Jahannam

Jahannam (Arabic: جهنم‎‎ (etymologically related to Hebrew גיהנום Gehennom and Greek: γέεννα) is one of the names for the Islamic concept of Hell. Other names for hell (or the different gates of hell[1]) occurring in the Quran include: al-Nar النار‎ ("The Fire"[2]), Jaheem جحيم‎ ("Blazing Fire"[3]), Hatamah حطم‎ ("That which Breaks to Pieces"[4]), Haawiyah هاوية‎ ("The Abyss"[5]), Ladthaa لظى‎, Sa’eer سعير‎ ("The Blaze"[6]), Saqar سقر‎.[7][8] The hadith of Islamic prophet Muhammad, and some writings of later Islamic scholars also describe Jahannam.

According to the Qur'an, on the Last Day[Note 1] the world will be destroyed and all people and jinn will be raised from the dead to be judged by God as to whether they deserved to be sent to paradise (Jannah) or hell.[10] Hell will be occupied by those who do not believe in God (Tawhid), have disobeyed His laws, and/or reject His messengers.[7]

Suffering in hell is both physical and spiritual,[10][11] and varies according to the sins of the condemned.[12] As described in the Quran, Hell has seven levels (each one more severe than the one above it[10]); seven gates (each for a specific group of sinners[13]); a blazing fire, boiling water, and the Tree of Zaqqum.[14] Not all Muslims and scholars agree whether hell is an eternal destination or whether some or even all of the condemned will eventually be forgiven and allowed to enter paradise.[10][12][15]

Sources

Prophet Muhammad, Buraq and Gabriel, observe "shameless women" being punished in Hell for exposing their hair to the sight of strangers.

Most of how Muslims picture and think about Jahannam comes from the Qur'an, according to scholar Einar Thomassen, who found nearly 500 references to Jahannam/hell (using a variety of names) in the Qur'an.[16]

The Hadiths (the corpus of the reports of the teachings, deeds and sayings of the Islamic prophet Muhammad) introduce punishments, reasons and revelations not mentioned in the Quran. In both Quranic verses and hadiths, "the Fire" (Jahannam) is "a gruesome place of punishment that is always contrasted with Jannah, "the Garden" (paradise). Whatever characteristic "the Garden offered, the Fire usually offered the opposite conditions."[17] Several hadith describes a part of hell that is extremely cold rather than hot, known as Zamhareer.[18]

Eschatological manuals

In addition to the Quran and hadith are "Eschatological manuals". These were written after the other two sources and developed descriptions of Jahannam "in more deliberate ways".[19] While the Quran and hadith tend to describe punishments that unbelievers are forced to give themselves, the manuals illustrate external and more dramatic punishment, through demons, scorpions, and snakes.[20]

Manuals dedicated solely to the subject of Jahannam include Ibn Abi al-Dunya's Sifat al-nar, and al-Maqdisi's Dhikr al-nar. Other manuals—such as texts by al-Ghazali, the influential Muslim theologian of the 9th century, and 12th century scholar Qadi Ayyad -- "dramatise life in the Fire", and present "new punishments, different types of sinners, and the appearance of a multitude of demons," to exhort the faithful to piety.[1] His hell has a structure with a specific place for each type of sinners.[20]

Al Ghazali, in his book The Remembrance of Death and the Afterlife, describes and discusses the "wrongdoer" and graphic, sometimes violent scenes of Jahannam.[21]

Like al-Ghazali, the thirteenth-century Muslim scholar Al-Qurtubi describes hell as a gigantic sentient being, rather than a place. In Paradise and Hell-fire in Imam al Qurtubi, Qurtubi writes, "On the Day of Judgment, hell will be brought with seventy thousand reins. A single rein will be held by seventy thousand angels…"[22]

In The Soul’s Journey After Death, Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya, a theologian in the 14th century, writes explicitly of punishments faced by sinners and unbelievers in Jahannam. These are directly related to the wrongdoer’s earthly transgressions.[23]

