List of battles of Rajasthan
Several significant battles are recorded to have taken place in what is now known as Rajasthan. Almost all of these were between Rajputs and foreign invaders viz. Turks, Afghans & Mughals. In most of these battles Rajputs were victorious and had significant role in weakening of invaders who had already established their rule in Delhi.
Against the Ghurid's
- Battle of Kasahrada (1178) - Mularaja II of Solanki Dynasty defeated Mohammad Gori.[1][2][3]
- The First Battle of Tarain (1191) – Prithviraj Chauhan of Ajmer defeated Mohammad Gori.
- Second Battle of Tarain (1192) – Muhammad Gori defeated Prithvi Raj Chauhan.
Against the Sultanate's of Delhi,Gujarat and Malwa
- Siege of Jaisalmer (1286-1294) - Alauddin Khilji plundered Jaisalmer after 8 years of siege. For some years afterwards Jaisalmer remained abandoned before the surviving Bhatis reoccupied it.[4]
- Battle of Ranthambore (1290) - Jalal-ud-d Khilji attacked Hammir deo because of his rising power. Jalaludin's forces were defeated by Hammir.
- Battle of Ranthambore (1299) - Hammir deo defeated a Khilji army under Nusrat Khan and Ulugh Khan.[5]
- Siege of Ranthombore (1301) – Alauddin Khilji defeated Hammir deo.
- Siege of Chittor (1303) – Alauddin Khilji defeated Rawal Ratan Singh (Rani Padmini and other ladies committed Jauhar)
- Battle of Siwana (1308) – Malik Kamaluddin a general of Alauddin Khilji defeated Sheetal deo.
- Battle of Jalore (1310–14) – Alauddin Khilji defeated Kanhad deo after a long and bloody war.[6]
- Battle of Chittor (1326) - Rana Hammir Singh defeated the Tughlaq dynasty and recovered Mewar.[7]
- Battle of Singoli (1336) – Rana Hammir Singh defeated Muhammad bin Tughluq and annexed Ajmer, Ranthambhore, Nagor and Shivapuri. The Tughlaq dynasty was forced to pay 5,000,000 Tankas for the safe passage of their sultan.[8]
- Battle of Mandalgarh and Banas (1442-1446) - A series of battles that took place between Mahmud Khilji of Malwa and Rana Kumbha of Mewar. bloodied by these engagements the Sultan did not attack Mewar for another ten years.[9][10]
- Battle of Nagaur (1456) - Rana Kumbha defeated the combined armies of Shams Khan (sultan of Nagaur) and Qutbuddin (Sultan of Gujarat) and captured Nagaur, Kasili, Khandela and shakambhari.[11]
- Battle of Peepar (1492) - Rao Satal defeated Gudhla Khan an Afghan general and rescued 140 maidens that had been captured. Rao Satal himself died that night of the wounds received in the battle.[12]
- Battle of Khatoli (1517) – Rana Sanga defeated Ibrahim Lodhi.[13]
- Battle of Dholpur (1519) - Rana Sanga defeated Ibrahim Lodhi.[14]
- Battle of Gagron (1519) – Rana Sanga defeated Mahmud Khilji of Malwa.[15]
- Invasion of Mewar (1520) - Sultan Muzaffar Shah II sent an army under Malik Ayaz but failed and retreated to Gujarat.[16]
- Battle of Sammel (1544) – Sher Shah Suri's Pyrrhic victory against the army of Jaita and Kumpa.[17]
Against the Mughal Empire
- Siege of Ranthambore (1558) - Mughal Emperor Akbar besieged Ranthambore Fort but failed due to Rajput rebellions in Gwalior.
- Battle of Merta (1562) - Akbar with the help of Rajas from Bikaner and Amer defeated Rao Chandra Sen and advanced towards Jodhpur.
- First Mughal Invasion of Marwar (1562-1583) - Akbar invaded Marwar and occupied Jodhpur. The ruler Rao Chandra Sen continued his struggle until his death in 1581 after which Marwar submitted to Mughal rule in 1583.[18]
- Siege of Chittorgarh (1567) – Emperor Akbar defeated Rao Jaimal and Patta (Udai Singh II escaped with his family to Udaipur)
- Siege of Ranthambore (1568) - A successful siege by Mughal Emperor Akbar causes the Rajput leader Rao Surjan Hada to surrender Ranthambore Fort.
