Hausdorff distance

In mathematics, the Hausdorff distance, or Hausdorff metric, also called Pompeiu–Hausdorff distance,[1] measures how far two subsets of a metric space are from each other. It turns the set of non-empty compact subsets of a metric space into a metric space in its own right. It is named after Felix Hausdorff.

Informally, two sets are close in the Hausdorff distance if every point of either set is close to some point of the other set. The Hausdorff distance is the longest distance you can be forced to travel by an adversary who chooses a point in one of the two sets, from where you then must travel to the other set. In other words, it is the greatest of all the distances from a point in one set to the closest point in the other set.

It seems that this distance was first introduced by Hausdorff in his book Grundzüge der Mengenlehre, first published in 1914, although a very close relative appeared in the doctoral thesis of Maurice Fréchet in 1906, in his study of the space of all continuous curves from .

Definition

Components of the calculation of the Hausdorff distance between the green line X and the blue line Y.

Let X and Y be two non-empty subsets of a metric space (M, d). We define their Hausdorff distance d H(X, Y) by

where sup represents the supremum and inf the infimum.

Equivalently

,[2]

where

,

that is, the set of all points within of the set (sometimes called the -fattening of or a generalized ball of radius around ).

Remark

It is not true in general that if , then

.

For instance, consider the metric space of the real numbers with the usual metric induced by the absolute value,

.

Take

.

Then . However because , but .

Properties

Motivation

The definition of the Hausdorff distance can be derived by a series of natural extensions of the distance function d(x, y) in the underlying metric space M, as follows:[6]

.
For example, d(1, {3,6}) = 2 and d(7, {3,6}) = 1.
.
For example, d({1,7}, {3,6}) = sup{d(1, {3,6}), d(7,{3,6})} = sup{d(1,3), d(7,6)} = 2.

Applications

In computer vision, the Hausdorff distance can be used to find a given template in an arbitrary target image. The template and image are often pre-processed via an edge detector giving a binary image. Next, each 1 (activated) point in the binary image of the template is treated as a point in a set, the "shape" of the template. Similarly, an area of the binary target image is treated as a set of points. The algorithm then tries to minimize the Hausdorff distance between the template and some area of the target image. The area in the target image with the minimal Hausdorff distance to the template, can be considered the best candidate for locating the template in the target.[7] In computer graphics the Hausdorff distance is used to measure the difference between two different representations of the same 3D object[8] particularly when generating level of detail for efficient display of complex 3D models.

A measure for the dissimilarity of two shapes is given by Hausdorff distance up to isometry, denoted DH. Namely, let X and Y be two compact figures in a metric space M (usually a Euclidean space); then DH(X,Y) is the infimum of dH(I(X),Y) along all isometries I of the metric space M to itself. This distance measures how far the shapes X and Y are from being isometric.

The Gromov–Hausdorff convergence is a related idea: we measure the distance of two metric spaces M and N by taking the infimum of dH(I(M),J(N)) along all isometric embeddings I:ML and J:NL into some common metric space L.

See also

References

  1. Rockafellar, R. Tyrrell; Wets, Roger J-B (2005). Variational Analysis. Springer-Verlag. p. 117. ISBN 3-540-62772-3.
  2. Munkres, James (1999). Topology (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall. pp. 280–281. ISBN 0-13-181629-2.
  3. Diameter and Hausdorff Distance, Math.SE
  4. Hausdorff Distance and Intersection, Math.SE
  5. Henrikson, Jeff (1999). "Completeness and total boundedness of the Hausdorff metric" (PDF). MIT Undergraduate Journal of Mathematics: 69–80. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 23, 2002.
  6. Barnsley, Michael (1993). Fractals Everywhere. Morgan Kaufmann. pp. Ch. II.6. ISBN 0-12-079069-6.
  7. Hausdorff-Based Matching
  8. Cignoni, P.; Rocchini, C.; Scopigno, R. (1998). "Metro: Measuring Error on Simplified Surfaces". Computer Graphics Forum. 17 (2): 167–174.
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