Holyoke, Massachusetts

Holyoke, Massachusetts
City
City of Holyoke

North High Street

Flag
Seal
Nickname(s): The Paper City
Motto: Industria et Copia (Latin)
"Industry and Abundance"[1]
Holyoke, Massachusetts

Location in the United States

Coordinates: 42°12′15″N 72°37′00″W / 42.20417°N 72.61667°W / 42.20417; -72.61667Coordinates: 42°12′15″N 72°37′00″W / 42.20417°N 72.61667°W / 42.20417; -72.61667
Country United States
State Massachusetts
County Hampden
Settled 1745
Incorporated (town) March 14, 1850[2]
Incorporated (city) April 7, 1873[3]
Named for Elizur Holyoke
Government
 • Type Mayor-council city
 • Mayor Alex B. Morse
Area
 • Total 22.8 sq mi (59.1 km2)
 • Land 21.3 sq mi (55.1 km2)
 • Water 1.5 sq mi (4.0 km2)
Elevation 200 ft (60 m)
Population (2010)
 • Total 39,880
 • Estimate (2016)[4] 40,280
 • Density 1,874/sq mi (723.6/km2)
Time zone Eastern (UTC-5)
 • Summer (DST) Eastern (UTC-4)
ZIP code 01040, 01041 (P.O.)
Area code(s) 413
FIPS code 25-30840
GNIS feature ID 0617679
Website www.holyoke.org

Holyoke is a city in Hampden County, Massachusetts, United States, that lies between the western bank of the Connecticut River and the Mount Tom Range. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 39,880.[5] As of 2016, the estimated population was 40,280.[4] Sitting 8 miles (13 km) north of Springfield, Holyoke is part of the Springfield Metropolitan Area, one of the two distinct metropolitan areas in Massachusetts.

History

Englishmen first arrived in the Connecticut River Valley in 1633—a post was established at Windsor, Connecticut by traders from the Plymouth Plantation. In 1636, Massachusetts Bay Colony assistant treasurer and Puritan iconoclast William Pynchon led a group of settlers from Roxbury, Massachusetts to establish Springfield on land that scouts had vetted the previous year. They considered it the most advantageous land in the Connecticut River Valley for farming and trading. This settlement, on fertile farmland just north of the Connecticut River's first major falls (at Enfield Falls), the place where seagoing vessels necessarily had to transfer their cargo into smaller shallops to continue northward on the Connecticut River, quickly became a successful settlement—largely due to its advantageous position on the Bay Path to Boston, the Massachusetts Path to Albany, and beside the Connecticut River. Originally, Springfield spanned both sides of the Connecticut River; the region was eventually partitioned. The land on the western bank of the Connecticut River became West Springfield, Massachusetts. West Springfield's northernmost parish (alternately called Third Parish, North Parish, or Ireland Parish) became Holyoke, named after earlier Springfield settler William Pynchon's son-in-law, Elizur Holyoke, who had first explored the area in the 1650s.[6] The village of Holyoke was first settled in 1745 and was officially incorporated in 1850.

The first post office in the area was called Ireland. It was established June 3, 1822, with Martin Chapin as first postmaster. It was discontinued in 1883. Another post office called Ireland Depot was established February 26, 1847, with John M. Chapin as first postmaster and had its name changed to Holyoke (with George Whittle as first postmaster) March 14, 1850.[7]

High Street around 1920

A part of Northampton known as Smith's Ferry was separated from the rest of the town by the creation of Easthampton in 1809. The shortest path to downtown Northampton was on a road near the Connecticut River oxbow, which was subject to frequent flooding. The neighborhood became the northern part of Holyoke in 1909.[8]

Holyoke had few inhabitants until the construction of a dam and the Holyoke Canal System in 1849 and the subsequent construction of water-powered mills, particularly paper mills. At one point over 25 paper mills were in operation in the city. The Holyoke Machine Company, manufacturer of the Hercules water turbine, was among many industrial developments of the era.[9][10][11]

Holyoke's population rose from just under 5,000 in 1860 to over 60,000 in 1920. In 1888, Holyoke's paper industry spurred the foundation of the American Pad & Paper Company, which as of 2007 is one of the largest suppliers of office products in the world. The availability of water power enabled Holyoke to support its own electric utility company and maintain it independently of America's major regional electric companies. The city was thus a rare unaffected area in the Northeast blackout of 1965, for example.

