Hizbul Mujahideen

Hizb-ul-Mujahideen
حزب المجاھدین
HM
Leaders Muhammad Ahsan Dar (founder)
Sheikh Abdul Waheed
Ashraf Dar
Abdul Majid Dar
Ghulam Rasool Dar
Ali Muhammad Dar
Muhammad Yousaf Shah
Burhan Muzaffar Wani
Sabzar Bhat
Zakir Musa
Dates of operation 1989–present
Headquarters Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir
Designated as a terrorist group by
India, EU and US

Hizb-ul-Mujahideen (Arabic: حزب المجاھدین‎‎, Ḥizb al-Mujāhidīn, meaning "Party of Holy Warriors" or "Party of Mujahideen"), founded by Muhammad Ahsan Dar in September 1989, is a Kashmiri separatist and designated Islamic terrorist group. It is designated a terrorist organisation by India,[1] the European Union[2] and the United States,[3][4][5][6][7] active in the state of Jammu and Kashmir since 1989. The current commander of the group is a Sayeed Salahudeen.

Holding a radical Islamic and pro-Pakistan ideology, the group is considered to be the largest indigenous militant group in Kashmir. In 1990 Muhammad Ahsan Dar had more than 10,000 armed men under his command.[8][9][10]

Foreign involvement

Eamon Murphy has alleged in his book The Making of Terrorism in Pakistan: Historical and Social Roots of Extremism that Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) have provided training and funding to Hizb.[11] However the book has been criticized for not containing accurate information.[12] It has been reported by the Delhi-based Indian non profit organization Institute for Conflict Management that Jamaat-i-Islami founded Hizbul Mujahideen at the request of the ISI to counter the Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front(JKLF) who are advocates for the independence of Kashmir.[13]

JeI takeover

Though Hizbul had no official support from Jamaat-e-Islami, several of its members and affiliates were among Hizbul's founders including its chief commander Muhammad Ahsan Dar. The expansion and growth in power pro-independence Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF) worried both the Jamaat and Pakistan. In an attempt to counter it, Jamaat started taking over Hizbul Mujahideen which like it held a pro-Pakistan ideology and lacked sympathy for the Sufi-linked practices in Kashmir. Its takeover was done by placing its members in key positions of the group. By 1990, Dar declared Hizbul as the "sword arm of Jamaat". Yusuf Shah aka Sayeed Salahudeen who was a staunch Jamaati, gradually started taking over the leadership of Hizbul. Dar despite the Jamaat takeover had become increasingly independent and was opposed to Jamaat's plan to impose a shura-style council leadership which wanted a more collective and institutionalized leadership structure. He was expelled by Salahudeen loyalists in 1991 and formed his own group along with the loyalists, naming it as "Muslim Mujahideen". The group however quickly fell apart after his arrest in 1993.[14]

Conflict with JKLF; purge of secessionist figures and groups

India and Pakistan started becoming more centrally involved in the conflict in early 1990s, thus putting pressure on the militant groups. The pro-independence JKLF started weakening. Indian counterinsurgents removed much of its leadership, wiping out its central control while Pakistan which had already started to abandon its support for it pulled splinter factions away from the main organisation.[14]

In order to take control of the Kashmiri independence movement, Hizbul Mujahideen followed the tactics of coercion and targeted killings in order to purge the insurgency of pro-independent activists and leaders.[15] Most of the more than 2,213 militants killed between 1990 and 1992 belonged to JKLF, with hundreds of its cadres also being captured. Hizbul was virulently opposed to JKLF, conducting attacks against the group and even helped Indian security forces to target JKLF militants by providing intelligence. The first known clash occurred in April 1991 when Hizbul killed a JKLF commander. Further clashes kept occurring with killing of JKLF militants, which were seen more as "turf wars" rather than conflict over ideological disagreements. The intelligence provided by Hizbul to Indian forces helped in eliminating much of the group's 300-strong surviving cadre. JKLF tried to regain its dominance but caved in to pressure being exerted on it by Pakistan, Hizbul and Indian forces with Yasin Malik declaring a ceasefire in 1994, with Hizbul already having ascended to dominance by 1993. His organization became a pro-India counter-insurgent group.

