, with 21 wins out of 31 nominations. He was nominated every year from 1979 through 2009, and won 19 times in a row from 1989 through 2007. The other writers to win more than once are Richard E. Geis, with seven wins out of sixteen nominations; Mike Glyer, with four wins out of twenty-four nominations; Susan Wood Glicksohn, with three of eight; Harry Warner, Jr., with two out of seven; Wilson Tucker, with two out of six; Bob Shaw, who won both times he was nominated; and Ray Bradbury, who won both Retro Hugos he was nominated for. The writers with the most nominations without winning are Evelyn C. Leeper, who was nominated twelve times in a row from 1990 through 2001, and Steven H Silver, whose twelve nominations span 2000-2013.
History
The Hugo Awards are presented every year by the World Science Fiction Society for the best science fiction or fantasy works and achievements of the previous year. The award is named after Hugo Gernsback, the founder of the pioneering science fiction magazine Amazing Stories, and was once officially known as the Science Fiction Achievement Award.[1] The award has been described as "a fine showcase for speculative fiction" and "the best known literary award for science fiction writing".[2][3] In addition to the regular Hugo awards, beginning in 1996 Retrospective Hugo Awards, or "Retro Hugos", have been available to be awarded for years 50, 75, or 100 years prior in which no awards were given.[4] To date, Retro Hugo awards have been awarded for 1939, 1941, 1946, 1951, and 1954, and the fan writer award has been given each time.[5]
Fan writing is a peculiar entity, generally having little in common with professional fiction writing. Fan writing can be somber or witty (and even humorous, though that is rarer), expository or abstruse; it can make the momentous commonplace and the trivial momentous, according to the desire of the writer. Commonly, fan writing is a reflection of being a fan (as opposed to the many people who simply read science fiction) in a world mostly populated with people who aren't.
Hugo Award nominees and winners are chosen by supporting or attending members of the annual World Science Fiction Convention, or Worldcon, and the presentation evening constitutes its central event. The selection process is defined in the World Science Fiction Society Constitution as instant-runoff voting with five nominees, except in the case of a tie. These five works on the ballot are those most-nominated by members that year, with no limit on the number of works that can be nominated.[4] Initial nominations are made by members in January through March, while voting on the ballot of five nominations is performed roughly in April through July, subject to change depending on when that year's Worldcon is held.[7] Worldcons are generally held near Labor Day, and in a different city around the world each year.[1][8]
Winners and nominees
In the following tables, the years correspond to the date of the ceremony. Writers are eligible based on their work of the previous calendar year. Entries with a blue background and an asterisk (*) next to the writer's name have won the award; those with a white background are the nominees on the short-list. In some years writers who received sufficient nominations to be listed on the ballot declined; these are marked as withdrawn in the entry and are not listed on the main Hugo Award site.
