Henschel Hs 129

Hs 129
A captured Henschel Hs 129 B-1 at Freeman Army Airfield, Indiana, 1946
Role	Ground-attack
Manufacturer	Henschel
First flight	25 May 1939
Introduction	April 1942
Retired	1945
Primary users	Luftwaffe Hungarian Air Force Romanian Air Force
Produced	June 1940 – September 1944
Number built	865

The Henschel Hs 129 was a World War II ground-attack aircraft fielded by the German Luftwaffe. The aircraft saw combat in Tunisia and on the Eastern Front.

Design and development

By the mid-1930s, the German military, as well as its counterparts in other countries, had come to see the main role of ground-attack aircraft as the interdiction of logistics and materiel, a task in which targets were often poorly protected and less likely to be protected by strong, well-coordinated defences. For high-value, well-protected tactical targets dive bombers had become the conventional solution. However, the experience of the German Kondor Legion during the Spanish Civil War (1936–39) refuted this idea. Even though it was equipped with types unsuited to the role, such as the Henschel Hs 123 and cannon-armed versions of the Heinkel He 112, the Kondor Legion proved that ground-attack aircraft were a very effective weapon. This led to support within the Luftwaffe for the creation of an aircraft dedicated to this role, and the Reichsluftministerium (RLM; "Reich Air Ministry") requested tenders for a specialized ground attack aircraft.

It was anticipated that the main source of damage to such an aircraft would be small arms fire from the ground, meaning that the plane had to be well-armored around its cockpit and engines. Similar protection was also needed in the canopy, in the form of 75 mm (2.95 in) thick armored glass. The aircraft was expected to be attacking in low-level, head-on strafing runs, so the cockpit had to be located as close as possible to the nose, in order to maximize the visibility of its targets. Another, non-operational, requirement severely hampered the designs: the RLM insisted that the new design be powered by engines that were not being used in existing aircraft, so that the type would not interfere with production of established types deemed essential to the war effort.

Only four companies were asked to submit tenders; three submissions followed and only two of these were considered worthy of consideration: One derived from an existing Focke-Wulf reconnaissance type, the Fw 189, and Henschel's all-new Hs 129.

Prototypes

The Hs 129 was designed around a single large "bathtub" of steel sheeting that made up the entire nose area of the plane, completely enclosing the pilot up to head level. Even the canopy was steel, with only tiny windows on the side to see out of and two angled blocks of glass for the windscreen. In order to improve the armor's ability to deflect bullets, the fuselage sides were angled in forming a triangular shape, resulting in almost no room to move at shoulder level. There was so little room in the cockpit that the instrument panel ended up under the nose below the windscreen where it was almost invisible; some of the engine instruments were moved outside onto the engine nacelles' inboard-facing surfaces, as on some models of Messerschmitt's Bf 110 heavy fighter, and the gunsight was mounted outside on the nose.

Henschel's plane came in 12% overweight with the engines 8% underpowered, and understandably, it flew poorly. The controls proved to be almost inoperable as speed increased, and in testing, one plane flew into the ground from a short dive because the joystick forces were too high for the pilot to pull out. The Focke-Wulf design proved to be no better. Both planes were underpowered with their air-cooled, inverted-V12 Argus As 410 engines, and very difficult to fly.

The RLM nevertheless felt they should continue with the basic concept. The only real deciding factor between the two designs was that the Henschel was smaller and cheaper. The Focke-Wulf was put on low priority as a backup, and testing continued with the Hs 129 A-0. A series of improvements resulted in the Hs 129 A-1 series, armed with two 20 mm MG 151/20 cannons and two 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 17 machine guns, along with the ability to carry four 50 kg (110 lb) bombs under the fuselage centreline.

