Hindko

Hindko
Panjistani
ہندکو

Hindko in Shahmukhi
Native to Pakistan
Region Peshawar, Kohat, Hazara Division, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pothohar Plateau, Punjab, Azad Kashmir
Native speakers
 3.7 million (2016)[1]
Dialects
Shahmukhi
Language codes
ISO 639-3 Either:
hnd – Southern Hindko
hno – Northern Hindko
Glottolog hind1271[2]

Hindko (ہندکو ALA-LC: Hindko IPA: [hɪnd̪koː]) is a cover term for a diverse group of Lahnda (Western Punjabi) dialects spoken by people of various ethnic backgrounds in several discontinuous areas in northwestern Pakistan, primarily in the provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab.[3] The various names for this language group include Hindki,[4][lower-alpha 1] Panjistani and the ambiguous Pahari.[5]

There is a nascent language movement[6] and in recent decades Hindko-speaking intellectuals have started promoting the view of Hindko as a separate language.[7] There is a literary tradition based on Peshawari,[8] the urban variety of Peshawar in the northwest, and another one based on the language of Abbottabad in the northeast.[9]

Although there is disagreement about the exact etymology of the name "Hindko" (Shackle for example sees it as meaning "the Indian language")[lower-alpha 2], it is generally accepted that the term has developed to refer to the northwestern Indo-Aryan speech forms in contrast to the neighbouring Pashto, an Iranian language.[10][11] Hindko is mutually intelligible with Punjabi and Saraiki,[7] and has more affinities with the latter than with the former.[12] Differences with other Punjabi varieties are more pronounced in the morphology and phonology than in the syntax.[13]

Dialects

The central dialect group of "Hindko proper"[lower-alpha 3] comprises Kohati (spoken in the city of Kohat and a few neighbouring villages in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) and the three closely related dialects of Attock District, Punjab: Chacchi (spoken in Attock and Haripur Tehsils), Ghebi (spoken to the south in Pindi Gheb Tehsil) and Awankari (spoken in Talagang Tehsil, now part of Chakwal District).[14][15] Rensch's classification based on lexical similarity[lower-alpha 4] also assigns to this group the rural dialects of Peshawar District.[16] Shackle, however, sees most[lower-alpha 5] of them as closely related to the urban variety of Peshawar City.[17]

In a group of its own is Peshawari,[lower-alpha 6] the prestigious urban variety spoken in the city of Peshawar and the one that is promoted as a standardised literary language.[18] It has a wide dialectal base[19] and has undergone the influence of Urdu and Standard Punjabi.[16][20] A separate group is formed in the northeast by the relatively homogeneous dialects of the Hazara region,[21][22] which are known as Hazara Hindko, "Northern Hindko" or "Kaghani".

The whole dialect continuum of Hindko is partitioned by Ethnologue into two languages: Northern Hindko (ISO 639-3 code: hno).[23] for the dialects of Hazara, and Southern Hindko (ISO 639-3: hnd)[24] for the remaining varieties. This grouping finds support in the results of the intelligibility testing done by Rensch, which also found out that the southern dialects are more widely understood throughout the Hindko area than are the northern ones.[25] Northern "Hindko" dialects include Dhanni and Sawain (Sohain), Tinauli, Dhundi-Kairali, Chibhali, and Punchhi. Some of these may be included in the 1981 census figure of 1.9 million speakers, but it is not known if these are actually closer to Kagani than they are to other languages;[26] Ethnologue counts the last three as dialects of Pothohari, but Linguist List suggests that the first three (Dhann, Sawain, & Tinauli) have been counted with Kagani.

