Henry M. Morris

Henry M. Morris

Henry Morris
Born (1918-10-06)October 6, 1918
Dallas, Texas, United States
Died February 25, 2006(2006-02-25) (aged 87)
Santee, California
Alma mater Rice University (B.S.)
University of Minnesota (M.S., PhD)
Occupation President of the Institute for Creation Research
Successor John D. Morris
Spouse(s) Mary Louise Beach (m. 1940)
Children Henry Morris III
Kathleen
John D. Morris
Andrew
Mary
Rebecca[1]

Henry Madison Morris (October 6, 1918 – February 25, 2006) was an American young Earth creationist, Christian apologist, and engineer. He was one of the founders of the Creation Research Society and the Institute for Creation Research. He is considered by many to be "the father of modern creation science."[2] He is widely known for coauthoring The Genesis Flood with John C. Whitcomb in 1961.[2][3][4]

As Morris believed in the literal inerrancy of the Bible, he opposed the billions-of-years time scales of evolution, the age of the Earth, and the age of the Universe that he saw as being contrary to it.[5] Morris' influential approach, while adopted widely by the modern creationist movement, continues to be rejected by the mainstream scientific community, as well as old Earth creationists and theistic evolutionists.[6]

Early life, education and personal life

Morris was born in Dallas on October 6, 1918,[3] grew up in Texas in the 1920s and 1930s, and graduated from Rice University with a bachelor's degree in civil engineering in 1939.[4][7] He married Mary Louise on January 24, 1940, and they later had six children.[1] They were married until Morris's death in 2006.[3][4]

While Morris was religiously indifferent during his youth, shortly after his graduation from Rice in 1939, Morris became a Christian and accepted the Bible, from Genesis through Revelation, as the infallible and literal word of God.[7]

Career

After graduating in 1939, Morris served as an hydraulic engineer working with the International Boundary and Water Commission (1939-1942).[1] He returned to Rice, teaching civil engineering from 1942 until 1946, where he also wrote a short book, That You Might Believe (1946).[1] From 1946-1951, he studied at the University of Minnesota, where he earned a master's degree in hydraulics (1948)[1][4] and a Ph.D. in hydraulic engineering (1950).[1][4] In 1951, he became a professor and chair of civil engineering at the University of Louisiana at Lafayette and served as the Acting Dean of Engineering in the fall of 1956.[1] Morris then served as a professor of applied science at Southern Illinois University in 1957.[1]

In 1959, Morris moved to the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech) to serve as Professor of Civil Engineering in the area of hydraulics, and to serve as department chair for civil engineering.[7] There, Morris co-authored an advanced text on engineering hydraulics with J.M. Wiggert that was used "in dozens of universities worldwide", and under a decade of leadership the department "rose to become one of the largest civil engineering programs in the nation".[8][9] While Morris' religious views and writings were controversial among university biology and geology faculty, and in the broader debate, it has been reported that Morris "kept his own counsel on [them], unless... pressed", such that his university engineering colleagues respected Morris as "a good administrator" and his religious views "because they never influenced his [administration]".[9]

In 1961, Morris coauthored The Genesis Flood with John C. Whitcomb, which some regard as the first significant attempt in the 20th century to offer a systematic scientific explanation for creationism.[2] The book was very influential on modern creationist thought,[4] and Stephen Jay Gould, a critic of Morris, called it "the founding document of the creationist movement."[2][7]

In 1963, while yet at Virginia Tech, Morris and nine others founded the Creation Research Society, and Morris continued his creationist writing and speaking. Morris eventually left his faculty position at Virginia Tech in 1970 to focus on his work in creationism, after university interactions with a new engineering dean who directed Morris not to list creationist works alongside his engineering publications, viewing his non-engineering writings and increasing persona to be "too controversial."[9] Morris is quoted as having said that these directions "seemed like... the handwriting on the wall that they didn't want me to stay..." and that "[Dean Willis] Worchester was happy... when I submitted my resignation".[10]

In 1970, Morris co-founded the Christian Heritage College in Santee, California[4] which led to formation of the Institute for Creation Research (ICR) in 1972. He served as President of Christian Heritage College from 1978 to 1980.[1] Additionally, Morris served as President, and as President Emeritus of ICR from 1970-1995 and 1996-2006, respectively.[1] His son, John D. Morris, took over the presidency of ICR when his father retired.[3]