Concepts of Jahannam

The description of Jahannam as a place of blazing fire appears in almost every verse in the Qur'an describing hell.[24] Jahannam is described as being located below heaven,[Note 2][26] having seven gates, each for a specific group[1] or at least a different "portion" or "party"[27] of sinners. The Quran also mentions wrongdoers having "degrees (or ranks) according to their deeds"[28] which scholar believe refers to the seven gates.[29] The one mention of levels of hell is that hypocrites will be found in its very bottom.[29][30]

The Qur'an uses a number of different terms and phrases to refer to hell. Al-nar (the fire) is used 125 times, jahannam 77 times, jaheem (blazing flames) 26 times.[29]

One collection[31] of Quranic descriptions of hell include "rather specific indications of the tortures of the Fire": flames that crackle and roar;[32] fierce, boiling waters [33] scorching wind, and black smoke,[34] roaring and boiling as if it would burst with rage.[35] Its wretched inhabitants sigh and wail,[36] their scorched skins are constantly exchanged for new ones so that they can taste the torment anew, food that is full of thorns and fails to relieve hunger or sustain a person (88:6);[37] (Ḍari‘, a dry desert plant), [38] drink festering water and though death appears on all sides they cannot die,[39] are linked together in chains of 70 cubits,[40] wearing pitch for clothing and fire on their faces,[41] have boiling water that will be poured over their heads, melting their insides as well as their skins, and hooks of iron to drag them back should they try to escape,[42] their remorseful admissions of wrongdoing and pleading for forgiveness are in vain.[43][44][45]

The fuel for the fire of Jahannam, according to the Quran, are sinners,[46] disbelieving Jinn,[47] and stones.[48] The fire burns their skins, changing their colour to black due to its intensity. Jahannam has a shadow of smoke ascending "in three columns", but this provides "no shade of coolness". Its sparks are described to be as "huge as a palace."[49]

A tree called Zaqqum is mentioned in 17:60,[50] 37:62-68,[51] 44:43,[52] and 56:52,[53] of the Quran.[54] Quran 4:168 and Quran 37:23 talk of a road that leads to hell.[29] [6]

Jahannam inhales and has "breath" according to verse 67:7,[42] and a "voice" according to verse 50:30, where God asks Jahannam on Judgment Day if it is full and Jahannam answers: "Are there any more (to come)?"[55]

In a metaphysical understanding, Jahannam is the state of being-away from the unity with God, therefore the inhabits, consequently to their behavior, realizing the selfs own enslavement.[56]

Nourishment

Surah (chapter) al-Ghashiyah of the Qur'an states that the only food in Hell will be "dari" or a bitter plant.[57] Another surah—Sad—states that sinners in hell will taste "a boiling fluid and a filthy fluid of pus and blood and other penalties of a similar kind to match them".[58] Verses in four different surah state that hell's inhabitants food will be the fruit from the Zaqqum tree[54]—a tree that springs out of the bottom of hellfire. The shoots of its fruit-stalks are like the "heads of devils" and eating it is similar to eating molten brass that will boil their insides "like scalding water". (zaqqum is mentioned in 17:60,[50] 37:62-68,[51] 44:43,[52] and 56:52,[53] of the Quran.)[54] Sinners drink boiling water that will cut their bowels when they consume it. If they call for relief, they shall be given water also described as being like molten brass, which will scald their faces.[59]

Quran 4:168 and Quran 37:23 talk of a road that leads to hell.[29] [6]

The 7 levels of hell

According to Sunni Islam the hell already exists and its levels (or gates) are created for different groups of people:[60][61]

Duration

The duration of a residence in hell differs in Islam.[10][12]

According to some Sunni opinions, the punishment of hell just ends for Muslims.[60]

A Hadith relates that a person who committed suicide will be punished over and over on the Day of Judgment and later in Jahannam by the very means he/she used to end his/her life.[62][63][64]

At least two verses in the Quran (6:128[65] and 11:107[66]) emphasise that consignment to hell is horrible and eternal, with the caveat "except as God (or your Lord) wills it".