Planned industrial community

Holyoke was one of the first planned industrial communities in the United States. Holyoke features rectilinear street grids—a novelty in New England. This street hierarchy is seen as a potential economic development tool as it lends well to high-rise buildings, and the surrounding canals could be landscaped into a source of recreation and relaxation. Its grid pattern is notable in Western Massachusetts, where few roads are straight. The city's advantageous location on the Connecticut River—the largest river in New England—beside Hadley Falls, the river's steepest drop (60 feet), attracted the Boston Associates, who had successfully developed Lowell, Massachusetts' textile industry.[12] From the late 19th century until the mid-20th century, Holyoke was the world's biggest paper manufacturer.[12] The elaborate Holyoke Canal System, built to power paper and textile mills, distinguishes it from other Connecticut River cities. Holyoke is nicknamed "The Paper City" due to its fame as the world's greatest paper producer.

Geography

View from Mount Tom

Holyoke is located at 42°12′11″N 72°37′26″W / 42.20306°N 72.62389°W / 42.20306; -72.62389 (42.203191, -72.623969).[13]

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 22.8 square miles (59 km2), of which 21.3 square miles (55 km2) is land and 1.5 square miles (3.9 km2) (6.70%) is water. The city is bordered by Southampton and Westfield to the west, Easthampton to the north, Hadley, South Hadley and Chicopee as river borders to the east, and West Springfield to the south.

Holyoke is the location of East Mountain, the Mount Tom Range, and Mount Tom, at 1,202 feet (366 m) the highest traprock peak on the Metacomet Ridge, a linear mountain range that extends from Long Island Sound to the Vermont border. Mount Tom is characterized by its high cliffs, sweeping vistas, and microclimate ecosystems. The 110-mile (180 km) Metacomet-Monadnock Trail traverses the Mount Tom Range and East Mountain.

Neighborhoods

The city of Holyoke is divided into 15 distinct neighborhoods; in alphabetical order, they are:[14]

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
18503,245—    
18604,997+54.0%
187010,733+114.8%
188021,915+104.2%
189035,637+62.6%
190045,712+28.3%
191057,730+26.3%
192060,203+4.3%
193056,537−6.1%
194053,750−4.9%
195054,661+1.7%
196052,689−3.6%
197050,112−4.9%
198044,678−10.8%
199043,704−2.2%
200039,838−8.8%
201039,880+0.1%
201640,280+1.0%
Source:
U.S. Decennial Census[15]

As of the census of 2010, there were 39,880 people, 15,361 households, and 9,329 families residing in Holyoke. There were 16,384 housing units in the city. The racial makeup was 66.0% White (non-Hispanic White 46.8%), 4.7% African American (Non-Hispanic 2.4%), 0.8% Native American, 1.1% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 23.5% some other race, and 3.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 48.4% of the population. [16]

There were 15,361 households, out of which 34.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 30.5% were headed by married couples living together, 24.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.3% were non-families. Of all households, 32.0% were made up of individuals, and 12.3% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51, and the average family size was 3.16.[16]

In the city, 26.4% of the population were under the age of 18, 10.2% were from 18 to 24, 25.5% were from 25 to 44, 23.8% were from 45 to 64, and 14.2% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35.0 years. For every 100 females there were 88.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.4 males.[16]

For the period 2011-15, the estimated median annual income for a household in the city was $36,608, and the median income for a family was $41,194. Male full-time workers had a median income of $43,902 versus $40,988 for females. The per capita income for the city was $22,343. About 25.9% of families and 28.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 45.9% of those under age 18 and 17.9% of those age 65 or over.[17]

Politically, the city of Holyoke has recently supported candidates from the Democratic Party by a wide margin. In the 2012 elections, voters supported President Barack Obama over Mitt Romney by a margin of 76%-22%,[18] and Elizabeth Warren over incumbent Senator Scott Brown 70%-30%.[19] Holyoke elected an openly gay mayor, Alex Morse, in the 2011 municipal election.[20]

