Higenamine

Higenamine

Names
IUPAC name 1-[(4-Hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6,7-diol
Other names norcoclaurine, demethylcoclaurine
Identifiers
CAS Number	5843-65-2 Y 106032-53-5 (R) N 22672-77-1 (S) N
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
ChEBI	CHEBI:18418 Y
ChemSpider	102800 Y
KEGG	C06346 Y
MeSH	higenamine
PubChem CID	114840
InChI InChI=1S/C16H17NO3/c18-12-3-1-10(2-4-12)7-14-13-9-16(20)15(19)8-11(13)5-6-17-14/h1-4,8-9,14,17-20H,5-7H2 Y Key: WZRCQWQRFZITDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y InChI=1/C16H17NO3/c18-12-3-1-10(2-4-12)7-14-13-9-16(20)15(19)8-11(13)5-6-17-14/h1-4,8-9,14,17-20H,5-7H2 Key: WZRCQWQRFZITDX-UHFFFAOYAH
SMILES Oc1ccc(cc1)CC3c2c(cc(O)c(O)c2)CCN3
Properties
Chemical formula	C16H17NO3
Molar mass	271.32 g·mol−1
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
N verify (what is YN ?)
Infobox references

Higenamine (norcoclaurine) is a chemical compound found in a variety of plants including Nandina domestica (fruit), Aconitum carmichaelii (root), Asarum heterotropioides, Galium divaricatum (stem and vine), Annona squamosa, and Nelumbo nucifera (lotus seeds).

Legality

Higenamine, also known as norcoclaurine HCl, is legal to use within food supplements in the UK, EU, the USA and Canada. Its main use is within food supplements developed for weight management, also known as 'fat burners'. Traditional formulations with higenamine have been used for thousands of years within Chinese medicine and come from a variety of sources including fruit and orchids. There are no studies comparing the safety of modern formulations (based on synthetic higenamine) with traditional formulations. Nevertheless, it will not be added to the EU 'novel foods' catalogue, which details all food supplements that require a safety assessment certificate before use.^[1]

Along with many other β₂ agonists, higenamine is prohibited by World Anti-Doping Agency for use in sports.^[2] In 2016, French footballer Mamadou Sakho was temporarily banned by UEFA after testing positive for Higenamine causing the player to miss the 2016 Europa League final. The ban was lifted after the player successfully made the mitigating defence that there was an absence of significant negligence as the substance was not on the list of banned substances despite drugs of the same category – β₂ agonists – being banned.^[3][4][5][6]

Pharmacology

Since higenamine is present in plants which have a history of use in traditional medicine, the pharmacology of this compound has attracted scientific interest. A variety of effects have been observed in in vitro studies and in animal models, but its effects in humans are unknown.

In animal models, higenamine has been demonstrated to be a β₂ adrenoreceptor agonist.^{[7][8][9][10][11]} Adrenergic receptors, or adrenoceptors, belong to the class of G protein–coupled receptors, and are the most prominent receptors in the adipose membrane, besides also being expressed in skeletal muscle tissue. These adipose membrane receptors are classified as either α or β adrenoceptors. Although these adrenoceptors share the same messenger, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), the specific transduction pathway depends on the receptor type (α or β). Higenamine partly exerts its actions by the activation of an enzyme, adenylate cyclase, responsible for boosting the cellular concentrations of the adrenergic second messenger, cAMP.^[12]

In a rodent model, it was found that higenamine produced cardiotonic, vascular relaxation, and bronchodilator effects.^[13][14] In particular, higenamine, via a beta-adrenoceptor mechanism, induced relaxation in rat corpus cavernosum, leading to improved vasodilation and erectile function.

Related to improved vasodilatory signals, higenamine has been shown in animal models to possess antiplatelet and antithrombotic activity via a cAMP-dependent pathway, suggesting higenamine may contribute to enhanced vasodilation and arterial integrity.^{[7][12][14][15]}

Toxicity

Regarding toxicity, researchers have suggested that the levels of higenamine reported in food consumption (estimated 47.5 mg in a 9-ounce serving of Lotus) would be comparable to the amount used in food supplements.^[16] Higenamine is a beta-adrenergic agonist which has effects on the function of trachea and heart muscles.^[17][18] During a study of acute toxicity, mice were orally administered the compound at a dose of 2 g per kg of bodyweight. No mice died during the study.^[19]

See also

References