Otherwise the part "except as God (or your Lord) wills it" is considered as a possible end of the eternity of hell.[67]

Some Hadith point the release of all the inhabitants of Hell. Muhammad is quoted as saying "Allah will bring out people from the Fire and admit them into Paradise."[Note 3] Also he is quoted as saying "Surely a time will come over hell when its gates shall be blown by wind, there shall be none in it, and this shall be after they have remained therein for many years."[69] In another Hadith, it is related that on or after Judgement Day Muhammad and then Allah will intercede to remove sinners from Jahannam. These include "any who sincerely professed the Shahada,"[70] and then anyone with "even an atom’s measure of goodness in his or her heart". Exempt from intercession will be anyone who participated in shirk (polytheism).[71] Scholar Qazi Thanaa Ullah in a work of Hanafi fiqh states "unbelievers" will "undergo eternal torment in Jahannam", while wrongdoing Muslims will be released to paradise "after either a long or short duration" in Jahannam, as appropriate.[72]

According to some Islamic philosophers, like Al Kindi, and views from Sufism, hell itself will cease to exist. When God may uncreate, the inhabits of hell, who will not be saved or the whole creation, which emanated from God will return and be restored. With the end of hell, the whole creation goes back to oneness and even the devil, will return to Gods grace.[73][74]

Author Phil Parshall quotes other Hadith[75][76][77][78] telling similar stories of sinning believers being taken out of hell and allowed into heaven, which he compares to the Catholic doctrine of Purgatory.[79]

Religiousfacts.com quotes IslamOnline:

"Ultimately, God will remove from Hell those believers whose sins were not forgiven nor atoned for by good deeds in their lifetimes, and they will then enter Paradise. The remaining inhabitants of Hell will stay there eternally."[10][80]

Hadith

The Quran describes Jahannam as having "nineteen" angels.[81][82] The keeper named "Maalik" explains to hell's inhabitants who appeal to him to be let out that they must remain in Hell because "they abhorred the truth when the truth was brought to them."[83] Hell is perceived to be so deep that if a stone were thrown into it, it would fall for 70 years before reaching the bottom.[82] (According to one calculation this would make it over 190,000,000 km deep, a far greater distance than the diameter of Earth.)[Note 4] The breadth of each of Hell's walls is equivalent to a distance covered by a walking journey of 40 years.[82] Malik in Hadith quotes Mohammed as saying that the fire of Jahannam was seventy times greater than fire on earth.[84] He also described that fire as "blacker than tar".[85]

In book 87 Hadith 155, "Interpretation of Dreams" of Sahih al-Bukhari, Muhammad talked of angels each with "a mace of iron" who guarded hell, and then expanded on the Qur'an’s discourse describing Jahannam by recounting it as a place that

"was built inside like a well and it had side posts like those of a well, and beside each post there was an angel carrying an iron mace. I saw therein many people hanging upside down with iron chains, and I recognized therein some men from the Quraish".[86]

Manuals

The Quran gives several names for hell: Jaheem ("Blazing Fire"[3]), Hatamah ("That which Breaks to Pieces",[4]), Haawiyah ("The Abyss"[5]), Ladthaa, Sa’eer ("the blaze"[6]), Saqar.[7] [8] In an eschatological manual by Qadi Ayyad, (Daqa'iq al-akhbarfi dhikr al-janna wa-l-nar), these are names for the different gates of hell, which each specialize in a type of condemned (polytheists, Christian, Jews, Zorastrians, etc.).[1][87]

Judgement and condemnation

The period of time between a person's death and the Day of Judgement, is known in Islam as barzakh.[88][89] Although not yet in hell, it is believed that the sinners and unbelievers destined for it will suffer during this time.[Note 5]

According to Leor Halevi, between the moment of death and the time of their burial ceremony, "the spirit of a deceased Muslim takes a quick journey to Heaven and Hell, where it beholds visions of the bliss and torture awaiting humanity at the end of days".[91]