* Winners and joint winners
Year | Writer(s) | Ref(s) |
---|---|---|
1967 | Panshin, AlexeiAlexei Panshin* | [9] |
Clarke, NormNorm Clarke | [9] | |
Donaho, BillBill Donaho | [9] | |
Warner, Jr., HarryHarry Warner, Jr. | [9] | |
Willis, Paul J.Paul J. Willis | [9] | |
1968 | White, TedTed White* | [10] |
Berman, RuthRuth Berman | [10] | |
Warner, Jr., HarryHarry Warner, Jr. | [10] | |
Ellison, HarlanHarlan Ellison (withdrawn) | [10][11] | |
Panshin, AlexeiAlexei Panshin (withdrawn) | [10][11] | |
1969 | Warner, Jr., HarryHarry Warner, Jr.* | [12] |
Delap, RichardRichard Delap | [12] | |
Mebane, BanksBanks Mebane | [12] | |
Willis, WaltWalt Willis | [12] | |
White, TedTed White (withdrawn) | [12][13] | |
1970 | Tucker, WilsonWilson Tucker* | [14] |
Anthony, PiersPiers Anthony | [14] | |
Brown, Charles N.Charles N. Brown | [14] | |
Delap, RichardRichard Delap | [14] | |
Geis, Richard E.Richard E. Geis | [14] | |
1971 | Geis, Richard E.Richard E. Geis* | [15] |
Carr, TerryTerry Carr | [15] | |
Digby, TomTom Digby | [15] | |
Fishman, ElizabethElizabeth Fishman | [15] | |
Pauls, TedTed Pauls | [15] | |
1972 | Warner, Jr., HarryHarry Warner, Jr.* | [16] |
Carr, TerryTerry Carr | [16] | |
Digby, TomTom Digby | [16] | |
Ullyot, RosemaryRosemary Ullyot | [16] | |
Vardeman, BobBob Vardeman | [16] | |
Glicksohn, Susan WoodSusan Wood Glicksohn | [16] | |
1973 | Carr, TerryTerry Carr* | [17] |
Brown, Charles N.Charles N. Brown | [17] | |
Geis, Richard E.Richard E. Geis | [17] | |
Miesel, SandraSandra Miesel | [17] | |
Ullyot, RosemaryRosemary Ullyot | [17] | |
Glicksohn, Susan WoodSusan Wood Glicksohn | [17] | |
1974 | Glicksohn, Susan WoodSusan Wood Glicksohn* | [18] |
Basta, LauraLaura Basta | [18] | |
Geis, Richard E.Richard E. Geis | [18] | |
Lichtenberg, JacquelineJacqueline Lichtenberg | [18] | |
Miesel, SandraSandra Miesel | [18] | |
1975 | Geis, Richard E.Richard E. Geis* | [19] |
Bangsund, JohnJohn Bangsund | [19] | |
Miesel, SandraSandra Miesel | [19] | |
Thompson, Don C.Don C. Thompson | [19] | |
Glicksohn, Susan WoodSusan Wood Glicksohn | [19] | |
1976 | Geis, Richard E.Richard E. Geis* | [20] |
Brown, Charles N.Charles N. Brown | [20] | |
D'ammassa, DonDon D'ammassa | [20] | |
Thompson, Don C.Don C. Thompson | [20] | |
Glicksohn, Susan WoodSusan Wood Glicksohn | [20] | |
1977 | Geis, Richard E.Richard E. Geis* | [21] |
Glicksohn, Susan WoodSusan Wood Glicksohn* | [21] | |
D'ammassa, DonDon D'ammassa | [21] | |
Glicksohn, MichaelMichael Glicksohn | [21] | |
Thompson, Don C.Don C. Thompson | [21] | |
1978 | Geis, Richard E.Richard E. Geis* | [22] |
Brown, Charles N.Charles N. Brown | [22] | |
D'ammassa, DonDon D'ammassa | [22] | |
Thompson, Don C.Don C. Thompson | [22] | |
Glicksohn, Susan WoodSusan Wood Glicksohn | [22] | |
1979 | Shaw, BobBob Shaw* | [23] |
Geis, Richard E.Richard E. Geis | [23] | |
Langford, DavidDavid Langford | [23] | |
Kettle, RoyRoy Kettle | [23] | |
West, D.D. West | [23] | |
1980 | Shaw, BobBob Shaw* | [24] |
Geis, Richard E.Richard E. Geis | [24] | |
Glyer, MikeMike Glyer | [24] | |
Hlavaty, Arthur D.Arthur D. Hlavaty | [24] | |
Langford, DavidDavid Langford | [24] | |
1981 | Glicksohn, Susan WoodSusan Wood Glicksohn* | [25] |