Hs 129 B-1

Even before the A-1s were delivered, the plane was redesigned with Gnome-Rhône 14M radial engines, which were captured in some number when France fell and continued to be produced under German occupation. This engine supplied 522 kW (700 hp) for takeoff, compared to the Argus at 347 kW (465 hp). The Gnome-Rhone radials were also made in versions with opposite rotation for the propeller, and were installed on the Hs 129 with the port engine rotating clockwise and the starboard rotating counterclockwise, as seen from nose-on, thus eliminating engine torque problems. The A-1 planes were converted into Hs 129 B-0s for testing (although it has been claimed that some As were sold to Romania) and the pilots were reportedly much happier. Their main complaint was the view from the canopy, so a single larger windscreen and a new canopy with much better vision were added, resulting in the production model Hs 129 B-1.

B-1s started rolling off the lines in December 1941, but they were delivered at a trickle. In preparation for the new plane, I./SchlG 1 had been formed up in January with Bf 109 E/Bs (fighter-bomber version of Bf 109 E) and Hs 123s, and they delivered B-0s and every B-1 that was completed. Still, it was not until April that 12 B-1s were delivered and the 4th staffel (squadron) became ready for action. They moved to the Eastern Front (to the Crimea) in the middle of May 1942, and in June they received a new weapon, the 30 mm (1.2 in) MK 101 cannon with armor-piercing ammunition in a centerline pod.

Hs 129 B-2

Deliveries of the new Hs 129 B-2 model began in May 1942, side by side with the B-1 (of which just 50 planes had been delivered at that point). The only difference between the two were changes to the fuel system – a host of other minor changes could be found almost at random on either model. These changes accumulated in the B-2 production line until they could eventually be told apart at a glance; the main differences being the removal of the mast for the radio antenna, the addition of a direction-finding radio antenna loop, and shorter exhaust stacks on the engines.

In the field, the differences seemed to be more pronounced. The Rüstsatz field refit kits were renumbered and some were dropped, and in general, the B-2 planes received the upgraded cannon pack using a 30 mm MK 103 cannon instead of the earlier MK 101. These guns both fired the same ammunition, but the 103 did so at almost twice the rate.

By late 1942 reports were coming in about the ineffectiveness of the MK 101 against newer versions of the Soviet T-34 tanks. One obvious solution would be to use the larger 3.7 cm (1.46 in) BK 3,7 (Bordkanone 3,7), recently adapted from the ground-based Flak 18. These guns had already been converted into underwing pod-mounted weapons for the Junkers Ju 87G and found to be a fearsome weapon, despite the fact that only 12 shells per pod could be accommodated. When mounted on the Hs 129, the empty area behind the cockpit could be used for ammunition storage, which would address the only problem with the Ju 87's mounting: the limited ammunition supply. The B-2/R3 package introduced the BK 3,7 3.7 cm (1.46 in) automatic cannon, but relatively few aircraft were converted in favour of the B-3, mounting the BK 7,5.

Hs 129 B-3

A closeup of the Bordkanone BK 7,5 75 mm cannon.

It was decided that the 7.5 cm (2.95 in) semi-automatic Rheinmetall PaK 40 anti-tank gun, which had already been adapted for use in the Junkers Ju 88P-1, would be further modified for use in the Hs 129. This resulted in the BK 7,5 (Bordkanone 7,5), which, even though it weighed 1,200 kg (2,600 lb), was lighter than the PaK 40. Fully automatic, it featured a new, hydraulic recoil-dampening system and a new, more aerodynamic muzzle brake. An autoloader system, with 12 rounds in a rotary magazine, was fitted in the empty space behind the cockpit, within the rear half of the wing root area. The gun and its recoil mechanism occupied a substantial gun pod under the fuselage, and a circular port at the rear of the pod allowed spent cartridges to be jettisoned immediately after firing. While this new variant, the Hs 129 B-3, was theoretically capable of destroying any tank in the world, the added weight worsened the aircraft's general performance and it was inferior to previous variants.^[1]