By the time corpse handlers are ready to wash the body, the spirit returns to earth to observe the preparations for burial and to accompany the procession toward the cemetery. But then, before earth is piled upon the freshly dug grave, an unusual reunion takes place: The spirit returns to dwell within the body.[91][92]

In the grave, the deceased Muslim - this composite of spirit and corpse - encounters two terrifying angels, Munkar and Nakir, recognized by their bluish faces, their huge teeth and their wild hair, test the faith of the dead in their graves.[91]

These angels carry out a trial to probe the soundness of a Muslim's faith. Asking "Who is your Lord?", "Who is your Prophet?, "What is your religion?."[93] If the dead Muslim answers their questions convincingly and if he has no sin on record, then the grave is transformed into a luxurious space that makes bearable the long wait until the final judgment.[91]

According to theologian Al-Ghazali, Afterlife will start with the "Day of the Arising" and a trumpet blast[94] which will wake the dead from their graves. "The Perspiration"[95][96] —when all created beings, including men, angels, jinn, demons and animals gather and sweat unshaded from the sun—will follow.[97] Sinners and unbelievers will suffer and sweat longer on this day, which lasts for "50,000 years".[98]

God will judge each soul,[99] accept no excuses, and examine every act and intention—no matter how small.[100] It is believed those whose good deeds outweigh the bad will be assigned to Jannah (heaven), and those whose bad deeds outweigh the good to Jahannam.[101][102]

Finally the souls will traverse over hellfire[103] via the bridge of sirat. For sinners, it is believed the bridge will be thinner than hair and sharper than the sharpest sword, impossible to walk on without falling below to arrive at their destination.[104]

Inhabitants

The people that end up in Hell will be "the companions of the left hand".[Quran 56:9] Various groups of people described by the Quran as being in Jahannam include: disbelievers,[105] hypocrites (Munafiq),[106] polytheists,[107] the People of the Book who reject the truth,[108] arrogant rejectors of truth,[109] sinners and criminals,[110] tyrants,[111] the unjust,[112] transgressors,[113] concealers of God's revelations,[114] persecutors of believers,[115] people who commit suicide, and murderers (of believers).[116]

The suffering of the hypocrites and disbelievers is emphasized in the Qur'an:

The idea that hypocrites are the worst class of sinners in Islam has been traced to the verse stating: "The Hypocrites will be in the lowest depths of the Fire."[Quran 4:145][117] Those who commit shirk (polytheists) are singled out for special mention in 9:63.[118]

Some prominent people in, or destined to arrive in, hell mentioned in the Hadith and Quran are: Fir'awn (viz., the pharaoh of The Exodus, mentioned in Surah Yunus (specifically Q10:90-92), the wives of Nuh and Lut (mentioned in Surah At-Tahrim, specifically Q:66-10), and Abu Lahab and his wife (who were contemporaries and enemies of Muhammad and mentioned in Surah Al-Masadd, specifically Q:111).

Inhabitants in hadith

Other people mentioned in Hadith include, but are not limited to, the mighty, the proud and the haughty.[119]

According to one hadith, out of every one thousand people entering into the afterlife, nine hundred and ninety-nine of them will end up in the fire.[120][121][122] Another states that women make up the majority of the population of Jahannam.[123] Although it should also be mentioned that in another hadith the Muhmmad also majority of people in heaven are women.[Note 6]

Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani, Qadhi 'Iyadh, and others also considered it to be a logical extension that women will make up the majority of the inhabitants of Paradise.