Hizbul murdered many of the pro-independence intelligentsia in Kashmir.[16][17] Among others killed were JKLF ideologue Abdul Ahad Wani, Hriday Nath Wanchoo (killed by Ashiq Hussain Faktoo), Muhammad Sultan Bhat, Abdul Ghani Lone, and Abdul Majeed Dar.[15]

Divisions in the 1990s, Ceasefire of 2000

In 1991, after the merger with the Tahreek-e-Jihad-e-Islami (TJI), the strength of the Hizbul had reached 10,000.[18] In the following years, rivalries developed within the Hizb, culminating in a killing of 21 people in a Pakistan administered Kashmir(AK), village near the border in 1998.[19]

By the late 1990s, several voices within the Hizb including its operational commander Abdul Majeed Dar sought a return to more peaceful approaches. In July 2000, Dar, along with four other Hizb commanders, made a surprise unilateral ceasefire declaration from the outskirts of Srinagar.[20] The ceasefire was immediately ratified by the Pakistan-based commander Sayeed Salahudeen,[21] but was criticized strongly in the Pakistan media.[19] It was withdrawn by Salahudeen by September. In 2002 Dar was denounced as an agent of the Indian intelligence agency Research and Analysis Wing (RAW).[22] He was expelled from the Hizb along with four divisional commanders.

The ceasefire move, its immediate endorsement and subsequent withdrawal highlighted deep divisions between the more hawkish operatives in Azad Kashmir and those based in India.[23]

Dar and several other ex-Hizb leaders were assassinated between 2001 and 2003.[20][24] The organization today, under Salahudeen, is viewed as much more hardcore.

Death of Burhan Wani and protests in Kashmir

On 8 July 2016, prominent terrorist and Hizbul Mujahideen commander, Burhan Muzaffar Wani, was shot dead by Indian security forces. More than 50,000 people joined his funeral procession and there were mass protests in the Kashmir valley.[25]

Under Sabzar Bhat (2016–2017)

Wani was succeeded by Sabzar Bhat, who had previously been a close aide of his.[26][27] Indian security forces considered Bhat effective at using social media to recruit youth towards militancy.[28][29] Indian security forces previously located him in Rathsuna, in March 2017, but he was able to evade them after a 15-hour gunfight that left one policeman dead.[30][30][31][32][33]

Bhat was killed in May 2017, and subsequently buried in Pulwama.[34] His death sparked clashes and a police-imposed curfew, during which a youth was killed in clashes with the Central Reserve Police Force.[35] Internet and phone service across Kashmir was suspended in an attempt to calm the region.[36][37]