Hindko is closely related to several other varieties of "Greater Punjabi", especially the Dhani dialect of Chakwal. To the south, across the Salt Range are found the dialects of Saraiki.[27] One of these – the variety spoken in the Dera Ismail Khan District is variously referred to as either "Hindko" or "Siraiki".[28]

Demographics

The speakers of Hindko live primarily in seven districts in northern Pakistan: Mansehra, Abbottabad, Haripur, Peshawar, Nowshera, Akora Khattak, Swabi and Kohat in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Attock and Rawalpindi in Punjab, and parts of Pakistan-administered Kashmir including Muzaffarabad. Jonathan Addleton states that "Hindko is the linguistic majority in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, represented in nearly one-third of the province's total households." (Pakhtunkhwa referring to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province.) According to the 1981 census, Hindko-speaking households accounted for 92% of the total in Abbottabad District, 47% in Mansehra District, 6.9% in Peshawar District, and 10% in Kohat District.[29] Hindko is also spoken in Afghanistan by the Hindkois and the Hindki people.

There is no generic name for the speakers of Hindko because they belong to diverse ethnic groups and tend to identify themselves by the larger families or castes. However, the people of the largest group in the districts of Haripur, Abbottabad, Mansehra, Battagram and Kohistan are sometimes recognised collectively as Hazarawal, named after the defunct Hazara Division that comprised these districts. The ethnic groups that speak Hindko include various Pashtun tribes (Tahir Kheli, Swati Pathans, Yusufzai, the Jadun and the Tarin), as well as Saiyids, Avans, Moughals, Bulghadris, Turks, Qureshis and Gujars.[30]

The most common second language is Urdu and the second most common one is Pashto.[31] In most Hindko-speaking areas, speakers of Pashto live in the same or neighbouring communities (although this is less true in Abbottabad and Kaghan Valley). The relationship between Hindko and Pashto is not one of stable bilingualism. In terms of domains of use and number of speakers, Hindko is dominant and growing in the northeast, whereas in the southwest it is losing ground.[32]

In recent years, the migration of the people from the Hazara region to the plains of Punjab and intermarriages has brought Hindko even closer to standard Punjab..

Literature

The Gandhara Hindko Board is a leading organisation that has been active in the preservation and promotion of the Hindko and culture since 1993. The board was launched in Peshawar in year 1993 to preserve and promote Hindko —the second most spoken of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. It brings out four regular publications— Hindkowan, The Gandhara Voice, " Sarkhail" and "Tarey" and a number of occasional publications. Late professor Zahoor Ahmad Awan of Peshawar city, the author of 61 books and publications, was the founding-chairman of the board. Now the board is headed by Ejaz Ahmad Qureshi. The board has published first Hindko dictionary and several other books on a variety of topics. With head office in Peshawar, the organisation has regional offices in other cities of the province where Hindko is spoken and understood. The organisation has arranged a number of mega events to raise awareness among the Hindkowans about the importance of their language and culture. The board seeks respect for and due attention to all the languages spoken in Gandhara.

In 2003 the Gandhara Hindko Board published first a Hindko dictionary which was compiled by a prominent linguists from Abbottabad, Sultan Sakoon. The board published a second more comprehensive Hindko dictionary in 2007 prepared by Elahi Bakhsh Awan of the University of London. He is the author of Sarzamin e Hindko, and Hindko Sautiyat. His three booklets on Hindko phonology were published by the University of Peshawar in the late 1970s.

The Idara-e-Faroghe Hindko based in Peshawar is another body that is promoting the Hindko. Riffat Akbar Swati and Aurangzeb Ghaznavi are main people of this organisation. The Idara has published the first Hindko translation of the Quran by Haider Zaman Haider and the first Ph.D. thesis on Hindko by E.B.A. Awan. A monthly magazine Faroogh is also published regularly from Peshawar under supervision of Aurangzeb Ghaznavi. In Karachi Syed Mehboob is working for the promotion of Hindko. His articles are frequently published in Farogh monthly. He is organiser of Hindko Falahi Forum.

Many organisations like Bazm-e-Ilm-o-Fun Abbottabad and Halqa-e-Yaraan Shinkyari are contributing in their own way to the cause of promoting Hindko and literature. Asif Saqib, Sufi Abdur Rasheed, Fazal-e-Akbar Kamal, Sharif Hussain Shah, Muhammad Farid, Yahya Khalid, Nazir Kasalvi, and Muhammad Hanif have contributed a lot in this regard. Sultan Sakoon has written the First Hindko dictionary that has been published by Gandhara Hindko Board. Sultan Sakoon stands out for his literary contribution as he is a prolific writer and his books including those on Hindko proverbs and Hindko riddles have been published.