Sahih Muslim quotes Muhammad as saying that suicides would reside in Jahannam forever.[125] According to Hadith collector Muwatta Imam Malik (Imam Malik), Muhammad said: "Truly a man utters words to which he attaches no importance, and by them he falls into the fire of Jahannam."[126]

Al-Bukhari in book 72:834 added to the list of dwellers in Jahannam: "The people who will receive the severest punishment from Allah will be the picture makers".[127][128] Use of utensils made of precious metals could also land its users in Jahannam: "A person who drinks from a silver vessel brings the fire of Jahannam into his belly".[129] As could starving a cat to death: "A woman was tortured and was put in Hell because of a cat which she had kept locked till it died of hunger."[130] [131] (An extreme penalty according to one Christian critic.)[131]

At least one hadith indicates the importance of faith in avoiding hell, stating: "... no one will enter Hell in whose heart is an atom’s weight of faith.”[Note 7]

Religious comparison

Christianity

Unlike the hell often depicted in Christian culture,[Note 8] Jahannam is not the seat of the devil (Shaytan), but simply a place created by God to punish sinners,[12] althought the Devil governs hell until the Day of Judgment. Meanwhile, the devil is released to chastises his fiends or passes over to the mortal world to promote evil.[134][135][136]

The Book of Revelation describes a "lake which burneth with fire and brimstone: which is the second death",[137] which most Christians believe to be a description of Hell. While the Quran describes Jahannam as having seven levels, each for different sins, the Bible (as regards the issue of levels), speaks of the "lowest Hell (Sheol)".[138][139] It also refers to a "bottomless pit",[140] though it does not say this is Hell, while Dante's Inferno and other non-Biblical Christian-based writings speak of hell as being divided into multiple "circles". Some Jewish sources such as Jerahmeel provide descriptive detail of hell-like places, divided into multiple levels; usually Sheol, which is translated as a grave or pit, is the place where humans descend upon death. In all three Abrahamic religions, humans in hell are said to be cut off from God.

Literalism

While many Christian theologians believe that account of hell in the bible are symbolic rather than literal, according to one Christian evangelist who has spent 30+ years among Muslims in Asia (Phil Parshall), "I have never met a Muslim who has attempted to undercut the bluntness and severity of their doctrine of hell."[141] However according to other sources, there are also symbolic interpretations of hell among Muslims.[142]

Zoroastrianism

Like Zoroastrianism, Muslims believe that on Judgement Day all souls will pass over a bridge over hell (As-Sirāt in Islam, Chinvat Bridge in Zorastrianism) which those destined for hell will find too narrow and fall below into their new abode.[143]

Hinduism

In case of a finite hell, as a circulation of beginning and reset, the cosmology resembles to a hinduistic notion of an eternal cosmic procress of generation, decay and destruction.[73]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ↑ Last Day is also called the Day of Standing Up, Day of Separation, Day of Reckoning, Day of Awakening, Day of Judgment, The Encompassing Day or The Hour [9]
  2. ↑ "The companions of the Fire will call to the Companions of the Garden: ‘Pour down to us water or anything that God doth provide’"[25]
  3. ↑ Jabir reported that he had heard with his ears the Apostle (ﷺ) saying: Allah will bring out people from the Fire and admit them into Paradise.[68]
  4. ↑ Assuming Earth gravity, an Earth-like atmosphere, and an 89.5 m/s terminal velocity, a distance of about 197,708,364,000 meters, or about the average diameter of the orbit of the planet Venus
  5. ↑ Until the Day of Judgment, deceased souls remain in their graves awaiting the resurrection. However, they begin to feel immediately a taste of their destiny to come. Those bound for hell will suffer in their graves, while those bound for heaven will be in peace until that time.[90]
  6. ↑ It was upon this that Abu Huraira reported that RasulAllah said: The (members) of the first group to get into Paradise would have their faces as bright as full moon during the night, and the next to this group would have their faces as bright as the shining stars in the sky, and every person would have two wives and the marrow of their shanks would glimmer beneath the flesh and there would be none without a wife in Paradise.[124]
  7. ↑ hadith At-Tirmidhi (1999), Abu Dawood (4091) and Ibn Maajah (59) narrated from ‘Abdullah ibn Mas‘ood that the Prophet (blessings and peace of Allah be upon him) said: “No one will enter Paradise in whose heart is an atom’s weight of arrogance and no one will enter Hell in whose heart is an atom’s weight of faith.”[132]
  8. ↑ The Christian Bible itself makes no mention of hell being the home of the devil.[133]

