Percolozoa

Percolozoa
Different stages of N. fowleri
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
(unranked): Excavata
Phylum: Percolozoa
Cavalier-Smith 1991
Classes, Orders and Families

The Percolozoa are a group of colourless, non-photosynthetic excavates, including many that can transform between amoeboid, flagellate, and cyst stages.

Characteristics

Most Percolozoa are found as bacterivores in soil, fresh water and occasionally in the ocean. The only member of this group that is infectious to humans is Naegleria fowleri, the causative agent of the often fatal disease amoebic meningitis. The group is closely related to the Euglenozoa, and share with them the unusual characteristic of having mitochondria with discoid cristae. The presence of a ventral feeding groove in the flagellate stage, as well as other features, suggests that they are part of the excavate group.

The amoeboid stage is roughly cylindrical, typically around 20-40 μm in length. They are traditionally considered lobose amoebae, but are not related to the others, and unlike them, do not form true lobose pseudopods. Instead, they advance by eruptive waves, where hemispherical bulges appear from the front margin of the cell, which is clear. The flagellate stage is slightly smaller, with two or four anterior flagella anterior to the feeding groove.

Usually, the amoeboid form is taken when food is plentiful, and the flagellate form is used for rapid locomotion. However, not all members are able to assume both forms. The genera Percolomonas, Lyromonas, and Psalteriomonas are known only as flagellates, while Vahlkampfia, Pseudovahlkampfia, and most acrasids do not have flagellate stages. As mentioned above, under unfavourable conditions, the acrasids aggregate to form sporangia. These are superficially similar to the sporangia of the dictyostelids, but the amoebae only aggregate as individuals or in small groups and do not die to form the stalk.

Terminology and classification

These are collectively referred to as schizopyrenids, amoeboflagellates, or vahlkampfids. They also include the acrasids, a group of social amoebae that aggregate to form sporangia. The entire group is usually called the Heterolobosea, but this may be restricted to members with amoeboid stages.

One Heterolobosea classification system is:[1]

Pleurostomum flabellatum has recently been added to Heterolobosea.[2]

Phylogeny

Based on the cladogram from Tolweb and updated with new data from Pánek & Čepička 2012[3] Pánek, Ptackova & Čepička 2014.[4]

Pharyngomonadea


Pharyngomonas



Tetramitia


Selenaion

Neovahlkampfiida

Neovahlkampfia

Lyromonadea

Paravahlkampfiidae


Fumarolamoeba

Paravahlkampfia



Lyromonadida

Plaesiobystridae


Euplaesiobystra

Heteramoeba

Gruberellidae


Vrihiamoeba


Oramoeba

Stachyamoeba




Psalteriomonadidae


Pseudoharpagon



Sawyeria

Psalteriomonas


Pseudomastigamoeba


Harpagon

Monopylocystis









Heterolobosidea

Acrasida


Allovahlkampfia

Acrasis



Shizopyrenida s.s.

Naegleriidae



Pleurostomum

Tulamoeba


Marinamoeba


Naegleria

Willaertia

Vahlkampfiidae s.s.


Tetramitus

Vahlkampfia



Percolatea


Percolomonas

Stephanopogon










Taxonomy

Phylum Percolozoa Cavalier-Smith 1991[5]

History

The Heterolobosea were first defined by Page and Blanton in 1985[6] as a class of amoebae, and so only included those forms with amoeboid stages. Cavalier-Smith created the phylum Percolozoa for the extended group, together with the enigmatic flagellate Stephanopogon.[7]

Cavalier-Smith maintained the Heterolobosea as a class for amoeboid forms. He has defined Percolozoa as "Heterolobosea plus Percolatea classis nov."[8]

References

  1. ↑ "Heterolobosea". Retrieved 2009-03-25.
  2. ↑ Park JS, Simpson AG, Lee WJ, Cho BC (July 2007). "Ultrastructure and phylogenetic placement within Heterolobosea of the previously unclassified, extremely halophilic heterotrophic flagellate Pleurostomum flabellatum (Ruinen 1938)". Protist. 158 (3): 397–413. PMID 17576098. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2007.03.004.
  3. ↑ Pánek, T. & Čepička, I. (2012). Diversity of Heterolobosea in Genetic Diversity in Microorganisms. Protist. pp. 3–26. ISBN 978-953-51-0064-5.
  4. ↑ Pánek, Ptackova & Čepička (2014). "Survey on diversity of marine/saline anaerobic Heterolobosea (Excavata: Discoba) with description of seven new species". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 64: 2280–2304. PMID 24729392. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.063487-0.
  5. ↑ "Part 1- Virae, Prokarya, Protists, Fungi". Collection of genus-group names in a systematic arrangement. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
  6. ↑ Page, F.C.; R.L. Blanton (1985). "The Heterolobosea (Sarcodina: Rhizopoda), a new class uniting the Schizopyrenida and Acrasidae (Acrasida)". Protistologica. 21: 121–132.
  7. ↑ Cavalier-Smith, T. (1991). "Cell diversification in heterotrophic flagellates". In D.J. Patterson & J. Larsen. The Biology of Free-living Heterotrophic Flagellates. Oxford University Press. pp. 113–131.
  8. ↑ Cavalier-Smith T (November 2003). "The excavate protozoan phyla Metamonada Grassé emend. (Anaeromonadea, Parabasalia, Carpediemonas, Eopharyngia) and Loukozoa emend. (Jakobea, Malawimonas): their evolutionary affinities and new higher taxa". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 53 (Pt 6): 1741–58. PMID 14657102. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02548-0.
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