Geis, Richard E.Richard E. Geis | [25] | |
Glyer, MikeMike Glyer | [25] | |
Hlavaty, Arthur D.Arthur D. Hlavaty | [25] | |
Langford, DavidDavid Langford | [25] | |
1982 | Geis, Richard E.Richard E. Geis* | [26] |
Glyer, MikeMike Glyer | [26] | |
Hlavaty, Arthur D.Arthur D. Hlavaty | [26] | |
Langford, DavidDavid Langford | [26] | |
1983 | Geis, Richard E.Richard E. Geis* | [27] |
Glyer, MikeMike Glyer | [27] | |
Hlavaty, Arthur D.Arthur D. Hlavaty | [27] | |
Langford, DavidDavid Langford | [27] | |
1984 | Glyer, MikeMike Glyer* | [28] |
Geis, Richard E.Richard E. Geis | [28] | |
Hlavaty, Arthur D.Arthur D. Hlavaty | [28] | |
Langford, DavidDavid Langford | [28] | |
Nielsen Hayden, TeresaTeresa Nielsen Hayden | [28] | |
1985 | Langford, DavidDavid Langford* | [29] |
Edmonds, LeighLeigh Edmonds | [29] | |
Geis, Richard E.Richard E. Geis | [29] | |
Glyer, MikeMike Glyer | [29] | |
Hlavaty, Arthur D.Arthur D. Hlavaty | [29] | |
1986 | Glyer, MikeMike Glyer* | [30] |
D'ammassa, DonDon D'ammassa | [30] | |
Geis, Richard E.Richard E. Geis | [30] | |
Hlavaty, Arthur D.Arthur D. Hlavaty | [30] | |
Langford, DavidDavid Langford | [30] | |
Nielsen Hayden, PatrickPatrick Nielsen Hayden | [30] | |
1987 | Langford, DavidDavid Langford* | [31] |
Glyer, MikeMike Glyer | [31] | |
Hlavaty, Arthur D.Arthur D. Hlavaty | [31] | |
Nielsen Hayden, PatrickPatrick Nielsen Hayden | [31] | |
Ounsley, SimonSimon Ounsley | [31] | |
West, D.D. West | [31] | |
Whiteoak, OwenOwen Whiteoak (withdrawn) | [31][32] | |
1988 | Glyer, MikeMike Glyer* | [33] |
Hlavaty, Arthur D.Arthur D. Hlavaty | [33] | |
Langford, DavidDavid Langford | [33] | |
Lillian III, Guy H.Guy H. Lillian III | [33] | |
Turek, LeslieLeslie Turek | [33] | |
1989 | Langford, DavidDavid Langford* | [34] |
Carol, AvedonAvedon Carol | [34] | |
Glyer, MikeMike Glyer | [34] | |
Hlavaty, Arthur D.Arthur D. Hlavaty | [34] | |
Lillian III, Guy H.Guy H. Lillian III | [34] | |
Rospach, Chuq VonChuq Von Rospach | [34] | |
1990 | Langford, DavidDavid Langford* | [35] |
Glyer, MikeMike Glyer | [35] | |
Hlavaty, Arthur D.Arthur D. Hlavaty | [35] | |
Leeper, Evelyn C.Evelyn C. Leeper | [35] | |
Turek, LeslieLeslie Turek | [35] | |
1991 | Langford, DavidDavid Langford* | [36] |
Carol, AvedonAvedon Carol | [36] | |
Glyer, MikeMike Glyer | [36] | |
Hlavaty, Arthur D.Arthur D. Hlavaty | [36] | |
Leeper, Evelyn C.Evelyn C. Leeper | [36] | |
Nielsen Hayden, TeresaTeresa Nielsen Hayden | [36] | |
1992 | Langford, DavidDavid Langford* | [37] |
Carol, AvedonAvedon Carol | [37] | |
Glyer, MikeMike Glyer | [37] | |
Hooper, AndrewAndrew Hooper | [37] | |
Leeper, Evelyn C.Evelyn C. Leeper | [37] | |
Warner, Jr., HarryHarry Warner, Jr. | [37] | |
1993 | Langford, DavidDavid Langford* | [38] |
Glyer, MikeMike Glyer | [38] | |
Hooper, AndrewAndrew Hooper | [38] | |
Leeper, Evelyn C.Evelyn C. Leeper | [38] | |
Warner, Jr., HarryHarry Warner, Jr. | [38] | |
1994 | Langford, DavidDavid Langford* | [39] |
Farber, Sharon N.Sharon N. Farber | [39] | |
Glyer, MikeMike Glyer | [39] | |
Hooper, AndrewAndrew Hooper | [39] | |
Leeper, Evelyn C.Evelyn C. Leeper | [39] | |
1995 | Langford, DavidDavid Langford* | [40] |
Farber, Sharon N.Sharon N. Farber | [40] | |
Glyer, MikeMike Glyer | [40] | |
Hooper, AndrewAndrew Hooper | [40] | |