On February 1, 2006, Morris suffered a minor stroke and was hospitalized. Morris was moved from the hospital to a rehabilitation facility near his son's home (and ICR) in Santee, California where he died.[3]

Reception

Achievements

Morris has been considered by many to be "the father of modern creation science",[2] and was "arguably the most influential creationist of the 20th century."[3] Morris helped create the modern school of thought based on a belief in biblical inerrancy and a literal interpretation of Genesis.[11] It is a system Morris called "Scientific Creationism" that opposes the mainstream scientific community regarding the history of the earth and the universe. Morris found an audience among preachers and home school teachers all over America, where 46% of the public holds some form of creationist belief.[12]

Morris was the primary source for much of the argumentation used by young Earth creationists when rejecting primary ideas in mainstream science, from the expanding universe to plate tectonics to biological evolution to genetics.[13]

Morris's book, The Genesis Flood, coauthored by John C. Whitcomb, was very influential on modern creationist belief, and by the time of Morris's death, it was in its 44th printing and sold 250,000 English copies.[4][14] While the greater bulk of his published writings address creation science and evolution themes, he had also written Many Infallible Proofs, and The Bible Has The Answer, which are both works of general Christian apologetics.

In 1995, Morris completed The Defenders Study Bible which includes his scientific & theological notes accompanying the King James Version. Just prior to his death in 2006 he completed a significant expansion of that work titled The New Defender's Study Bible.[15] In May 2012 The New Defenders Study Bible was updated and released as The Henry Morris Study Bible.[16]

In addition, during his lifetime, Morris published eleven articles on hydraulics in technical journals as well as hundreds of other articles and booklets on Biblical or creationist topics.[1] From 1985 to 2002, he published Days of Praise,[1] a monthly devotional booklet that contained a devotional Bible commentary for each day, which illustrated his spiritual focus.

Criticism

Many in the scientific community have said that Morris' representation of evolution as a complete religious system is a straw man.[17] In particular, Massimo Pigliucci criticized Morris' omission of material that interfered with his "mission" and "beliefs".[18] Pigliucci also criticized Morris' interpretation of thermodynamics.[19] Morris' position had also been the subject of debate among Evangelical scholars of the Old Testament and among Evangelicals working in various fields of science.

In Evolution & the Modern Christian (1967), Morris hoped to "open the minds and hearts of young people to the true Biblical cosmology." T.E. Fenton, Professor of Agronomy at Iowa State University, wrote "scientific value of the book is nil; the author selectively chooses the areas of science that he accepts and rejects other areas of accepted science".[20] David Vogel, Professor of Biology at Creighton University, reviewed the book explaining "his theology is shallow; his exegesis is maddening; his science is wrong; and he tops it off by offending millions of Bible-believing Christians who also accept evolution".[21]

Morris' book Scientific Creationism (1974 and 1984), according to Herman Kirkpatrick, "is not very convincing evidence to support the recent creation of the earth".[22] Thomas Wheeler, Professor of biochemistry at University of Louisville, reviewed the second edition and concluded, "Scientific Creationism cannot be recommended for use in public school classes, or indeed anyone interested in learning science".[23] Wheeler cited what he claimed was Morris' misunderstanding of science, appeals to religious prejudice, misrepresentation of scientific knowledge, omission of opposing science, double standards in evidence, "absurd conclusions," inappropriate and misidentified sources, attacks on scientists, using discredited arguments, and "silly calculations".[17]

Morris' work with John C. Whitcomb, The Genesis Flood, has been criticized for taking quotes out of context and misquoting sources.[24] For example, in one instance, a source which read "the sea which vanished so many million years ago" was quoted as "the sea which vanished so many years ago."[24] Geologist John G. Solum has criticized the work for being inaccurate.[25] Solum said "Whitcomb and Morris are mistaken about the nature of the rocks associated with thrust faults. Their claim about fossils is based on a Young Earth creationist misunderstanding of how rocks are dated relative to each other, and how the geologic column was constructed."[25] Additionally, Solum said "Morris' explanation of relative dating is not merely 'somewhat oversimplified' - it is entirely incorrect."[25]

