Hogging and sagging

Diagram of ship hull (1) Sagging and (2) Hogging under loads. Bending is exaggerated for demonstration purposes.

Hogging and sagging describe the shape of a beam or similar long object when loading is applied. Hogging describes a beam which curves upwards in the middle, and sagging describes a beam which curves downwards.

Ships

Hogging is the stress a ship's hull or keel experiences that causes the center or the keel to bend upward. Sagging is the stress a ship's hull or keel is placed under when a wave is the same length as the ship and the ship is in the trough of two waves. This causes the middle of the ship to bend down slightly, and depending of the level of bend, may cause the hull to snap or crack.

Sagging or dynamic hogging may have been what sank the Prestige off Spain on 19 November 2002.

Hogging, or "hog", also refers to the semi-permanent bend in the keel, especially in wooden-hulled ships, caused over time by the ship's center's being more buoyant than the bow or stern. At the beginning of her 1992 refit, USS Constitution had over 13 inches (33 cm) of hog.[1] The keel blocks in the drydock were set up especially to support this curve. During her three years in drydock, the center keel blocks were gradually shortened, allowing the hog to settle out. Additionally, the diagonal risers specified in her original design to resist hogging, which had been removed in an earlier refit, were restored. The similar-sized USS Constellation had 36 inches (91 cm) of hog before refitting, when she was condemned as unsafe in 1994.[2]

During loading and discharging cargo, ships bend (hog or sag) due to the distribution of the weights in the various holds and tanks on board.

Effects on cargo loading

Since the maximum amount of cargo that a vessel can load often depends on whether her Plimsoll mark is submerged or not, sagging can reduce her effective cargo capacity—especially if her loadline has already been reached prematurely due to the sag.[3]

This is taken into account when calculating cargo, by applying what is called a "3/4 mean draft". This is also called the "two-thirds mean correction", directly derived from Simpson's first rule.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Otton, Patrick (1997-08-11). "USS Constitution Rehabilitation And Restoration". Retrieved 2006-07-02.
  2. ↑ "Constellation". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Retrieved 2006-07-02.
  3. ↑ Carefully to Carry - Measurement of bulk cargoes (PDF). UK P & I Club. May 2008. p. 8.
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