Health in Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka has a free and universal health care system. It scores higher than the regional average in healthcare having a high Life expectancy and a lower maternal and infant death rate than its neighbors.^[1][2] It is known for having one of the world's earliest known healthcare systems and has its own indigenous medicine system.

The country has the best health statistics among South Asian nations,^[3] It has chlorinated tap water that is safe to drink (though differences in bio-culture may lead people unaccustomed to Sri Lankan water to fall ill with upset stomachs, the water is still safe to drink from a hygiene and medical perspective)^[4] and state-funded immunization program.^[5]

There are currently 593 government-funded hospitals and 197 privately-funded hospitals, providing a total of one doctor per 1,187 persons, and providing one nurse per 683 persons. While the majority are run according to western medical systems, several hospitals providing classical medical systems also exist.

History

The Sinhalese medical tradition records back to pre historic era. Besides a number of medical discoveries that are only now being acknowledged by western medicine, the ancient Sinhalese are believed to be responsible for introducing the concept of hospitals to the world. According to the Mahawansa, the ancient chronicle of Sinhalese royalty. King Pandukabhaya had lying-in-homes and hospitals (Sivikasotthi-Sala) built in various parts of the country after having fortified his capital at Anuradhapura in the 4th century BCE. Ruins of a hospital in Mihintale which was built by King Sena II (851-885 A.C.) that dates back to the 9th century has been discovered and it is considered as one of the worlds oldest hospitals. Several Sinhalese kings ancient Sri Lanka are known to be practitioners of medicine, King Buddhadasa (340–368 AC) was said to be adept in general medicine, surgery, midwifery and veterinary medicine and he is known for the surgical operation on an outcaste (Chandala) woman in order to deliver her child and the surgical removal of a lump in the belly of a snake. "Sarartha Sangraha", a comprehensive medical treatise in Sanskrit, is also attributed to King Buddhadasa. King Aggabodhi VII (766–772 A.C.) is known for his medical research and according to the Culavamsa, the king "studied the medicinal plants over the entire island of Lanka to ascertain whether they were wholesome or harmful to the sick."^[6] Excavations of the ruins of Ancient hospitals have uncovered several surgical instruments like Forceps, Scalpels and Scissors as well as spoons that are believed to be used to mix or administer medicine. The hospitals in ancient Sri Lanka had toilets and baths that were attached to the living quarters. The hospitals had been designed for ventilation and free circulation of air due to two open courts in addition to the windows which indicates that psychological aspects of therapeutics were understood by Medical practitioners.^[7]

Overview

Sri Lanka has a universal health care system that extends free healthcare to all citizens, which has been a national priority. OPD facilities are readily available in public (general) hospitals situated in major towns and cities, with laboratory and radiology facilities common in most. But most illnesses can be treated in teaching hospitals in Colombo, Colombo South, Colombo North, Kandy/Peradeniya, Galle (Karapitiya Hospital) and Jaffna. All doctors and nurses in the government hospitals are qualified and trained, with some of the most experienced staff working at the teaching hospitals. For emergencies, especially accidents, it is highly recommended to go directly to general hospital accident services as they are equipped with the staff and facilities to handle emergencies.

Despite low levels of health expenditures, Sri Lanka's health indicators are comparable to more developed countries in the region. The public healthcare system also has long waiting lists for specialized care and advanced procedures. As a result, reliance on private care is increased.^[8]

Diet

Sri Lankans eat a variety of foods that can form a wholesome and healthy diet. The long history of vegetarianism on the island has led to a variety of vegetable dishes, while a long-standing commitment to using natural sweeteners such at kithu means Sri Lanka has avoided the issues related to the overuse of sugar in diets. A substantial use of fish, instead of other meats, has also increased the healthiness of the Sri Lankan diet.

While Sri Lankans tend to eat food that should achieve a healthy diet, the manner in which they casually choose how much food to eat often results in diet-related health problems.

The diet can often contain too much carbohydrates, due to a cultural preference for finding rice and other staples appetizing, increasing the chance of diabetes, while disproportionately leaving out vegetable-based side dishes, and often completely leaving out dairy-based dishes. An overuse of oil and coconut oil has also been identified as a cause of diet-related problems. ^[9]

Recognized councils

• Sri Lankan traditional medicine
  • (Western) medicine
• Sri Lanka Ayuruvedic Council
  • Traditional Sinhala medicine
  • Ayouruveda
  • Siddha
  • Unani
• Sri Lanka Homeopathy Council
  • Homeopathy

Hospitals

Western Medical Hospitals

There are 555 government hospitals in Sri Lanka, in addition to several other government hospitals treating according to the Ayurvedic System.

A large number of private hospitals have appeared in Sri Lanka, due to the rising income of people and demand for private healthcare services. They provide much more luxurious service than government hospitals, but they are mostly limited to Colombo and its suburbs and also have high prices. Some of the best known private hospitals are Nawaloka Hospital, Asiri Hospital, Hemas Hospital, Lanka Hospitals and the Durdans Hospitals.^[10] In Colombo, many of the private hospitals are located in Narahenpita area; namely, Asiri, Asiri Surgical, Oasis, Ninewells, etc. In addition to Colombo, many leading cities such as Gampaha, Kandy, Galle also have private hospitals.

As of 2014 the public sector accounted for 73% of the hospitals and 93% of the available bed capacity in Sri Lanka, while handling over 90% of the total patient admissions and outpatient visits to hospitals.In the private sector, the top five players the Dr Neville Fernando Teaching Hospital (NFTH), Asiri, Nawaloka Hospitals PLC (Nawaloka), Durdans Hospitals (Durdans) and The Lanka Hospitals – accounted for nearly 45% of the private-sector bed capacity, with NFTH the market leader with 1,002 beds.^[11]

Medical schools

(Western) medicine

• Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo (formerly the Ceylon Medical College)
  • Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo
• Faculty of Healthcare and Sciences, Eastern University
• Faculty of Medicine, University of Jaffna
• Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya (formerly the North Colombo Medical College)
• Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya
• Faculty of Medicine, Rajarata University
• Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna
• Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayawardenapura
• Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University
• Faculty of Medicine, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University

Other

Sinhala traditional medicine

No formal system exist for traditional Sinhal medical education.

Other systems of traditional medicine

• Institute of Indigenous Medicine, University of Colombo
• Gampaha Wickramarachchi Ayurveda Institute, University of Kelaniya
• University of Jaffna

Professional associations

• Sri Lanka Medical Association
• College of Community Physicians of Sri Lanka
• Government Medical Officers Association

Eye donation

Sri Lanka is one of the biggest donors of human eyes to the world, with a supply of approximately 3,000 corneas per year.^[12]

Comparison

See also

• Sri Lanka Medical Council
• Sri Lanka National Pharmaceuticals Policy

References

External links

• WHO: Sri Lanka
• Ministry of Health - Sri Lanka
• WHO | Sri Lanka Health Profile