Citations

  1. 1 2 3 4 Rustomji, Nerina (2009). The Garden and the Fire: Heaven and Hell in Islamic Culture. Columbia University Press. pp. 118–9. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
  2. ↑ name=IDT>"Islamic Terminology". http://islamic-dictionary.tumblr.com/. Retrieved 23 December 2014. External link in |website= (help)
  3. 1 2 Quran 2:119
  4. 1 2 Quran 104:4
  5. 1 2 Quran 101:9
  6. 1 2 3 4 Quran 67:5
  7. 1 2 3 "A Description of Hellfire (part 1 of 5): An Introduction". Religion of Islam. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  8. 1 2 "The Names of Hell-Fire". IslamCan.com. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  9. ↑ Islamic Beliefs about the Afterlife
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Islamic Beliefs about the Afterlife". Religion Facts. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  11. ↑ "Examples of Punishments". Islamcan.com. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Emerick, Yahiya (2011). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Islam, (3rd ed.). Penguin. ISBN 9781101558812.
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  14. ↑ "Hell in the Quran". about religion. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  15. ↑ "A Description of Hellfire (part 1 of 5): An Introduction". Religion of Islam. Retrieved 23 December 2014. No one will come out of Hell except sinful believers who believed in the Oneness of God in this life and believed in the specific prophet sent to them (before the coming of Muhammad).
  16. ↑ Thomassen, Einar (2009). "Islamic Hell". Numen: International Review for the History of Religions. 56 (2/3).
  17. ↑ Rustomji, The Garden and the Fire, 2009: p.117-8
  18. ↑ "The Coldness of Zamhareer". subulassalaam.com. Retrieved 7 January 2015.
  19. ↑ Rustomji, Nerina (2009). The Garden and the Fire: Heaven and Hell in Islamic Culture. Columbia University Press. p. 117. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  20. 1 2 Rustomji, Nerina (2009). The Garden and the Fire: Heaven and Hell in Islamic Culture. Columbia University Press. p. 121. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
  21. ↑ Ghazali, Abu Hamid Muhammad (1989). On the Remembrance of Death and the Afterlife. Cambridge, U.K.: Islamic Texts Society.
  22. ↑ Ford, Khadija; Reda Bedeir (1425). Paradise and Hell-fire in Imâm Al-Qurtubî. El-Mansoura Egypt: Dar Al-Manarah.
  23. ↑ Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyyah; Layla Mabrouk (1987). The Soul's Journey after Death. Dar Al-Taqwa.
  24. ↑ Ali, Abdullah Yusuf (2001). The Qur'an. Elmhurst, New York: Tahrike Tarsile Qur'an, Inc. p. 21.
  25. ↑ Quran 7:50
  26. ↑ Ali, Abdullah Yusuf (2001). The Qur'an. Elmhurst, New York: Tahrike Tarsile Qur'an, Inc. pp. 353–4.
  27. ↑ Quran 15:43
  28. ↑ Quran 6:132
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 Kaltner, John, ed. (2011). Introducing the Qur'an: For Today's Reader. Fortress Press. pp. 228–9. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  30. ↑ Quran 4:145
  31. ↑ Smith, Jane Idleman; Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck (1981). The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection. State University of New York Press. pp. 85–86.
  32. ↑ Quran 25:14
  33. ↑ Quran 55:55
  34. ↑ Quran 56:42-43
  35. ↑ Quran 67:7-8