Notes

  1. ↑ The term Hindki normally refers to a Hindko speaker and Shackle (1980, p. 482) reports that in Pashto the term has slightly pejorative connotations, which are avoided with the recently introduced term Hindkūn.
  2. ↑ "Indian" here refers to the historic meaning of India as in Land of the Indus river and not the modern-day country of India.
  3. ↑ "Hindko proper" is Shackle's term.
  4. ↑ Lexical similarity was calculated on the basis of a 210-item wordlist elicited in the following localities:
  5. ↑ The exception is the divergent Khālsavī dialect of the Tappa Khālsā group of villages east of the city.
  6. ↑ The local pronunciation is [pɪʃʌori]) (Shackle 1980, p. 497).

References

  1. ↑ Hindko at Ethnologue (20th ed., 2017), citing the 2014 World Factbook.
  2. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "Hindko". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  3. ↑ For the heterogeneity of the dialects, see Rensch (1992, p. 53); Masica (1991, pp. 18–19); Shackle (1980, p. 482). For the ethnic diversity, see Rensch (1992, pp. 10–11)
  4. ↑ Rensch 1992, p. 4.
  5. ↑ Shackle 2010.
  6. ↑ Shackle 1979, p. 198.
  7. 1 2 Rahman 1996, p. 211.
  8. ↑ Shackle 1980, pp. 486, 497, 509: Peshawari is the basis of "an incipient literary standard for the different varieties of NWFP 'Hindko'".
  9. ↑ Rahman 1996, pp. 211–14.
  10. ↑ Shackle 1980, p. 482.
  11. ↑ Rensch 1992, pp. 3–4.
  12. ↑ Shackle 1979, pp. 200–1.
  13. ↑ Shackle 1980, p. 486.
  14. ↑ Shackle 1980, pp. 484–86.
  15. ↑ Rensch 1992, pp. 57, 85.
  16. 1 2 Rensch 1992, pp. 55–56.
  17. ↑ Shackle 1980, pp. 497–98.
  18. ↑ For its literature and status in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, see Shackle (1980, pp. 486, 509); for the emerging prestige of Peshawari in Hazara, see Rensch (1992, pp. 76–77).
  19. ↑ Shackle 1980, p. 497.
  20. ↑ Shackle 1980, p. 509.
  21. ↑ Shackle 1980, p. 485.
  22. ↑ Rensch 1992, p. 56.
  23. ↑ Northern Hindko at Ethnologue (20th ed., 2017)
  24. ↑ Southern Hindko at Ethnologue (20th ed., 2017)
  25. ↑ Rensch 1992, pp. 58–62.
  26. ↑ Masica 1991.
  27. ↑ Shackle 1980, p. 484.
  28. ↑ Rensch 1992, pp. 7–8, 57.
  29. ↑ Addleton 1986, pp. 58–59, quoted by Rensch (1992, p. 5).
  30. ↑ Rensch 1992, pp. 10–11.
  31. ↑ Rensch 1992, p. 80.
  32. ↑ Rensch 1992, pp. 4–5.

    Bibliography

    Hindko test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
    • Addleton, Jonathan S. (1986). "The Importance of Regional Languages in Pakistan". al-Mushir. 28 (2): 58–80. 
    • Masica, Colin P. (1991). The Indo-Aryan languages. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-23420-7. 
    • Rahman, Tariq (1996). Language and politics in Pakistan. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-577692-8. 
    • Rensch, Calvin R. (1992). "The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People". In O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin R.; Hallberg, Calinda E. Hindko and Gujari. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 969-8023-13-5. 
    • Shackle, Christopher (1979). "Problems of classification in Pakistan Panjab". Transactions of the Philological Society. 77 (1): 191–210. ISSN 0079-1636. doi:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1979.tb00857.x. 
    • Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. ISSN 0041-977X. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. 
    • Shackle, Christopher (2010). "Lahnda". In Keith Brown (ed.). Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-08-087775-4. 

    Further reading

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