According to the 2003 FBI Report of Offenses Known to Law Enforcement Holyoke's crime rate in most categories was above the national average, in some categories significantly. Most of these crimes are placed in the category of property theft, with a property crime count of 2,822.[21]

Economy

Known by its moniker, the "Paper City", Holyoke's economic base was developed almost entirely around the paper industry for the better part of the late 19th and early 20th century; at one time the city was reportedly the largest producer of stationery, writing, and archival goods in the world.[22][23] While writing paper production has largely left the city, Holyoke is still home to a number of specialty paper manufacturers, including companies like Eureka Lab Book, Hampden Paper, Hazen Paper, United Paper Box, and University Products. Several international companies also maintain facilities in the area, including a power transmission factory for U.S. Tsubaki in Springdale, and a Sonoco cardboard recycling plant in South Holyoke.

In recent years there have been successful efforts to attract high-tech jobs to Holyoke and diversify its economic base. For example, a coalition of universities and tech companies have built the Massachusetts Green High Performance Computing Center, an energy-efficient, high-performance computing center, in Holyoke. It opened in 2012. These companies and institutions include Cisco Systems, Harvard University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT,) the University of Massachusetts, Boston University, Northeastern University, EMC Corporation, and Accenture PLC. The data center has been built in Holyoke in part due to hydropower accessibility.[24]

The retail sector has been a major employer since the construction of the Holyoke Mall, one of the largest shopping malls in New England, in 1979. Retail has provided the city with a large and steady tax base, contributing over $7 million in taxes annually.[25]

The city is also features the corporate headquarters of PeoplesBank, the largest bank in Western Massachusetts, as well as the local Holyoke Federal Credit Union.

Arts and culture

Immigration and migration

Historically, a city of working-class immigrants (and the business owners who employed them), the first wave of mill workers was predominantly Irish. Irish immigrants had begun to settle in the region before the construction of the dam and the industrialization that followed, which is why the area's early name was "Ireland's Parish." The Irish roots of Holyoke is still seen in its annual St. Patrick's Day Parade (see below).

In the 1850s, the mill owners began to recruit French-Canadians, who were viewed as more docile and less likely to create labor unions.[26] Later waves of immigration led to significant growth and cultural influence of communities of Germans, Poles, and Jews over first half of the 20th century. Starting in the 1950s, a large influx of Puerto Ricans and people from other Latino groups began to immigrate and migrate to Holyoke. Today Latinos form the largest minority group in the city, with the largest percentage Puerto Rican population of any city in the US outside Puerto Rico proper, at 44.7%.[27] The entire Latino population of Holyoke, as of the 2010 census, was 19,313, or 48.4% of the city's population of 39,880.

Saint Patrick's Day Parade

Holyoke is home to the second-largest St. Patrick's Day parade in the United States, surpassed only by the New York City parade.[28] Held annually since 1952 on the Sunday following St. Patrick's Day, the parade draws hundreds of thousands of people from across New England and the Eastern seaboard of United States. The Holyoke Saint Patrick's Day Parade typically attracts 350,000 to 450,000 people each year, although in certain years in the 1960s and 1970s when the March weather was "perfect", that number blossomed to what the police department estimated were 1,000,000 celebrants.[29]

Puerto Rican Day Parade

The Puerto Rican community of Holyoke holds an annual Puerto Rican Day parade on the third weekend of July as part of an Annual Hispanic Family Festival held by La Familia Hispana, inc. Every year the parade grows in popularity, attracting Puerto Ricans from across the northeast.

Gay Pride Month observance

Mayor Alex B. Morse, who first became an activist for LGBT rights as a high school student in Holyoke only six years earlier, presided at the city's first rainbow flag-raising ceremony in recognition of Gay Pride Month in June 2012.[30]

Points of interest

Holyoke City Hall, Holyoke, M.A.[31]

Sports

Birthplace of Volleyball

On February 9, 1895, William G. Morgan invented volleyball at the former Holyoke YMCA. That YMCA building was on High Street at the intersection with Appleton Street but has since been demolished. The Volleyball Hall of Fame resides in Holyoke at Heritage State Park and inducts a new class of athletes, coaches, and contributors every October. The sport was originally known as mintonette.