- Battle of Haldighati (1576) – Man Singh (the commander of Akbar) defeated Maharana Pratap.
- Battle of Dewair (1582) - Maharana Pratap attacked a Mughal stronghold this resulted in the flight of the Mughal soldiers and the closing of all the 36 Mughal posts in Mewar.
- Battle of Dewar (1606) - Fought in a valley 40km from Kumbalgarh. Rana Amar Singh defeated and killed Sultan Khan, the Mughal prince Muhammad Parviz fled from the battlefield with his commander Asaf Khan.[19][20]
- Battle of Dharmatpur (1658) - Mughal emperor Aurangzeb defeated Maharaja Jaswant Singh.[21]
- Second Mughal Invasion of Marwar (1679-1707) - Auranzeb took Marwar under his direct control after the death of Maharaja Jaswant Singh. The Rathore army under Durgadas Rathore carried out a relentless struggle against the occupying forces. In 1707 after the death of Aurangzeb, Durgadas defeated the local Mughal force and reoccupied Jodhpur and their lost territories.[22]
- Battle of Udaipur (1680) - Aurangzeb attacked Mewar and plundered Udaipur, the citizens were safely escorted to the aravalli hills by Rana Raj Singh but 63 temples in and around Udaipur were plundered and many villages were burned down by Aurangzebs general Taj Khan. The Mughal army was eventually starved out of Mewar because of the scorched earth techniques and guerrilla warfare used by the Rana. Aurangzeb after a failed campaign left Mewar to his son Akbar and retreated to Ajmer.[23]
- Battle of Aravalli hills (1680) - In the second half of 1680, after several months of such setbacks, Aurangzeb decided on an all-out offensive. Niccolao Manucci, an Italian gunner in the Mughal army, says: "for this campaign, Aurangzeb put in pledge the whole of his kingdom." Three separate armies, under Aurangzeb's sons Akbar, Azam and Muazzam, penetrated the Aravalli hills from different directions. However, their artillery lost its effectiveness while being dragged around the rugged hills and both Azam and Muazzam were defeated by the Rajputs under Durgadas Rathore and Rana Raj Singh.[24]
- Battle of Jodhpur (1707) - Durgadas Rathore took advantage of the disturbances following the death of Aurangzeb in 1707 to seize Jodhpur and eventually evict the occupying Mughal force out of Marwar.[25]
- Battle of Amer (January 1708) - Bahadur Shah I marched with a large army and annexed Amer without a war.[26]
- Battle of Merta (February 1708) - Bahadur Shah I's general Mihrab Khan defeated Ajit Singh of Marwar and once again occupied Jodhpur.[27]
- Rajput Rebellion (September 1708) - The three Rajput Raja's of Amber, Udaipur and Jodhpur made a joint resistance to the Mughals. The Rajputs first expelled the commandants of Jodhpur and Bayana and recovered Amer by a night attack. They next killed Sayyid Hussain Khan Barha, the commandant of Mewat and many other officers. Bahadur Shah I, then in the Deccan was forced to patch up a truce with the Rajput Rajas.[28]
Post Mughal rule
- Battle of Gangwana (1741) - 1,000 Rathor cavaliers of Bhakt Singh fought a combined army of a 100,000 men consisting of Mughals, Kachwahas, Chauhans, Jadauns and Jats. In this battle Bhakt Singh was defeated but his cavalry charge killed and injured thousands of his foes. Sir Jadunath Sarkar quotes that - "the battle front was like tigers upon a flock of sheep". According to Harcharandas more than 12,000 men were slain in the battlefield.[29][30][31][32]
- Battle of Bagru (1748) - Ishwari Singh Kachwaha supported by Jats under Suraj Mal defeated Madho Singh I who was supported by the Marathas under Malhar Rao Holkar.[33]
- Battle of Raona (1750) - The Mughal Empire invaded Marwar but were repelled by the armies of Raja Ram singh Rathore and Ishwari Singh Kachwaha. [34]
- Battle of Luniawas (1750)- Bhakt Singh defeated and usurped the throne of Marwar from his nephew Ram Singh.[35]
- Battle of Maonda and Mandholi (1767) - Jaipur forces defeat the forces of Bharatpur.[36]
- Battle of Bharatpur (1768) - Madho Singh I invaded Bharatpur at the head of 16,000 men where he defeated Jawahar Singh again on 29 February 1768.[37][38]
- Battle of Tunga or Battle of Lalsot (1787) - Combined forces of Jaipur and Jodhpur fought an indecisive battle with the Maratha forces of Mahadaji Shinde.[39]
- Mughal Invasion of Jaipur (1780) - Two armies were sent by the Mughal Empire under Murtaza Khan Barech and Mahbub Ali of Oudh. The Mughal armies were able to plunder the kingdom but were unable to capture Jaipur itself. Reinforcements from Delhi were defeated in an ambush in Narnaul, resulting to lack of supplies and the retreat of the Mughal army.[40]
- Battle of Merta (1790) - Mahadaji Scindia defeated Maharaja Vijay Singh.