A previously-unknown militant group, Mujahideen Taliban-e-Kashmir, claimed it had provided information on Bhat to security forces.[38] The claim remains unverified, though some analysts suggested it reflected a growing schism between various militant groups in Kashmir, with members of Hizbul Mujahideen concerned that Zakir Musa may have betrayed Bhat.[39][40]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "::Ministry of Home Affairs:: BANNED ORGANISATIONS". 2013-01-29. Retrieved 2017-05-15.
  2. ↑ "COUNCIL DECISION (CFSP) 2015/2430 of 21 December 2015". eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 2017-05-15.
  3. ↑ "US adds 4 Indian outfits to terror list". Rediff. 30 April 2004. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
  4. ↑ "L – Appendix A: Chronology of Significant Terrorist Incidents, 2002". Retrieved 2016-08-22.
  5. ↑ "N – Appendix C: Background Information on Other Terrorist Groups". Retrieved 2016-08-22.
  6. ↑ "Appendix C – Background Information on Other Terrorist Groups". Retrieved 2016-08-22.
  7. ↑ Background Information on Other Terrorist Groups (PDF) – via State Department of the United States of America.
  8. ↑ Sati Sahni, 10,000 The birth of the Hizbul Mujahideen, Rediff News, July 2000
  9. ↑ "Our fight is not for Kashmir, it’s for Islam: Hizbul commander in new video". http://www.hindustantimes.com/. 2017-03-16. Retrieved 2017-07-13. External link in |work= (help)
  10. ↑ "Our fight not for Kashmir, but Islam, says Hizb commander". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 2017-07-13.
  11. ↑ Murphy, Eamon (2012). The Making of Terrorism in Pakistan: Historical and Social Roots of Extremism. Routledge. p. 123. ISBN 978-0415565264.
  12. ↑ Bennett-Jones, Owen (2015). "Eamon Murphy, The Making of Terrorism in Pakistan: Historical and Social Roots of Extremism". Intelligence and National Security. Routledge. 30 (5). The treatment is often superficial and filled both with loosely worded assessments and surprising errors (Musharraf's Prime Minister, for example, was Shaukat Aziz, not Shaukat Ali.)
  13. ↑ "Hizb-ul-Mujahideen". Institute For Conflict Management.
  14. 1 2 Paul Staniland (22 April 2014). Networks of Rebellion: Explaining Insurgent Cohesion and Collapse. Cornell University Press. pp. 76–78, 85–86.
  15. 1 2 Indranil Banerjie (8 February 2011). "Kashmir–Deciphering Islamabad’s Signals". Vivekananda International Foundation. Retrieved 9 May 2017.
  16. ↑ Bose, Sumantra (2003). Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace. Harvard University Press. pp. 3–4, 128–132. ISBN 0-674-01173-2.
  17. ↑ Bhatnagar, Gaurav (2009), "The Islamicization of Politics: Motivations for Violence in Kashmir" (PDF), The Journal of Politics and Society, 20 (1): 13–14
  18. ↑ "Mohammad Ahsan Dar's Arrest: End of the Road for Hizbul? by Amin Masoodi". Institute of Peace & Conflict Studies -. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  19. 1 2 JAIDEEP E. MENON & NARAYANAN M. KOMERATH (2009-01-09). "The Hizbul-Mujahideen Ceasefire Who Aborted It? BHARAT RAKSHAK MONITOR: Volume 3(2); September – October 2000". Retrieved 2017-05-15.
  20. 1 2 "Abdul Majid Dar shot dead". Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  21. ↑ "Hizb expels three top commanders". Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  22. ↑ "Dar & Co are RAW agents: Hizbul hawks". Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  23. ↑ "The Hizbul meltdown". Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  24. ↑ Praveen Swami; Indian Pakistan and the Secret Jihad: The Covert War in Kashmir, 1947–2004, Taylor & Francis, 2006, ISBN 0415404592, p. 202.
  25. ↑ "Who was Burhan Wani and why is Kashmir mourning him?". Huffington Post. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  26. ↑ "Kashmir conflict: Top militant Sabzar Bhat killed, police say". BBC News. May 27, 2017. Retrieved May 27, 2017.
  27. ↑ Parvaiz, Athr (May 30, 2017). "Since July 2016, Kashmir’s schools and colleges stayed shut on 60% of working days". Hindustan Times. The killing of Wani’s successor, Sabzar Bhat, on May 27, 2017, threatens to further stoke the fire raging since the April 9, 2017 by-elections for a parliamentary seat. On May 27, 2017, separatists announced three days of strike and protests to mourn Bhat’s death while the police imposed curfew to prevent people from gathering. Yet, clashes took place between protesters and personnel of the state police and the Central Reserve Police Force resulting in the killing of a youth and injuries to 70 others.
  28. ↑ Yasir, Sameer (May 29, 2017). "Hizbul Mujahideen commander Sabzar Bhat killed: How security forces pulled off encounter in Tral". Archived from the original on June 3, 2017. The security forces pointed out that 26-year-old Ahmad, a resident of Ruthsana village in Tral, was the brain behind utilising social media as a tool to attract young boys towards militancy. He was marked as an 'A-category' militant.
