Hetman of Zaporizhian Host

Hetman of Zaporizhian Host

State flag
Last Hetman of Zaporizhian Host
Residence Chyhyryn (originally)
Hetman Residence, Baturyn
Appointer General Military Council
Formation 26 January 1648
First holder Bohdan Khmelnytsky
Final holder Kyrylo Rozumovsky
Abolished 17 November 1764

Hetman of Zaporizhian Host (Ukrainian: Гетьман Війська Запорозького, Russian: Гетман Войска Запорожского, Polish: Hetman wojsk kozackich) is a former historic government office and political institution of Cossack Hetmanate (Zaporizhian Host) in Ukraine that was equivalent to a head of state. The office was liquidated on the edict of Russian Governing Senate of 17 November 1764.[1]

Brief history

As a head of state the position was established at first by Bohdan Khmelnytsky during the Cossack Hetmanate in the mid 17th century. During that period the office was electoral. All elections except for the first one were adapted by the Senior Council in Chyhyryn which until 1669 served the capital of Hetmanate.

Since the council in Pereyaslav of 1654 several senior cossacks sided with the Tsardom of Russia and in 1663 they staged "Black Council" (Chorna Rada) in Nizhyn which elected Ivan Briukhovetsky as an alternative hetman. Since the defeat of Petro Doroshenko in 1669 the Hetman title was adapted by pro-Russian elected hetmans who resided in Baturyn. In the course of the Great Northern War one of them, Ivan Mazepa, decided to revolt against Russian rule in 1708 which later drew terrible consequences for the Cossack Hetmanate as well as the Zaporizhian Host. The administration was moved to Hlukhiv where the Mazepa's doll was publicly executed and anathema was laid against him by the Russian Orthodox Church. Later in the late 18th century it was successfully disbanded by the Russian government during the expansion of the Russian territory towards the Black Sea coast.

In 1764 the Russian Empress Catherine the Great issued a secret instruction to Prince Vyazemsky who was Procurator General of the Governing Senate.[2][3]

Instruction to Senate

~ Catherine the Great, 1764

List of office holders

# Hetman Elected (event) Took office Left office
1 Bohdan Khmelnytsky
(1596–1657)
Зиновій-Богдан Хмельницький		 1648 (Sich) 26 January 1648 6 August 1657 Council of Pereyaslav, Moscow's military union with Hetmanate
2 Yurii Khmelnytsky
(1641–1685)
Юрій Хмельницький		 death of his father 6 August 1657 27 August 1657
3 Ivan Vyhovsky
(????–1664)
Іван Виговський		 1657 (Korsun) 27 August 1657
(confirmed: 21 October 1657)		 11 September 1659 Attempt for reconciliation with Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth[lower-alpha 1]
4 Yurii Khmelnytsky
(1641–1685)
Юрій Хмельницький		 1659 (Hermanivka) 11 September 1659
(confirmed: 11 September 1659)		 October 1662 First vassalage to Muscovy[lower-alpha 2], later agreed to autonomy within Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth[lower-alpha 3]
5 Pavlo Teteria
(1620?–1670)
Павло "Тетеря" Моржковський		 1662 (Chyhyryn) October 1662 July 1665
The period of ruin and civil war
(1) Ivan Briukhovetsky
(1623–1668)
Іван Брюховецький		 1663 (Nizhyn) 27 June 1663
(confirmed: 27 June 1663)		 17 June 1668 pro-Muscovite faction, changed sides due to Truce of Andrusovo
6 Petro Doroshenko
(1627–1698)
Петро Дорошенко		 1666 (Chyhyryn) 10 October 1665
(confirmed: January 1666)		 19 September 1676 Union treaty with Ottomans[lower-alpha 4]
(2) Demian Mnohohrishny
(1631–1703)
Дем'ян Многогрішний		 1669 (Hlukhiv) 17 December 1668
(confirmed: 3 March 1669)		 April 1672 pro-Muscovite faction
(1) Mykhailo Khanenko
(1620–1680)
Михайло Ханенко		 1669 (Uman) 1669
(confirmed: 2 September 1670)		 1674 pro-Polish faction[lower-alpha 5]
7 (3) Ivan Samoylovych
(1630s–1690)
Іван Самойлович		 1672 (Cossack Grove) 17 June 1672 August 1687 pro-Muscovite faction
(2) Stefan Kunicki
(?–1684)
Стефан Куницький		 23 August 1683 23 August 1683
(confirmed: 24 August 1683)		 January 1684 pro-Polish faction
(3) Andriy Mohyla
(?–1689)
Андрій Могила		 January 1684 January 1684
(confirmed: 30 January 1684)		 January 1689 pro-Polish faction
The period of ruin and civil war ended
8 Ivan Mazepa
(1627–1698)
Іван Мазепа		 1687 (Kolomak) 4 August 1687 6 November 1708 "stripped" of a title, discredited
9 Ivan Skoropadsky
(1646–1722)
Іван Скоропадський		 1708 (Hlukhiv) 6 November 1708 14 July 1722 died
X Pavlo Polubotok
(1660–1724)
Павло Полуботок		 appointed hetman 1722 1724 died in prison
Collegium of Little Russia (Stepan Velyaminov) 1722-1727
10 Danylo Apostol
(1654–1734)
Данило Апостол		 1727 (Hlukhiv) 12 October 1727 29 March 1734 died
X Yakiv Lyzohub
(1675–1749)
Яків Лизогуб		 appointed hetman 1733 1749 died
Governing Council of the Hetman Office (Aleksei Shakhovskoy) 1734-1745
11 Kyrylo Rozumovsky
(1728–1803)
Кирило Розумовський		 1750 (Hlukhiv) 22 February 1750 17 November 1764 resigned
Collegium of Little Russia 1764-1786 (Pyotr Rumyantsev)