Education

Holyoke School Department serves the city. Holyoke High School, William J. Dean Technical-Vocational High School, and the Paulo Friere Social Justice High School are the city's high schools. Holyoke Community College serves Holyoke and the western Massachusetts area. Holyoke Catholic High School was in Holyoke for five decades but is now in Chicopee.[34]

"The People's College"

Holyoke Public Library, found at 335 Maple Street, is one of the very few examples of neoclassical architecture in the city of Holyoke. It sits on Library Park, which was donated by the Holyoke Water Power Company in 1887. In 1870 the library was originally in a room in the old Appleton Street School. In 1876 it moved to a large central room on the main floor of City Hall. It remained there until it was determined that it had outgrown the space and a modern facility was required.[35] Holyoke's citizens were charged to raise money to construct the library building and provide additional books. Under the leadership of Henry Chase, $95,000 was raised. William Whiting and William Skinner, each gave $10,000. Joseph Clough, the architect in charge of designing the building, gave his services gratis because his daughter was a faithful patron of the library. It opened officially in 1902.[36]

At the dedication ceremony William Whiting, who was library president at the time, referred to the library as the "people's college" and added that: “A library is as much a part of the intellectual life of a community as its schools, and should be supported generously as part of our educational system. Within these walls you will find authors devoted to literature, arts and science, and they are free to any who will ask. We can say to the citizens of Holyoke you have only to ask her and you will find knowledge to make your life useful and happy.”[35]

Transportation

Passenger rail service returned to Holyoke in August 2015, after being absent since 1967.[37] Amtrak's Vermonter stops at the Holyoke station once a day in each direction. Several buses from the Pioneer Valley Transit Authority also operate in the city.

Environment

Despite its industrial history, Holyoke has been fortunate enough to contain no Superfund sites.[38] One of the greatest producers of pollution in the area was the former Mount Tom Station, a coal plant in Smith's Ferry. Citizens cited higher rates of asthma, attributing them to the plant and after many years of discussion it was finally shuttered in December 2014.[39][40] In October 2016 ground was broken at the site for the construction of a new solar farm.[41]

Sister cities

Notable people

(B) denotes that the person was born there.