The Bordkanone 7,5 was the heaviest and most powerful forward-firing weapon fitted to a production military aircraft during World War II. The only other aircraft to be factory-equipped with similar-calibre guns were the 1,420 examples of the North American B-25G and B-25H Mitchell, which mounted either a 75 mm (2.95 in) M4 cannon, or lightweight T13E1 or M5 versions of the same gun. These weapons, however were hand-loaded, had shorter barrels and/or a lower muzzle velocity than the BK 7,5, resulting in lower ballistic performance, accuracy and rate of fire. The BK 7,5 was unsurpassed as a production aircraft-fitted gun until 1971, when the four-engine Lockheed AC-130E Spectre – equipped with a sideways-aimed, hand-loaded 105 mm (4.13 in) M102 howitzer of about 1,496 kg (3,298 lb); entered service with the U.S. Air Force. The 1,200 kg (2,600 lb) BK 7,5 cannon installation in the Hs 129B-3 was the heaviest forward-firing autocannon ever made for a series production military aircraft, until the introduction of the Fairchild Republic A-10 "Warthog", with its General Electric GAU-8 Avenger seven-barrelled 30 mm (1.18 in) anti-tank Gatling cannon main armament coming in at a total weight of up to 1,830 kg (4,030 lb) with an ammunition load of some 1,100 shells included in a drum magazine integral to the weapon system, much like the much smaller 12-round magazine of the BK 7,5.

From June 1944, only 25 examples of the Hs 129 B-3 arrived at frontline units before the production line was shut down in September (a small number were reportedly also created by converting B-2 aircraft). In the field the B-3 proved deadly, but its small numbers had little effect on the war effort.

Hs 129 C

In order to address the poor performance of the aircraft, plans had been under way for some time to fit the plane with newer versions of the Italian Isotta-Fraschini Delta air-cooled inverted V12 inline engine that delivered 630 kW (850 hp) and weighed some 510 kg (1,111 lb) apiece, providing more power than Germany's own Argus As 411 engine of similar configuration and lighter (385 kg) weight. The engine installation ran into a number of delays however, and was still not ready for production when the plant was overrun by the Allies in 1945.

Hs 129 D

Planned version of the Hs 129. Powered by either two 1085 hp Junkers Jumo 211 or two 1539 hp BMW 801 to improve its performance. No prototypes were made.

Operators

 Germany

• Luftwaffe

 Hungary

• Hungarian Air Force

 Romania

• Royal Romanian Air Force

Specifications (Hs 129 B-2)

Data from Henschel Hs 129...der geflügelte Büchsenöffner^[2]

General characteristics

• Crew: one, pilot
• Length: 9.75 m (31 ft 11¾ in)
• Wingspan: 14.20 m (46 ft 7 in)
• Height: 3.25 m (10 ft 8 in)
• Wing area: 29.0 m² (312.15 ft²)
• Empty weight: 4,020 kg (8,860 lb)
• Max. takeoff weight: 5,250 kg (11,574 lb)
• Powerplant: 2 × Gnome-Rhône 14M 4/5 14-cylinder radial engines, 522 kW (700 hp) each

Performance

• Maximum speed: 407 km/h (220 knots, 253 mph) at 3,830 m (12,570 ft) (clean)
• Range: 690 km (372 nmi, 428 mi)
• Service ceiling: 9,000 m (29,530 ft)
• Rate of climb: 8.1 m/s (1,595 ft/min)

Armament

• 2 x 7.92 mm (0.31 in) MG-17 machine guns, later models from 1943 to 1944 replaced the MG-17s with 2 x 13 mm (.51 in) MG 131 machine guns
• 2 x 20 mm MG 151/20 cannons
  • 4 x 50 kg (110 lb) fragmentation bombs on belly racks or a 30 mm (1.2 in) MK 101 armor-piercing gun in a conformally mounted gun pod. Later models could also carry a MK-103 gun pod, or a BK-3.7 gun pod.
  • 2 x 50 kg bombs on underwing mounts

See also

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

• Ilyushin Il-2
• Junkers Ju 87D/G

Related lists

• List of aircraft of World War II
• List of military aircraft of Germany

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Henschel Hs 129.

• German WW II manual for Hs 129B-3's Bordkanone BK 7,5 cannon installation