Some historians among which is Mykola Arkas[4] question legitimacy of the Teteria's elections accusing the later in corruption.[5] Also some sources claim election of Teteria having taken place in January 1663.[6] The election of Teteria led to the Povoloch Regiment Uprising in 1663, followed by bigger number of unrest in the modern region of Kirovohrad Oblast as well as Polesie (all in the Right-bank Ukraine).[7] Moreover, the political crisis that followed the Pushkar–Barabash Uprising divided the Cossack Hetmanate completely on both bank of Dnieper River.[7] Coincidentally, on 10 January 1663 the Tsardom of Muscovy created the new Little Russian Office (Prikaz) within its Ambassadorial Office.

Vouched by Charles Marie François Olier, marquis de Nointel, Yuriy Khmelnytsky was freed from the Ottoman captivity, appointed and along with Pasha Ibragim was sent to Ukraine fight the Moscow forces of Samoilovych and Romadanovsky. In 1681 Mehmed IV appointed George Ducas the Hetman of Ukraine, replacing Khmelnytsky.

Following the anathema on Mazepa and the election of Ivan Skoropadsky, Cossack Hetmanate was included into the Russian Government of Kiev in December 1708. Upon the death of Skoropadsky, the Hetman elections were disrupted and were awarded as a gift and a type of princely titles, first to Moldavian nobleman and later to the Russian Empress favorite.

On 5 April 1710 the council of cossacks, veterans of the battle at Poltava, elected Pylyp Orlyk as the Hetman of Ukraine in exile. Orlyk waged a guerrilla warfare at the southern borders of the Russian Empire with the support from Ottoman and Swedish empires.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Following Muscovite-Polish Truce of Vilna which withdrew the Moscow's military support for Cossack Hetmanate, Vyhovsky signed of Treaty of Hadiach seeking a federative status as Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth.
  2. ↑ Khmelnytsky was forced to sign the revised 1659 Pereyaslav Articles subjugating both state and church to Muscovy. It was not approved by the General Cossack Council.
  3. ↑ In 1660 Khmelnytsky signed Slobodyshche Pact with Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth which saw to get rid of the Moscow's control over the Hetmanate. The treaty was approved by the General Cossack Council in Korsun.
  4. ↑ In 1669 Doroshenko signed Korsun treaty which provided Hetmanate with military support and protection for the Ukrainian Exarch.
  5. ↑ Following the truce of Andrusovo, the Polish government was appointing its own hetmans of Zaporizhian Host on its territory (so called Right-bank Ukraine). It is unknown whether the position performed any administrative functions over the territory.

References

  1. ↑ Kyrylo Rozumovsky at the Jurist Encyclopedia
  2. ↑ Podobyed, O. Instructions of Catherine the Great to Senate. Handbook "History of Ukraine. 7-8 grades". Ranok Publishing House. ISBN 9789666724437
  3. ↑ Soroka, Yu. Hetmanless period and the last Hetman of Ukraine.
  4. ↑ Pavlo Teteria, Hetman of the Right-bank Ukraine. Cossack leaders of Ukraine (textbook).
  5. ↑ Lohvyn, Yu. Pavlo Teteria. Hetmans of Ukraine. "Merry Alphabet".
  6. ↑ Pavlo Teteria. History of the Great Nation.
  7. 1 2 Horobets, V. Civil wars in Ukraine of 1650s-1660s. Encyclopedia of history of Ukraine. Vol.2. Kiev: "Naukova Dumka", 2004.

Further reading

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