Leeper, Evelyn C.Evelyn C. Leeper | [40] | |
1996 | Langford, DavidDavid Langford* | [41] |
Farber, Sharon N.Sharon N. Farber | [41] | |
Hooper, AndrewAndrew Hooper | [41] | |
Leeper, Evelyn C.Evelyn C. Leeper | [41] | |
Major, Joseph T.Joseph T. Major | [41] | |
1997 | Langford, DavidDavid Langford* | [42] |
Farber, Sharon N.Sharon N. Farber | [42] | |
Glyer, MikeMike Glyer | [42] | |
Hooper, AndrewAndrew Hooper | [42] | |
Leeper, Evelyn C.Evelyn C. Leeper | [42] | |
1998 | Langford, DavidDavid Langford* | [43] |
Devney, BobBob Devney | [43] | |
Glyer, MikeMike Glyer | [43] | |
Hooper, AndrewAndrew Hooper | [43] | |
Leeper, Evelyn C.Evelyn C. Leeper | [43] | |
Major, Joseph T.Joseph T. Major | [43] | |
1999 | Langford, DavidDavid Langford* | [44] |
Devney, BobBob Devney | [44] | |
Glyer, MikeMike Glyer | [44] | |
Leeper, Evelyn C.Evelyn C. Leeper | [44] | |
Speller, Maureen KincaidMaureen Kincaid Speller | [44] | |
2000 | Langford, DavidDavid Langford* | [45] |
Devney, BobBob Devney | [45] | |
Glyer, MikeMike Glyer | [45] | |
Leeper, Evelyn C.Evelyn C. Leeper | [45] | |
Silver, Steven HSteven H Silver | [45] | |
2001 | Langford, DavidDavid Langford* | [46] |
Devney, BobBob Devney | [46] | |
Glyer, MikeMike Glyer | [46] | |
Leeper, Evelyn C.Evelyn C. Leeper | [46] | |
Silver, Steven HSteven H Silver | [46] | |
2002 | Langford, DavidDavid Langford* | [47] |
Berkwits, JeffJeff Berkwits | [47] | |
Devney, BobBob Devney | [47] | |
Flynn, John L.John L. Flynn | [47] | |
Glyer, MikeMike Glyer | [47] | |
Silver, Steven HSteven H Silver | [47] | |
2003 | Langford, DavidDavid Langford* | [48] |
Devney, BobBob Devney | [48] | |
Flynn, John L.John L. Flynn | [48] | |
Glyer, MikeMike Glyer | [48] | |
Silver, Steven HSteven H Silver | [48] | |
2004 | Langford, DavidDavid Langford* | [49] |
Berkwits, JeffJeff Berkwits | [49] | |
Devney, BobBob Devney | [49] | |
Flynn, John L.John L. Flynn | [49] | |
Morgan, CherylCheryl Morgan | [49] | |
2005 | Langford, DavidDavid Langford* | [50] |
Brialey, ClaireClaire Brialey | [50] | |
Devney, BobBob Devney | [50] | |
Morgan, CherylCheryl Morgan | [50] | |
Silver, Steven HSteven H Silver | [50] | |
2006 | Langford, DavidDavid Langford* | [51] |
Brialey, ClaireClaire Brialey | [51] | |
Hertz, JohnJohn Hertz | [51] | |
Morgan, CherylCheryl Morgan | [51] | |
Silver, Steven HSteven H Silver | [51] | |
2007 | Langford, DavidDavid Langford* | [52] |
Garcia, ChristopherChristopher Garcia | [52] | |
Hertz, JohnJohn Hertz | [52] | |
Scalzi, JohnJohn Scalzi | [52] | |
Silver, Steven HSteven H Silver | [52] | |
2008 | Scalzi, JohnJohn Scalzi* | [53] |
Langford, DavidDavid Langford | [53] | |
Garcia, ChristopherChristopher Garcia | [53] | |
Morgan, CherylCheryl Morgan | [53] | |
Silver, Steven HSteven H Silver | [53] | |
2009 | Morgan, CherylCheryl Morgan* | [54] |
Garcia, ChristopherChristopher Garcia | [54] | |
Hertz, JohnJohn Hertz | [54] | |
Langford, DavidDavid Langford | [54] | |
Silver, Steven HSteven H Silver | [54] | |
2010 | Pohl, FrederikFrederik Pohl* | [55] |
Brialey, ClaireClaire Brialey | [55] | |
Garcia, ChristopherChristopher Garcia | [55] | |
Nicoll, JamesJames Nicoll | [55] | |
Penney, LloydLloyd Penney | [55] | |
2011 | Brialey, ClaireClaire Brialey* | [56] |
Bacon, JamesJames Bacon | [56] | |