See also

References

  1. ↑ The Revised Ordinances of the City of Holyoke. Holyoke, Massachusetts: M. J. Doyle Printing Co. 1914. p. 159.
  2. ↑ An act to incorporate the town of Holyoke, Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 1850
  3. ↑ An act to establish the city of Holyoke, Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 1873
  4. 1 2 "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  5. ↑ "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Holyoke city, Massachusetts". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved August 2, 2017.
  6. ↑ "Profile for Holyoke, Massachusetts, MA". ePodunk. Retrieved August 24, 2012.
  7. ↑ Merolla, Lawrence M. and Crowther, Frank M. (1981) The Post Offices of Massachusetts, p. 43, North Abington, Massachusetts: Massachusetts Postal Research Society, Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 81-84332
  8. ↑ Strycharz, Robb (1996–2006). "US-5: A Highway To History". Retrieved 04/11/2009. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  9. ↑ holyoke.org: "Holyoke History Room Guest Lecture: John B. McCormick and the Hercules Turbine Water Wheel", 5 Mar 2014
  10. ↑ Progress Publishing Company: "Engineering Mechanics: Electrical, Civil, Mechanical, and Mining Engineering, Volume 3: January–June 1883", p.231
  11. ↑ frenchriverland.com: "Holyoke Hercules Turbine Web Page"
  12. 1 2 "The Public Humanist". The Valley Advocate. 2009-06-01. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  13. ↑ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
  14. ↑ "Holyoke 'Neighborhoods'" (PDF). Holyoke Planning Department. City of Holyoke. 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
  15. ↑ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Archived from the original on May 12, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  16. 1 2 3 "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (DP-1): Holyoke city, Massachusetts". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved August 2, 2017.
  17. ↑ "Selected Economic Characteristics: 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates (DP03): Holyoke city, Massachusetts". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved August 2, 2017.
  18. ↑ http://www.boston.com/news/special/politics/2012/general/mass-us-president-election-results-2012.html
  19. ↑ http://www.boston.com/news/special/politics/2012/general/mass-us-senate-election-results-2012.html
  20. ↑ http://www.masslive.com/politics/index.ssf/2011/11/old_holyoke_makes_way_for_new_holyoke_alex_morse_defeats_elaine_pluta_for_mayor.htmlhttp://www.boston.com/news/special/politics/2012/general/mass-us-senate-election-results-2012.html
  21. ↑ "Holyoke Crime Statistics". CityRating.com. Retrieved 04/11/2009. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  22. ↑ Warren, Ernest E. (1913). "From Holyoke, Mass.". The Typographic Journal. Vol. III no. 7. Indianapolis: International Typographic Union of North America. p. 469. As it is the largest paper manufacturing city in the world, it is worth more than a passing notice from printers.
  23. ↑ Taber, Elwyn L. (1913). "Holyoke, Mass.". Western New England. Vol. III no. 7. Springfield, MA: Springfield Board of Trade. p. 303. [Holyoke] is the largest producer of fine writing paper in the world, manufacturing enough fine paper every day to carpet two square miles.
  24. ↑ "Why EMC Wants to Build a High Performance Data Center in Holyoke". Xconomy. 2009-06-23. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  25. ↑ "Holyoke French Company Announces Plans to buy Holyoke Power Plant". The Springfield Republican. The Republican Company. 09-02-2008. Retrieved 04/11/2009. Check date values in: |access-date=, |date= (help)
  26. ↑
  27. ↑ "2010 Census American FactFinder". Retrieved 2013-08-30.
  28. ↑ Archived April 19, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
  29. ↑ Massachusetts. "Holyoke St. Patrick's Parade 2011: 60th annual parade draws 400,000, attracts first-timers". masslive.com. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  30. ↑ "City Shows Its 'Pride' During Rainbow Flag Raising" (PDF). The Sun. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  31. ↑ Holyoke City Hall 5. AlexiusHoratius, Wikimedia Commons
  32. ↑ "Holyoke Post Office". The New Deal Art Registry. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  33. ↑ "An Historic House Museum in Holyoke, Massachusetts". Wistariahurst. 2012-10-27. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  34. ↑ "Holyoke Public Schools, Holyoke, Massachusetts". Hps.holyoke.ma.us. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  35. 1 2 "Holyoke Public Library History Room & Archives". Holyokehistory.blogspot.com. 2004-02-26. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  36. ↑ "Paper City Scribblings: August 2006". Papercityscribblings.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  37. ↑ Brown, Karen (August 28, 2015). "Holyoke Gets Train Stop After 50-Year Absence". New England Public Radio. Retrieved September 13, 2015.
  38. ↑ "Search for Superfund Sites Where You Live". U.S. EPA. August 12, 2016. Retrieved 2016-10-06.
  39. ↑ "Holyoke residents rally for clean air protections". Western Mass News. Jun 29, 2011. Archived from the original on 2016-10-06. Retrieved 2016-10-06.
  40. ↑ TUTHILL, PAUL. "Study Shows Health Benefits Of Power Plant Standards". WAMC Northeast Public Radio. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
  41. ↑ Plaisance, Mike. "Mount Tom Solar Farm groundbreaking at former Holyoke coal-burner set for Oct. 13". MassLive, Advance Digital. Archived from the original on 2016-10-06. Retrieved 6 October 2015.
  42. ↑ Plaisance, Mike (April 1, 2014). "Former Holyoke mayor Daniel Szostkiewicz recalls Ukraine trip". Archived from the original on 2016-10-18. Retrieved 2016-10-18.
  43. ↑ Plaisance, Mike (April 26, 2014). "School exchange program linking Holyoke, Tralee, Ireland benefit of sister-city relationship: Mayor Alex Morse". Archived from the original on 2017-04-26. Retrieved 2016-08-18.
  44. ↑ Cooke, Jon B. (November 15, 2001). ""The Art of Arthur Adams", Reprinted from Comic Book Artist #17". Twomorrows.com. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  45. ↑ George Khoury and Eric Nolen-Weathington. Modern Masters Volume Six: Arthur Adams, 2006, TwoMorrows Publishing.
  46. ↑ Kelly, Ray (January 22, 2015). "Wrecking Crew' documentary featuring Holyoke drummer Hal Blaine set for release". Retrieved 2015-10-19.
  47. ↑ 'Illinois Blue Book 193-1994,' Biographical Sketch of Grace Mary Stern, pg. 94
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