  29. ↑ Nanjappa, Vicky (May 30, 2017). "Sabzar Bhat, the terrorist who shot more selfies than bullets". Oneindia. Retrieved June 3, 2017. Intelligence Bureau officials tell OneIndia that like Wani, this person too was a social media tiger. The youth of Kashmir unnecessarily get carried away by such people who make a pomp and show on the social media. This is just a strategy on their part to attract the youth into their fold, the official also added.
  30. 1 2 Malik, Irfan Amin (May 28, 2017). "Sabzar's journey from ‘hardworking farmer to tech-savvy fighter’". Greater Kashmir. Archived from the original on June 2, 2017.
  31. ↑ Singh, Aarti Tikoo; Pandit, M Saleem (May 28, 2017). "Slain terrorist a drug addict who dropped out in Class X". Times of India. Retrieved June 3, 2017.
  32. ↑ Wani, Ashraf (July 12, 2016). "From failed lover to terror chief: Meet Hizbul's new poster boy in Kashmir". Archived from the original on June 3, 2017. Retrieved June 3, 2017. Sabzar Ahmad Bhat alias 'SAB DON', son of Ghulam Hassan Bhat, resident of Ruthsana in Tral, is believed to be the brain behind the use of social media as weapon among terrorist groups for last two years in Kashmir.
  33. ↑ "15-hr gunbattle ends in J&K's Tral; policeman martyred, two terrorists gunned down — Complete details inside". Zee News. March 5, 2017. Retrieved June 2, 2017.
  34. ↑ Rashid, Toufiq (May 28, 2017). "Burhan Wani’s father attends funeral of Hizbul militant Sabzar Bhat". Hindustan Times. Hizbul Mujahideen militant Sabzar Ahmad Bhat was buried in his village in Pulwama on Sunday morning, a day after the 27-year-old was killed in a gun fight with security forces in south Kashmir.
  35. ↑ Parvaiz, Athr (May 30, 2017). "Since July 2016, Kashmir’s schools and colleges stayed shut on 60% of working days". Hindustan Times. The killing of Wani’s successor, Sabzar Bhat, on May 27, 2017, threatens to further stoke the fire raging since the April 9, 2017 by-elections for a parliamentary seat. On May 27, 2017, separatists announced three days of strike and protests to mourn Bhat’s death while the police imposed curfew to prevent people from gathering. Yet, clashes took place between protesters and personnel of he state police and the Central Reserve Police Force resulting in the killing of a youth and injuries to 70 others.
  36. ↑ Masoodi, Nazir (June 1, 2017). "CCTV Footage Helps Police Hunt Down Terrorists In Kashmir's Sopore, 2 Killed". NDTV. Retrieved June 3, 2017. Internet services were suspended across Kashmir after Sabzar Ahmad Bhat, who has succeeded Burhan Wani, was killed in south Kashmir's Tral on Saturday.
  37. ↑ "Not Even 24 Hours After It Was Restored, Mobile Internet Services In Kashmir Valley Snapped Again". The Huffington Post. May 27, 2017. Retrieved June 3, 2017. The Government of Jammu and Kashmir snapped the mobile internet( 2G, 3G and 4G) services in Kashmir fearing law and order problems, especially after the killing of top Hizbul Mujahedeen commander Sabzar Bhat in Tral encounter on Saturday. It has not even been 24 hours since the social media sites and applications including Facebook, WhatsApp and Twitter were restored in Kashmir Valley.
  38. ↑ Rashid, Toufiq (June 1, 2017). "J-K: Unknown militant group claims to have killed Hizb commander Sabzar Bhat". Hindustan Times. The group – which identified itself as Mujahideen Taliban-e-Kashmir – said they provided information on Bhat to security forces because “he was coming in the way of Kashmir’s Islamic struggle”. A video that surfaced on the social media on Wednesday showed an armed masked man swearing allegiance to former HM commander Zakir Musa in his quest to “turn Kashmir into an Islamic state”. Another clip posted on Thursday showed three masked men telling both militants and Kashmiri citizens to follow Musa unless they wanted to face the same fate as Bhat. “We provided information on the militants in Arampora, and we will continue to do so if anybody comes in our way,” one of them said. “Sabzar got what he deserved, and we don’t care who becomes the new chief.”
  39. ↑ "Local Miliant Group Claims It Informed Police About Hizb Commander Sabzar Bhat's Whereabout". Outlook. June 2, 2017. Hizbul Mujahideen commander and slain militant Burhan Wani's successor Sabzar Bhat's killing in Tral encounter has only exposed the widening schism between the militant groups in the valley.
  40. ↑ Kanwal, Rahul (May 30, 2017). "Was Sabzar Bhatt betrayed by boss Zakir Musa? Intel inputs suggest rift among Kashmiri terrorists". Archived from the original on June 3, 2017. Radio and mobile chatter intercepted by India's intelligence agencies reflect a high level of distrust between former Hizbul commander Zakir Musa and the terror outfit he had led till recently. In the aftermath of the encounter killing of Burhan Wani's successor Sabzar Bhatt, Indian agencies have recorded multiple conversations where Hizbul Mujahideen cadre can be heard discussing whether Zakir Musa betrayed Sabzar Bhatt. Hizbul terrorists seem to suspect that a personal messenger close to Musa tipped off the Jammu and Kashmir police about the location of Sabzar's hideout. Sabzar was killed last week in an encounter very close to his hometown of Tral.
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