Garcia, ChristopherChristopher Garcia | [56] | |
Nicoll, JamesJames Nicoll | [56] | |
Silver, Steven HSteven H Silver | [56] | |
2012 | Hines, Jim C.Jim C. Hines* | [57] |
Bacon, JamesJames Bacon | [57] | |
Brialey, ClaireClaire Brialey | [57] | |
Garcia, ChristopherChristopher Garcia | [57] | |
Silver, Steven HSteven H Silver | [57] | |
2013 | Roberts, Tansy RaynerTansy Rayner Roberts* | [58] |
Bacon, JamesJames Bacon | [58] | |
Garcia, ChristopherChristopher Garcia | [58] | |
Oshiro, MarkMark Oshiro | [58] | |
Silver, Steven HSteven H Silver | [58] | |
2014 | Hurley, KameronKameron Hurley* | [59] |
Bourke, LizLiz Bourke | [59] | |
Meadows, FozFoz Meadows | [59] | |
Nussbaum, AbigailAbigail Nussbaum | [59] | |
Oshiro, MarkMark Oshiro | [59] | |
2015 | Mixon, Laura J.Laura J. Mixon* | [60] |
Freer, DaveDave Freer | [60] | |
Green, Amanda S.Amanda S. Green | [60] | |
Johnson, JeffroJeffro Johnson | [60] | |
Sanderson, CedarCedar Sanderson | [60] | |
2016 | Glyer, MikeMike Glyer* | [61] |
Ernst, DouglasDouglas Ernst | [61] | |
Holmes, MorganMorgan Holmes | [61] | |
Johnson, JeffroJeffro Johnson | [61] | |
Young, ShamusShamus Young | [61] | |
2017 | Nussbaum, AbigailAbigail Nussbaum* | [62] |
Glyer, MikeMike Glyer | [62] | |
Johnson, JeffroJeffro Johnson | [62] | |
Luhrs, NatalieNatalie Luhrs | [62] | |
Meadows, FozFoz Meadows | [62] | |
Tingle, ChuckChuck Tingle | [62] |
Retro Hugos
Beginning with the 1996 Worldcon, the World Science Fiction Society created the concept of "Retro Hugos", in which the Hugo award could be retroactively awarded for 50, 75, or 100 years prior. Retro Hugos may only be awarded for years in which a Worldcon was hosted, but no awards were originally given.[4] Retro Hugos have been awarded five times, for 1939, 1941, 1946, 1951, and 1954. The 1939 and 1941 awards were given 75 years later; the other three awards were given 50 years later.[5] The next year that Retro Hugos can be awarded is 2022, for 1947.[4]
Year | Year awarded | Writer | Ref |
---|---|---|---|
1939 | 2014 | Bradbury, RayRay Bradbury* | [63] |
Ackerman, Forrest JForrest J Ackerman | [63] | ||
Tucker, WilsonWilson Tucker | [63] | ||
Warner, Jr., HarryHarry Warner, Jr. | [63] | ||
Wollheim, Donald A.Donald A. Wollheim | [63] | ||
1941 | 2016 | Bradbury, RayRay Bradbury* | [64] |
Ackerman, Forrest JForrest J Ackerman | [64] | ||
Lovecraft, H. P.H. P. Lovecraft | [64] | ||
Tucker, WilsonWilson Tucker | [64] | ||
Warner, Jr., HarryHarry Warner, Jr. | [64] | ||
1946 | 1996 | Ackerman, Forrest JForrest J Ackerman* | [65] |
Burbee, Charles E.Charles E. Burbee | [65] | ||
Laney, Francis TownerFrancis Towner Laney | [65] | ||
Tucker, WilsonWilson Tucker | [65] | ||
Widner, ArtArt Widner | [65] | ||
1951 | 2001 | Silverberg, RobertRobert Silverberg* | [66] |
Hoffman, LeeLee Hoffman | [66] | ||
Tucker, WilsonWilson Tucker | [66] | ||
White, JamesJames White | [66] | ||
Willis, WaltWalt Willis | [66] | ||
1954 | 2004 | Tucker, WilsonWilson Tucker* | [67] |
Boggs, ReddRedd Boggs | [67] | ||
Hoffman, LeeLee Hoffman | [67] | ||
White, JamesJames White | [67] | ||
Willis, WaltWalt Willis | [67] |
References
- 1 2 "The Locus index to SF Awards: About the Hugo Awards". Locus. Oakland, California: Locus. Archived from the original on 2010-01-03. Retrieved 2010-04-21.