  36. ↑ Quran 11:106
  37. ↑ Quran 73:13
  38. ↑ Quran 4:45
  39. ↑ Quran 15:16-17
  40. ↑ Quran 69:30-32
  41. ↑ Quran 14:50
  42. 1 2 Quran 67:7
  43. ↑ Kaltner, John, ed. (2011). Introducing the Qur'an: For Today's Reader. Fortress Press. p. 233. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  44. ↑ Quran 26:96-102
  45. ↑ Quran 41:24
  46. ↑ Quran 3:10
  47. ↑ Quran 72:14–15
  48. ↑ Quran 2:24
  49. ↑ Quran 77:28-33
  50. 1 2 Quran 17:60
  51. 1 2 Quran 37:62-68
  52. 1 2 Quran 44:43
  53. 1 2 Quran 56:52
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  56. ↑ Rom Landau The Philosophy of Ibn 'Arabi Routledge 2013 ISBN 978-1-135-02969-2 "heaven and hell"
  57. ↑ Quran 88:6-7
  58. ↑ Quran 38:55-58
  59. ↑ "The Food of Hell". Islamcan.com. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
  60. 1 2 3 A F Klein Religion Of Islam Routledge 2013 ISBN 978-1-136-09954-0 page 92
  61. ↑ Nicolae Sfetcu Death: Cultural, philosophical and religious aspects Nicolae Sfetcu 2016
  62. ↑ Sahih al-Bukhari, 8:73:73
  63. ↑ Sahih al-Bukhari, 8:73:126
  64. ↑ Sahih al-Bukhari, 2:23:445
  65. ↑ Quran 6:128
  66. ↑ Quran 11:107
  67. ↑ Mouhanad Khorchide, Sarah Hartmann Islam is Mercy: Essential Features of a Modern Religion Verlag Herder GmbH 2014 ISBN 978-3-451-80286-7 page chapter 2.5
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  69. ↑ Al Majum al Kabir by Al Tabir 9th century AD
  70. ↑ (Sahih Bukhari, book 3 "book of learning or knowledge", number 97 (98 in another edition))
  71. ↑ "Events on the Day of Judgement". Meaning of Islam. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
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  73. 1 2 Jean Holm, John Bowker Sacred Place Bloomsbury Publishing 2001 ISBN 978-1-623-56623-4 page 112
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  75. ↑ Bukhari v.8 pp.375-6, book 76, chapter 52, #577
  76. ↑ Bukhari v.1 p.24, book 2, chapter 15, #21
  77. ↑ Sahih al-Bukhari, 8:76:577
  78. ↑ Sahih al-Bukhari, 1:2:21
  79. ↑ Parshall, Phil (1994). Inside the Community. Baker Books. pp. 136–7. ISBN 0801071321.
  80. ↑ Yahya, Harun (14 August 2003). "Belief: Six Pillars". OnIslam.net. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
  81. ↑ Quran 74:30
  82. 1 2 3 Elias, Afzal Hoosen. "Conditions and Stages of Jahannam (Hell)" (PDF). discoveringIslam.org. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
  83. ↑ Quran 43:77
  84. ↑ Imam Malik. "Chapter 57 Hadith number 1".
  85. ↑ Imam Malik. "Chapter 57 Hadith 2".
  86. ↑ al-Bukhari. "87:155".
  87. ↑ Al-Qadi (n.d.). Daqa'iq al-akhbarfi dhikr al-janna wa-l-nar. Maktaba al-Sa'idiyya.
  88. ↑ "11110: What is al-barzakh?". Islam Question and Answer. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
  89. ↑ "Barzakh (Purgatory) - The Stage Between this World and the Hereafter". al-Islam.org. Retrieved 2 January 2014.
  90. ↑ "Islamic Beliefs about the Afterlife". Religion Facts. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  91. 1 2 3 4 Halevi, Leor (4 May 2007). "The torture of the grave Islam and the afterlife". New York Times. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
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  94. ↑ Al-Ghazali (1989). The Remembrance of Death and the Afterlife. The Islamic Text Society. pp. 173–177.