In The Long War Against God: The History and Impact of the Creation/Evolution Conflict (1989) Morris wrote that "the denial of God – rejecting the reality of supernatural creation and the creator's sovereign rule of the world – has always been the root cause of every human problem."[26] Morris was criticized by Randy Moore, of University of Minnesota, for writing in the book that "evolutionism" is satanic and responsible for racism, abortion, and a decline in morality.[27]

Books

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "Henry M. Morris". creationsciencehalloffame.org. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Schudel, Matt (March 5, 2006). "Obituary: Henry M. Morris, father of "creation science"". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 2008-01-09.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Williams, Jack (March 1, 2006). "Henry M. Morris, 87 Obituary". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved 2006-12-11.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Rudoren, Jodi (March 4, 2006). "Henry M. Morris, 87, a Theorist of Creationism, Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved March 31, 2016.
  5. ↑ Numbers, Ronald (1991). The Creationists. University of California Press. pp. 193–195.
  6. ↑ Smith, Ken (Summer 1992). "Adam, Eve and Thermodynamics". The Skeptic. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Linder, Doug (2004). "Henry M. Morris". University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
  8. ↑ Morris, Henry M. & James Miller Wiggert (1972) Applied Hydraulics in Engineering, Somerset, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons (ISBN 0-471-06669-9)
  9. 1 2 3 Miller, Kevin (2005) Former Virginia Tech professor opened floodgates of creation debate, The Roanoke Times, Sunday, December 04, 2005, http://www.roanoke.com/news/nrv/wb/wb/xp-43221 [accessed 22 February 2013].
  10. ↑ ibid.
  11. ↑ Whitcomb and Morris, 1.
  12. ↑ "46% Hold Creationist View of Human Origins". Gallup poll. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  13. ↑ U.S. Rep. Paul Broun says evolution, embryology and the Big Bang are "lies straight from the pit of hell" Video on YouTube (accessed June 11, 2013)
  14. ↑ Numbers, R. (2006). The Creationists: From Scientific Creationism to Intelligent Design, Expanded Edition. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-02339-0.
  15. ↑ Morris, Henry (2006). The New Defender's Study Bible. Nashville, TN 37214: World Publishing. pp. 2,059. ISBN 978-0529122179.
  16. ↑ Morris, Henry (2012). The Henry Morris Study Bible. Master Books. pp. 2,215. ISBN 978-0890516577.
  17. 1 2 Thomas Wheeler, "Scientific Creationism Review" in Reviews of Creationist Books ed Liz Rank Hughes, National Center for Science Education, 1992. page 97-100 ISBN 0-939873-52-4
  18. ↑ Massimo Pigliucci. Denying Evolution: Creationism, Scientism, and the Nature of Science. (Sinauer, 2002): ISBN 0-87893-659-9 page 46
  19. ↑ Massimo Pigliucci. Denying Evolution: Creationism, Scientism, and the Nature of Science. (Sinauer, 2002): ISBN 0-87893-659-9 page 194
  20. ↑ T.E. Fenton, "Evolution & the Modern Christian Review" in Reviews of Creationist Books ed Liz Rank Hughes, National Center for Science Education, 1992. page 93 ISBN 0-939873-52-4
  21. ↑ David Vogel, "The Remarkable Birth of Planet Earth Review" in Reviews of Creationist Books ed Liz Rank Hughes, National Center for Science Education, 1992. page 108 ISBN 0-939873-52-4
  22. ↑ Herman Kirkpatrick, "Scientific Creationism Review" in Reviews of Creationist Books ed Liz Rank Hughes, National Center for Science Education, 1992. page 94 ISBN 0-939873-52-4
  23. ↑ Thomas Wheeler, "Scientific Creationism Review" in Reviews of Creationist Books ed Liz Rank Hughes, National Center for Science Education, 1992. page 102 ISBN 0-939873-52-4
  24. 1 2 "Quotations and Misquotations:Classic example from The Genesis Flood". talk.origins. February 7, 2002. Retrieved 2007-01-19.
  25. 1 2 3 Solum, John (February 7, 2002). "Thrust faults". talk.origins. Retrieved 2007-01-19.
  26. ↑ Henry M. Morris, The Long War Against God: The History and Impact of the Creation/Evolution Conflict. Master Books, 1989 ISBN 0-89051-291-4 page 15 (Introduction online)
  27. ↑ "Racism and the Public's Perception of Evolution". National Center for Science Education. 1999. Retrieved 2007-01-19.

    Further reading

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