- ↑ Jordison, Sam (2008-08-07). "An International Contest We Can Win". The Guardian. London, England: The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2009-07-29. Retrieved 2010-04-21.
- ↑ Cleaver, Emily (2010-04-20). "Hugo Awards Announced". Litro Magazine. London, England: Ocean Media. Archived from the original on 2011-05-07. Retrieved 2010-04-21.
- 1 2 3 4 "The Hugo Awards: FAQ". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2011-05-07. Retrieved 2010-04-20.
- 1 2 "The Locus index to SF Awards: About the Retro Hugo Awards". Locus. Oakland, California: Locus. Archived from the original on 2010-01-03. Retrieved 2010-04-21.
- ↑ Hitchcock, Chip. "[untitled introduction]]" in, Hoffman, Lee. In and Out of Quandry. Cambridge, Mass: The NESFA Press, 1982; [n.p.]
- ↑ "The Hugo Awards: Introduction". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2011-05-07. Retrieved 2010-04-20.
- ↑ "World Science Fiction Society / Worldcon". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2009-04-14. Retrieved 2010-04-20.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "1967 Hugo Awards". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2011-05-07. Retrieved 2010-04-19.
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- ↑ "The Long List of Hugo Awards, 1969". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2009-10-26. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "1970 Hugo Awards". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2011-05-07. Retrieved 2010-04-19.
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- 1 2 3 4 5 "2005 Hugo Awards". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2011-05-07. Retrieved 2010-04-19.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "2006 Hugo Awards". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2011-05-07. Retrieved 2010-04-19.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "2007 Hugo Awards". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2011-05-07. Retrieved 2010-04-19.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "2008 Hugo Awards". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2011-05-07. Retrieved 2010-04-19.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "2009 Hugo Awards". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2011-05-07. Retrieved 2010-04-19.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "2010 Hugo Awards". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2011-05-07. Retrieved 2011-04-25.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "2011 Hugo Awards". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2012-04-09. Retrieved 2012-04-09.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "2012 Hugo Awards". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2012-04-09. Retrieved 2012-09-03.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "2013 Hugo Awards". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2015-09-06. Retrieved 2013-04-03.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "2014 Hugo Awards". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2015-09-06. Retrieved 2014-04-20.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "2015 Hugo Awards". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2015-09-05. Retrieved 2015-09-06.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "2016 Hugo Awards". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2017-08-11. Retrieved 2016-04-27.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 "2017 Hugo Awards". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2017-08-11. Retrieved 2017-08-11.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "1939 Retro Hugo Awards". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2016-04-22. Retrieved 2014-04-20.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "1941 Retro Hugo Awards". World Science Fiction Society. Retrieved 2016-04-27.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "1946 Retro Hugo Awards". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2011-05-07. Retrieved 2010-04-19.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "1951 Retro Hugo Awards". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2011-05-07. Retrieved 2010-04-19.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "1954 Retro Hugo Awards". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2011-05-07. Retrieved 2010-04-19.
External links