- Battle of Malpura (1800) - Maharaja Sawai Pratap Singh was defeated by Daulat Rao Sindhia[41]
- Siege of Mehrangarh (1806) - Man Singh of Marwar defeated the invading armies of Jaipur, Mewar and Bikaner so comprehensively that Jagat Singh of Jaipur had to pay a sum of Rs. 2,00,000 to secure his safe passage. In honour of Man Singhs victory over Jaipur the Jai Pol, or victory gate was built in the fort in 1808.[42]
References
- ↑ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, pp. 131-132.
- ↑ Dasharatha Sharma 1959, p. 138.
- ↑ R. B. Singh 1964, p. 259.
- ↑ Beny & Matheson, p. 149.
- ↑ Gods, Kings & Slaves: The Siege of Madurai chapter 16 by Venkatesh R.
- ↑ Maheshwari, Hiralal (1980). History of Rajasthani Literature. Sahitya Akademi. p. 17.
- ↑ Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. pp. 116–117. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
- ↑ The History of Qurana Turks pg. 358
- ↑ A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books.
- ↑ Har Bilas Sarda "Maharana Kumbha: sovereign, soldier, scholar" pg 47
- ↑ A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. pp. 116–117
- ↑ Indian States a biographical, sustainable and administrative survey by jw solomon
- ↑ Decisive Battles India Lost pg 56 by Jaywant Joglekar
- ↑ Decisive Battles India Lost pg 56 by Jaywant Joglekar
- ↑ Decisive Battles India Lost pg 57 by Jaywant Joglekar
- ↑ The Hindupat, the Last Great Leader of the Rajput Race. 1918. Reprint. London pg 84-86
- ↑ Tarikh -i Daudi Farid bin Hasan Sur entitled Shir Shah fol 114
- ↑ Studies in Mughal History pg 91 by Ashwini Agrawal
- ↑ Rajsamand (2001), District Gazetteers, Rajasthan, p. 35,
The battle of Dewar was fought in a valley of Arvali about 40 km north -east of Kumbhalgarh. ... Prince Amar Singh fought valiantly and pierced through Sultan Khan and the horse he was riding.
- ↑ A military history of medieval India, 2003, p. 530,
Prince Pravez and Asaf Khan led an army of 20,000 horse which fought a battle against Rana Amar Singh at Dewar
- ↑ https://archive.org/stream/annalsantiquitie01todj/annalsantiquitie01todj_djvu.txt
- ↑ The Cambridge History of India pg 248-304
- ↑ Maharana Raj Singh and His Times By Ram Sharma
- ↑ Storia do Mogor By Niccolao Manucci
- ↑ Cambridge history of India pg. 304
- ↑ Irvine, p. 47.
- ↑ Irvine, p. 48.
- ↑ The Cambridge History of India, Volume 3 pg 322
- ↑ A History of Jaipur pg-200 by Jadunath Sarkar
- ↑ Fall of the Mughal Empire pg-139-140 by Jadunath Sarkar
- ↑ Harcharandas in Chahar Gulzar 377b-379b
- ↑ James Tod Marwar ii, chapter 11
- ↑ Rajasthan through the Ages vol 4 pg.188
- ↑ Rajasthan through the Ages vol 4 pg.189
- ↑ Rajasthan through the Ages vol 4 pg.196
- ↑ History of Jaipur by Jadunath Sarkar pg. 256
- ↑ The Rajputana gazetteers - 1880
- ↑ History of Jaipur by Jadunath Sarkar pg. 256
- ↑ Jacques, Tony. Dictionary of Battles and Sieges pg 565
- ↑ Rajasthan through the Ages vol 4 pg.216-218
- ↑ A history of Jaipur pg 310 by Jadunath Sarkar
- ↑ James Tod Marwar ii, chapter 11
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