  95. ↑ Al-Ghazali (1989). The Remembrance of Death and the Afterlife. The Islamic Text Society. pp. 180–181.
  96. ↑ Al-Ghazali (1989). The Remembrance of Death and the Afterlife. The Islamic Text Society. pp. 182–188.
  97. ↑ Al-Ghazali (1989). The Remembrance of Death and the Afterlife. The Islamic Text Society. p. 181.
  98. ↑ Quran 70:4
  99. ↑ Yusuf Ali, Abdullah. Quran. 99:6.
  100. ↑ Al-Ghazali (1989). The Remembrance of Death and the Afterlife. The Islamic Text Society. pp. 195–197.
  101. ↑ Yusuf Ali, Abdullah. Quran. 102:4-8.
  102. ↑ Yusuf Ali, Abudllah. Quran. 67:1. p. 1576.
  103. ↑ Al-Ghazali (1989). The Remembrance of Death and the Afterlife. The Islamic Text Society. pp. 205–210.
  104. ↑ Leviton, Richard. The Mertowney Mountain Interviews. iUniverse. p. 59. Retrieved 2 January 2014.
  105. ↑ Quran 2:39
  106. ↑ Quran 22:19
  107. ↑ Quran 98:1–6
  108. ↑ Quran 98:6
  109. ↑ Quran 7:36
  110. ↑ Quran 43:74–76
  111. ↑ Quran 14:15–17
  112. ↑ Quran 10:52
  113. ↑ Quran 79:34–39
  114. ↑ Quran 2:159
  115. ↑ Quran 85:10
  116. ↑ Quran 4:93
  117. ↑ Ali, Abdullah Yusuf (2001). The Qur'an. Elmhurst, New York: Tahrike Tarsile Qur'an, Inc. p. 145.
  118. ↑ Quran 9:63
  119. ↑ "Hadith Qudsi 39". SacredHadith.com. Forty Hadith Qudsi.
  120. ↑ Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:55:567 (Volume 4, Book 55, Hadith number 567)
  121. ↑ Quran 56:39-55
  122. ↑ al-Ghazali (1989). The Remembrance of Death and the Afterlife. The Islamic Text Society.
  123. ↑ Sahih Muslim. "036:6596".
  124. ↑ Sahih Muslim, Book #040, Hadith #6793)
  125. ↑ Sahih Muslim. "001:199".
  126. ↑ Imam Malik. "Chapter 56 Hadith 6".
  127. ↑ Sahih al-Bukhari, 7:72:834
  128. ↑ al-Bukhari. "72:834".
  129. ↑ Imam Malik. "Chapter 49 Hadith 11".
  130. ↑ Sahih al-Bukhari, 3:40:323
  131. 1 2 Parshall, Phil (1989). "8. Hell and Heaven". The Cross and the Crescent Understanding the Muslim Mind and Heart (PDF). Global Mapping International. p. 132. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
  132. ↑ Muhammad Saalih al-Munajjid (2013-10-13). "170526: Commentary on the hadeeth, "No one who has an atom’s weight of faith in his heart will enter Hell"". Islam Question and Answer. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
  133. ↑ "Hell Is Not Satan’s Home". The Bible Says. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
  134. ↑ name="Robert Lebling ">Robert Lebling Legends of the Fire Spirits: Jinn and Genies from Arabia to Zanzibar I.B.Tauris 2010 ISBN 978-0-857-73063-3
  135. ↑ Gordon Newby A Concise Encyclopedia of Islam Oneworld Publications 2013 ISBN 978-1-780-74477-3
  136. ↑ Miguel Asin Palacios Islam and the Divine Comedy Routledge 2013 ISBN 978-1-134-53643-6 page 89
  137. ↑ King James Bible. Revelation 21:8.
  138. ↑ King James Bible. Deuteronomy 32:22.
  139. ↑ King James Bible. Psalms 86:13.
  140. ↑ King James Bible. Revelation 9:2.
  141. ↑ Parshall, Phil (1994). Inside the Community. Baker Books. p. 131. ISBN 0801071321.
  142. ↑ Mouhanad Khorchide, Sarah Hartmann Islam is Mercy: Essential Features of a Modern Religion Verlag Herder GmbH 2014 ISBN 978-3-451-80286-7 page chapter 2.4
  143. ↑ Encyclopedia of World Religions. Encyclopædia Britannica Store. p. 421. Retrieved 7 January 2015.

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